Deck 2: Preconception Nutrition

Question 1

The subfertility of one partner can be overcome by the reproductive capacity in the other partner.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

​Fertility has been known to return immediately upon cessation of contraceptive use.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

​The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the follicular phase of a woman's cycle are _____.

A) ​follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone
B) ​progesterone and estrogen
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D) ​luteinizing hormone and progesterone
E) ​luteinizing hormone and estrogen

Answer 3

C

Question 4

​Infertility is generally defined as the lack of conception after _____ of unprotected intercourse.

A) ​3 months
B) ​6 months
C) ​9 months
D) ​1 year
E) ​1.5 year

Question 5

​Healthy couples having regular,unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle.

A) ​15-20%
B) ​20-25%
C) ​25-30%
D) ​30-50%
E) ​50-75%

Question 6

The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.​

A) ​follicular
B) ​luteal
C) ​estrogen
D) ​primordial
E) ​FSH

Question 7

Weight gain is the recommended first-line treatment for amenorrhea related to low body weight.

Question 8

The desire of couples planning for pregnancy to have a healthy newborn means that the preconceptional period is too stressful a time for psychosocial services.

Question 9

It is preferable to meet nutrient requirements through dietary supplements rather than foods.

Question 10

Ovulation results from a surge in the _____ hormone.​

A) ​estrogen
B) ​progesterone
C) ​luteinizing
D) ​follicle-stimulating
E) ​gonadotropin-releasing

Question 11

In Indonesia,a couple Bloom's Applying for a marriage license are required to receive advice on iron status from those dispensing the license.

Question 12

​Fertility refers to the _____.

A) ​biological capacity to bear children
B) ​desire to bear children
C) ​actual production of children
D) ​number of births per 1000 miscarriages
E) ​number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age

Question 13

Women trying to get pregnant should avoid all sources of caffeine.

Question 14

​It is easier and more efficient to build up iron stores before pregnancy than during pregnancy.

Question 15

​What is the rate of miscarriage in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?

A) ​6%
B) ​7%
C) ​8%
D) ​9%
E) ​15%

Question 16

​The most common cause of miscarriage for women is _____.

A) ​a structural abnormality in the uterus
B) ​the presence of a severe defect in the fetus
C) ​maternal infection
D) ​an endocrine disorder
E) ​physical trauma to the mother

Question 17

Obese women tend to have higher levels of estrogen,androgens,and leptin than nonobese women.

Question 18

Regular intake of soy foods such as tofu,soymilk,tempeh,and textured soy protein is related to elevated sperm count in men and increased fertility in women.

Question 19

​The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase.

A) ​follicular
B) ​luteal
C) ​estrogen
D) ​primordial
E) ​menses

Question 20

Alcohol intake has been found to reduce fertility only in women with a specific gene variant that reduces the rate of alcohol breakdown in the body.

Question 21

​The _____ releases _____,stimulating the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.

A) ​ovary;estrogen
B) ​ovary;progesterone
C) ​uterus;progesterone
D) ​hypothalamus;estrogen
E) ​hypothalamus;gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 22

​Which factor has been linked to impaired fertility in males but not females?

A) ​high sperm count
B) ​oxidative stress
C) ​severe psychological stress
D) ​excessive heat to the gonads
E) ​diabetes

Question 23

​After ovulation,the corpus luteum secretes _____,which _____.

A) ​progesterone and estrogen;stimulates the ovulation of a second egg
B) ​progesterone and estrogen;stimulates development of the endometrium
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone;stimulates development of the endometrium
D) ​luteinizing hormone and estrogen;facilitates fertilization of the egg
E) ​luteinizing hormone and estrogen;stimulates ovulation of a second egg

Question 24

​In a "typical" 28-day cycle,when would levels of luteinizing hormone most likely be the highest?

A) ​day 1
B) ​day 7
C) ​day 10
D) ​day 14
E) ​day 28

Question 25

​The leading diagnoses related to infertility are _____.

A) ​endocrine abnormalities that modify hormonal regulation of fertility
B) ​unknown causes
C) ​environmental contaminants such as lead and mercury
D) ​overweight and obesity in men
E) ​sexually transmitted diseases

Question 26

​In men who drink 5-25 alcoholic drinks per week,_____.

A) ​total sperm count increases
B) ​testosterone levels decrease
C) ​sperm concentration increases
D) ​the percent of sperm with normal shape decreases
E) ​there is no effect on fertility

Question 27

​A body mass index (BMI)greater than _____ kg/m2 is typically needed to sustain normal reproductive function in women.

A) ​17
B) ​20
C) ​25
D) 30​
E) ​35

Question 28

​Endometriosis is defined as _____.

A) ​scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes
B) ​the condition in which endometrial tissue becomes embedded within other body tissues
C) ​a modification of pregnancy hormones that results in infertility
D) ​an infection of the cervix
E) ​the inability to get pregnant

Question 29

​An anovulatory cycle is _____.

