Deck 13: Gender

Question 1

________ characteristics are those that are associated with acting on the world.

A) Instrumental
B) Expressive
C) Active
D) Aggressive

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Preschoolers have been shown to associate specific behaviors and future roles with each sex.In fact,by two-years of age children will look longer at images of women _________ and men _________.

A) putting on earrings;putting on cuff links
B) putting on neckties;putting on lipstick
C) who are doctors;who are lawyers
D) who are poor;who are rich

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Twelve-year-old Christopher is more likely than seven-year-old Jennifer to say that both males and females can possess certain traits.This is because

A) younger children insist that personality traits must be mutually exclusive.
B) older children are more flexible in their gender-stereotyping of traits.
C) younger girls insist that personality traits must be mutually exclusive.
D) older children recognize that personality traits are mutually exclusive according to gender.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Relevant research has modestly substantiated that girls are more skilled in ________ tasks than boys.However,most researchers agree that the difference ________ large enough to warrant much notice.

A) competence;is not
B) visual-spatial;is
C) verbal;is not
D) interpersonal;is

Question 5

The tendency to stereotype on the basis of sex is found

A) in a variety of cultural settings.
B) predominantly in the Western world.
C) only after children reach adolescence.
D) predominantly in cultures where women are not productive members of society.

Question 6

Societal expectations about the behavioral characteristics of males and females are called

A) sex types.
B) sex differences.
C) gender patterns.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 7

Investigations of actual sex differences in behavior have found that

A) differences within each sex are larger than differences between the sexes.
B) differences between the sexes are larger than differences within each sex.
C) females are more variable in their behavior than males.
D) males are more variable in their behavior than females.

Question 8

On average,females are ________ physically mature at birth and reach puberty ________ than males.

A) more;later
B) more;earlier
C) less;later
D) less;earlier

Question 9

Boys and girls express differences in their feelings of math competence in ________,but these differences practically disappear by ________.

A) preschool;second grade
B) elementary school;sixth grade
C) preschool;freshman year
D) elementary school;senior year

Question 10

Which of the following does not affect patterns of preferred sex-typed activities?

A) Playing with a sibling of the opposite sex
B) Cultural exaggeration of sex differences
C) Being female not male
D) None of these

Question 11

Jeff is eighteen years old and has recently shown a return to traditional gender stereotypes.Research suggests that older adolescents typically do this when they face decisions about their futures.Jeff's return to traditional stereotypes is called gender

A) revisiting.
B) intensification.
C) regression.
D) transgression.

Question 12

________ is the process by which individuals acquire the characteristics and behaviors prescribed for their sex by their culture.

A) Karyotyping
B) Gender-role development
C) Sexual identity
D) Gender constancy

Question 13

As children get older,particularly in high school and college,

A) females show a substantial advantage in mathematical calculation.
B) females show a moderate advantage in mathematical problem solving.
C) males show a substantial advantage in mathematical calculation.
D) males show a moderate advantage in mathematical problem solving.

Question 14

If asked to rate traits like being gentle,being emotional,and being caring,seven-year-old Tommy is likely to say that

A) girls are more likely to display all three traits.
B) boys are more likely to display all three traits.
C) girls and boys are equally likely to display all three traits.
D) boys are more likely than girls to display emotion but not gentility.

Question 15

Preschoolers' thinking about gender stereotypes

A) is limited to toys.
B) is limited to physical objects.
C) extends to metaphors for masculinity and femininity.
D) extends well into adolescence with little flexibility.

Question 16

Cross-cultural research on gender stereotypes has revealed

A) gender stereotypes from different cultures to be inconsistent.
B) many similarities in the stereotypes that adults attribute to males and females.
C) that in most societies,males are expected to be expressive.
D) that in most societies,males and females are expected to behave alike.

Question 17

Gender stereotypes are

A) the knowledge that one is either male or female.
B) the process by which individuals acquire masculine or feminine behavior.
C) cultural expectations about the characteristic behaviors of males and females.
D) behaviors usually exhibited by the opposite sex.