A) ​the absence of a menstrual cycle
B) ​a menstrual cycle in which ovulation does not occur
C) ​an abnormally short menstrual cycle
D) ​an abnormally long menstrual cycle
E) ​a menstrual cycle in which more than one egg is ovulated

Question 30

​Cramps and other side effects of menstruation can be traced back to the production of _____ by the uterus.

A) progesterone​
B) ​estrogen
C) ​prostaglandins
D) ​luteinizing hormone
E) ​gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 31

​Which hormone(s)trigger(s)the production of testosterone by the testes?

A) ​follicle-stimulating hormone only
B) ​luteinizing hormone only
C) ​progesterone only
D) ​luteinizing hormone and progesterone
E) ​follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 32

​The female gonads are the _____ while the male gonads are the _____.

A) ​ovaries;testes
B) ​ovaries;epididymis
C) ​uterus;testes
D) ​uterus;prostate gland
E) ​ovaries;prostate gland

Question 33

​Which factor would be more likely to affect female fertility than male fertility?

A) ​inadequate body fat
B) ​poor iron stores
C) ​high alcohol intake
D) ​excessive body fat
E) ​excessive exercise

Question 34

​Which dietary component can protect cells of the reproductive system from damage by free radicals?

A) ​fiber
B) ​calcium
C) ​iron
D) ​fat
E) ​antioxidants

Question 35

​A menstrual flow results from _____.

A) ​implantation of a fertilized in the endometrium
B) ​a drop in progesterone and estrogen levels
C) ​the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus
D) ​the production of prostaglandins by the uterus
E) ​the release of progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum

Question 36

​Young female athletes often experience a delay in menarche of approximately what duration?​

A) 6 months to 1 year​
B) ​1 to 2 years
C) ​2 to 4 years
D) ​5 years
E) ​They do not experience a delay in menarche.

Question 37

​In males,mature sperm are stored in the _____.

A) ​testes
B) ​urethra
C) ​prostate gland
D) ​seminal vesicles
E) ​epididymis

Question 38

​Semen is composed of _____.

A) ​sperm only
B) ​sperm and secretions from the bulbourethral gland only
C) ​secretions from the bulbourethral gland,prostate,and seminal vesicles only
D) ​sperm and secretions from the testes,bulbourethral gland,prostate,and seminal vesicles
E) ​sperm and secretions from the bulbourethral gland,prostate,and vas deferens

Question 39

​Which statement related to male and female fertility is true?

A) ​During a female's fertile years,approximately 1000 ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization.
B) ​For males,sperm numbers and viability decrease somewhat after age 30.
C) ​For both males and females,the quality of eggs and sperm decrease somewhat with age.
D) ​Females are born with mature eggs.
E) ​Males produce sperm from birth until death.

Question 40

​Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)can _____.

A) ​cause less estrogen to be secreted,thus blocking ovulation
B) ​lead to scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes
C) ​cause sperm to become less viable,when transferred to a male
D) ​increase the lining of the endometrium
E) ​decrease zinc absorption

Question 41

​The fertilized egg is called an embryo from _____.

A) ​conception until birth
B) ​conception through 8 weeks
C) ​conception through 4 months
D) ​8 weeks until birth
E) ​9 months until birth

Question 42

​The development of facial and heart defects in the fetus has been linked to _____ in the mother.

A) ​excessive vitamin A intake
B) ​iron deficiency
C) high blood levels of lead​
D) ​obesity
E) ​folate deficiency

Question 43

In a study done in California,women who received WIC benefits from one pregnancy through the first two months of their second pregnancy had _____ than women who only received WIC services during their first pregnancy.​

A) ​better iron status
B) ​lower zinc levels
C) ​newborns with lower birth weights
D) ​newborns with lower birth lengths
E) ​higher blood glucose levels

Question 44

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
​

Question 45

​Which American Institute released a report in 2006,highlighting recommendations for improving preconception health and health care services?

A) ​Food and Drug Administration
B) ​US Department of Agriculture
C) ​Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
D) ​National Institutes of Health
E) ​National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Question 46

​Contraceptives may contain _____.

A) ​estradiol only
B) ​luteinizing hormone only
C) ​estradiol only or progestin only
D) ​progestin only or a combination of estradiol and progestin
E) ​a combination of luteinizing hormone and progestin

Question 47

​Combination hormonal contraceptives are least likely to be associated with _____.

A) ​weight gain
B) ​decreased blood levels of HDL cholesterol
C) ​increased risk of blood clots
D) ​increased levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol
E) ​increased blood glucose and insulin

Question 48

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Fetus

Question 49

What nutritional and health advice would a doctor likely give to a preconceptional couple?​

A) ​The woman's physical activity should be limited to less than 30 minutes per day.
B) ​For vegetable intake,both should eat mostly dark green vegetables.
C) ​At least half of the woman's grain intake should be refined grains.
D) ​The woman's vitamin should take at least 10,000 IU of vitamin A per day.
E) ​The woman should consume 400 mcg of folic acid in addition to dietary folate.

Question 50

​Which statement correctly describes preconception health care?

A) ​Preconception health care is concerned with the health and nutrition status of females rather than males.
B) ​Pregnant females are a target audience of preconception health care.
C) ​Fetal health and development is not a concern of preconception health care.
D) ​Preconception health care may concern topics such as weight and dietary supplement use.
E) ​Preconception health care advises couples about the most effective contraceptive methods to use.

Question 51

​Refined grain products are often fortified with _____ to decrease rates of _____.

A) ​folic acid;neural tube defects
B) ​iron;neural tube defects
C) ​iodine;early delivery
D) ​folic acid;early delivery
E) ​vitamin A;fetal heart abnormalities

Question 52

​Fertility usually resumes within _____ after contraceptive use stops.

A) ​3 to 6 weeks
B) ​3 to 6 months
C) ​3 to 6 days
D) ​6 to 10 weeks
E) ​6 to 10 months

Question 53

​A potential future target audience of the WIC program is low-income _____.

A) ​postpartum women
B) ​pregnant women
C) ​children
D) ​breastfeeding women
E) ​preconceptional women

Question 54

​Spina bifida is an example of a _____.

A) ​neural tube defect
B) ​DNA modification
C) ​gene variant
D) ​nutritional deficiency
E) ​metabolic programming mechanism

Question 55

​DNA methylation _____.

A) ​modifies gene function in the fetus during late pregnancy
B) ​activates gene expression
C) ​is an abnormal part of development
D) ​is needed for cellular differentiation
E) ​is unaffected by nutritional intake

Question 56

A woman would likely be advised to switch from a progestin-only hormonal contraceptive to a combination hormonal contraceptive due to _____.

A) ​weight gain
B) ​irritability
C) ​fatigue
D) ​headache
E) ​abdominal pain

Question 57

​Women taking oral contraceptive pills are cautioned against _____.

A) ​consuming large amounts of animal products
B) ​consuming too many carbohydrates
C) ​eating more than 1/2 cup of peanut butter weekly
D) ​smoking
E) ​ingesting too much vitamin A

Question 58

​The National Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed a set of standards called _____ to serve as guidelines for the delivery of nutrition services.

A) ​the Nutrition Care Process
B) ​WIC
C) ​Preconception Health Services
D) ​Pregnancy Health Standards
E) ​Preconception Nutrition Guidelines

Question 59

​Among the hormonal contraceptives being developed for men are those containing _____ as a means of _____.

A) ​estradiol;inhibiting release of sperm into the semen
B) ​luteinizing hormone;reducing sperm production
C) ​testosterone;reducing sperm production
D) ​luteinizing hormone;inhibiting release of sperm into the semen
E) ​testosterone;inhibiting ejaculation

Question 60

​The risk of early delivery is increased by _____.

A) ​excessive vitamin A intake
B) ​iron deficiency
C) ​iodine deficiency
D) ​high maternal blood levels of lead
E) ​diabetes

Question 61

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Amenorrhea

Question 62

Define pelvic inflammatory disease and explain its cause.

Question 63

A couple trying to become pregnant for six months without success sought medical care.The husband had a body mass index of 28 and the woman had irregular menses.During their medical visit,the woman mentioned that she had lost 10 pounds one month ago because she was worried about gaining too much weight in pregnancy.What types of dietary or lifestyle behaviors would be important to discuss?

Question 64

How might male reproductive health suffer due to inadequate intake of antioxidant nutrients?

Question 65

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Fetus

Question 66

Discuss the gene variant associated with folate status and its importance to preconceptional women.

Question 67

What types of services are offered as part of preconceptional care?

Question 68

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Miscarriage

Question 69

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Puberty​

Question 70

A nonprofit organization wants to support the 2020 nutrition objective for the nation that is related to reducing the incidence of spina bifida and other neural tube defects.Define neural tube defects and describe the time frame for their development after conception.Also,discuss any recommended behavioral or nutritional interventions important for women considering pregnancy.

Question 71

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
​Subfertility

Question 72

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks

Question 73

List the four steps of the Nutrition Care Process.

Question 74

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
Corpus luteum

Question 75

​Explain how contraceptive pills containing estradiol and progestin work.

Question 76

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
​Fertility

Question 77

Describe the three types of individuals who would be considered subfertile.

Question 78

Matching
a.The biological inability to bear children after one year of unprotected intercourse
b.The mass of tissue formed from the follicle after the egg is released
c.The biological ability to bear children
d.The actual production of children
e.The developing organism from 8 weeks to birth
f.The developing organism from conception to 8 weeks
g.The involuntary absence of production of children
h.Taking an unusually long time to conceive or having repeated, early pregnancy losses
i.The period in life in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction
j.The absence of a menstrual cycle
k.The loss of a conceptus in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy
​Infecundity

Question 79

Describe the difference in development of mature eggs and sperm.

Question 80

Discuss the relationship of weight and body fat in females.How can being very underweight or being very overweight affect fertility?