Question 18

Recent meta-analyses of cognitive sex differences indicate

A) a large female advantage in verbal skills.
B) a large male advantage in verbal skills.
C) a small female advantage in verbal skills.
D) a small male advantage in verbal skills.

Question 19

Characteristics associated with emotions or relationships with people are called ________ characteristics.

A) relational
B) instrumental
C) expressive
D) motherly

Question 20

The differences in enacting gender stereotypes are greater in ________ than in ________.

A) boys;girls
B) girls;boys
C) younger children;older children
D) older children;younger children

Question 21

Explanations of sex-typed behavior as a result of reinforcement and punishment are consistent with ________ theories.

A) physiological
B) cognitive
C) Freudian
D) social cognitive

Question 22

Animal studies show that

A) hormonal treatments during the prenatal period have no effect on male or female aggression levels.
B) androgens administered to female animals during the prenatal period subsequently increase aggression.
C) estrogen administered to male animals during the prenatal period subsequently increases aggression.
D) estrogen administered to female animals during the prenatal period subsequently increases aggression.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Across cultures,females are better at identifying positive and negative emotions conveyed by facial expressions.
B) Females show more anxieties and worries about social situations than males do.
C) There are no gender differences in the physiology of empathic responses.
D) Males tend to display more positive and negative emotions than girls do.

Question 24

The only notable sex difference in cognitive skills observed in recent studies is in ________ abilities.

A) computational
B) problem-solving
C) visual-spatial
D) verbal

Question 25

The largest sex differences in aggression are found

A) when relational aggression is being measured in a laboratory setting.
B) when physical aggression is being observed in naturalistic settings.
C) when physical aggression is being measured in a laboratory setting.
D) when relational aggression is being observed in naturalistic settings.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a factor that girls experience more than boys,which may increase the rates of depression in girls?

A) Greater exposure to stressful life events
B) Greater biological responses to stress
C) Coping styles that focus feelings of distress inward
D) Learning styles that tend to prohibit learning

Question 27

Many of the sex differences that are assumed by the average person

A) are really sex-typed.
B) are really gender stereotypes.
C) are true sex differences documented by empirical work.
D) have been empirically documented.

Question 28

Levels of testosterone may be influenced by the environment as well as biological functions.For example,testosterone levels frequently increase after an aggressive encounter.This suggests that

A) females are potentially more at risk for developing congenital adrenal hyperactivity after an aggressive encounter with a peer.
B) males are more at risk for developing androgen hypersensitivity during adolescence.
C) the link between testosterone and aggression finally has been found to have a causal basis.
D) the link between testosterone and aggression is multidirectional.

Question 29

Recent studies show that compared to females,males tend to display superior performance in

A) meta-analysis.
B) visualization.
C) mental rotation.
D) spatial creativity.

Question 30

Aggression that takes the form of gossip or psychological manipulation is called

A) mental aggression.
B) emotional aggression.
C) indirect aggression.
D) feminine aggression.

Question 31

Although aggression is the most salient sex difference,it is contingent on how aggression is being defined.Females are found to be more aggressive than males when aggression is defined as a(n)

A) behavior that stops someone from getting hurt.
B) attempt to harm another person through manipulation or gossip.
C) attempt to promote someone into a higher peer group.
D) behavior called direct aggression.

Question 32

The most consistent sex difference in social behavior is in the area of

A) emotionality.
B) independence.
C) aggression.
D) vulnerability.

Question 33

Depression rates in girls tend to be higher than rates in boys.In fact,by late adolescence girls are ______ as likely as boys to be depressed.

A) two times
B) three times
C) four times
D) ten times

Question 34

In general,recent research suggests that

A) males and females are more alike than different.
B) males and females are more different than alike.
C) males and females are more different than previously thought.
D) most differences between males and females are true sex differences rather than gender stereotypes.

Question 35

There are nonbiological explanations for the sex differences accounted for by the brain lateralization hypothesis.Masculinized play activities,such as playing video games,have been demonstrated to

A) decrease the rapid lateralization of the brain in females.
B) increase visual-spatial abilities in males and females.
C) hinder visual-spatial functioning in boys.
D) increase verbal functioning in girls.

Question 36

According to social cognitive theory,________ is a powerful factor in the development of sex roles.

A) heredity
B) imitation
C) the schema
D) the unconscious

Question 37

According to the brain lateralization hypothesis,boys' brains mature more _________ than girls' brains,and consequently male brains are _________ specialized.

A) slowly;more
B) slowly;less
C) rapidly;more
D) rapidly;less

Question 38

The hormones that lead to the development of male genitalia are called

A) estrogens.
B) androgens.
C) gonadogens.
D) progesterones.

Question 39

Brain lateralization has been used to explain the observed sex differences in visual-spatial skills.Which of the following is not a premise of the brain lateralization hypothesis?

A) Rapid maturation of the brain produces less eventual lateralization of the brain.
B) Verbal skills develop sooner than visual-spatial skills.
C) Verbal processing in both hemispheres rather than in just one hemisphere improves visual-spatial processing.
D) Girls' brains mature more quickly than boys' brains.

Question 40

Rapid maturation of the brain is assumed to produce

A) poorer verbal skills.
B) stronger visual-spatial skills.
C) more lateralization.
D) less lateralization.

Question 41

Cross-cultural research has confirmed that children progress from

A) gender identity to gender differentiation to gender stereotypes.
B) gender identity to gender stability to gender constancy.
C) gender neutrality to gender differentiation to gender identity.
D) gender constancy to gender stability to gender identity.

Question 42

In _________ theories,gender is emphasized as a conceptual category,a way of classifying people on the basis of their overt appearance or behavior.

A) learning
B) social cognitive
C) psychosocial
D) cognitive-developmental

Question 43

Between the ages of two and three,most children are able to label themselves as male or female.In other words,by age three,most children have acquired

A) gender constancy.
B) gender stability.
C) gender identity.
D) gender typicality.

Question 44

Sonya thinks that if she plays with a toy train and wears overalls,she will be a boy.Sonya has not developed gender

A) role.
B) schema.
C) identity.
D) stability.

Question 45

Three-year-old Tara knows that she is a girl and her baby brother is a boy.Tara has acquired

A) gender constancy.
B) gender identity.
C) gender stability.
D) gender typicality.

Question 46

By age seven,children understand that biological differences in genitalia determine their gender.This indicates knowledge of

A) sex roles.
B) gender schema.
C) gender identity.
D) gender constancy.

Question 47

According to social cognitive theory,five-year-old Marcus is most likely to imitate his

A) mother fixing a lamp.
B) father repairing a flat tire.
C) mother washing the dishes.
D) father sewing a button on his shirt.

Question 48

The extent to which a behavior is usually associated with one sex as opposed to the other is called

A) biological typicality.
B) gender differentiation.
C) sex typicality.
D) sex differentiation.

Question 49

Dr.Paine believes that gender development is the result of conceptualizing gender as a way of classifying people on the basis of their overt appearance or behavior.Paine is most likely a _________ theorist.

A) cognitive-developmental
B) learning
C) social cognitive
D) psychosocial

Question 50

According to social cognitive theory,who is more likely to report a positive self-evaluation?

A) Two-year-old Timothy,who imagined himself playing with a doll
B) Two-year-old Samantha,who imagined herself playing with a doll
C) Four-year-old Jason,who imagined himself playing with a toy truck
D) Four-year-old Kristin,who imagined herself playing with a toy truck

Question 51

By about eighteen months of age,children show some knowledge of gender categories by

A) preferring to spend time with a member of the same sex.
B) matching male and female faces with their appropriate voices.
C) preferring to spend time with a member of the opposite sex.
D) matching sex-differentiated toys with male and female voices.

Question 52

Liam knows that he is a boy and that he will still be male when he grows up.Liam has acquired

A) gender typicality.
B) gender identity.
C) gender stability.
D) gender constancy.

Question 53

Bandura has proposed that children's attention to models is influenced by the

A) model's ability to cogitate.
B) sex of the model and the model's sex-typical behavior.
C) lateralization of the child's brain.
D) unconscious desire to observe atypical behavior.

Question 54

Henry thinks that if he wears a skirt and a barrette and plays with a doll he will become a girl.Henry has not yet acquired

A) gender constancy.
B) gender identity.
C) gender stability.
D) gender typicality.

Question 55

According to social cognitive theory,five-year-old Joanne is most likely to imitate her

A) mother fixing a lamp.
B) mother washing the dishes.
C) father repairing a flat tire.
D) father sewing a button on his shirt.

Question 56

Knowledge,usually gained by four years of age,that one's gender does not change over time is called

A) gender constancy.
B) gender identity.
C) gender stability.
D) gender typicality.

Question 57

According to Kohlberg,children become internally motivated to behave in sex-appropriate ways to be consistent with their conceptions of same-sex behavior.This process is called

A) sex typicality.
B) gender schema.
C) self-socialization.
D) gender constancy.

Question 58

Which of the following stages marks the most mature awareness of the concept of gender according to Kohlberg?

A) Gender identity
B) Gender differentiation
C) Gender constancy
D) Gender stability

Question 59

Gordon is aware that growing long hair won't make a boy turn into a girl.Gordon has acquired gender

A) identity.
B) stability.
C) constancy.
D) expression.

Question 60

The knowledge a child has about whether he or she is male or female,beginning at around two-and-a-half years of age,is referred to as gender

A) role.
B) identity.
C) assignment.
D) constancy.

Question 61

Contrary to what researchers had previously thought,ideas about the nature of the "sexual self" begin to take shape

A) prior to adolescence.
B) during adolescence.
C) post adolescence.
D) none of these.

Question 62

A recent study showed that children's activity interests and leisure activities

A) are more gender-stereotyped than are their beliefs about gender.
B) are less gender-stereotyped than are their beliefs about gender.
C) are not gender-stereotyped at all.
D) are more gender-stereotyped if the mother is employed.

Question 63

Jessica processes information along gender lines and exhibits more consistent sex typing in her behavior.Jessica is gender

A) stereotypical.
B) schematic.
C) aschematic.
D) stable.

Question 64

Billy was shown pictures of a boy in a dress,a girl baking cookies,and a boy playing with a doll.Assuming that Billy is gender schematic,which of the following statements is true if Billy is asked about the pictures a week later?

A) Billy is likely to remember seeing a picture of a girl playing with a doll.
B) Billy will remember the two pictures of the boys better.
C) Billy will remember the details of all three pictures equally well.
D) Billy will remember only the picture of the boy in a dress.

Question 65

The only parental behavior that shows a significant impact on gender development is

A) academic achievement expectations.
B) reactions to crying.
C) reactions to aggression.
D) the encouragement of sex-typed activities.

Question 66

When Russell's mother asked Russell to play dolls with his sister,he complained,"Boys don't play with dolls." Russell possesses gender ________ for classifying behavior.

A) stability
B) schemas
C) orientations
D) constancy

Question 67

_________ theory stresses the importance of the acquisition of gender identity and children's intrinsic motivations to behave in a gender-typical manner,focusing on the influence of children's active construction of gender knowledge on their behavior.

A) Gender schema
B) Cognitive-developmental
C) Social cognitive
D) Psychosocial

Question 68

The _________ refers to the child's knowledge of one sex or the other.

A) basic gender schema
B) same-sex/opposite-sex schema
C) own-sex schema
D) gender identity schema

Question 69

In general,_________ facilitates the development of flexibility in children's conceptions of gender roles.

A) paternal employment
B) teen employment
C) maternal employment
D) sensitivity training

Question 70

Stuart possesses a strong gender schema and exhibits very consistent gender-typical behaviors.We can refer to Stuart as

A) gender-typical.
B) sexist.
C) gender-aschematic.
D) gender-schematic.

Question 71

Children develop cognitive structures that enable them to classify masculine and feminine behavior.These cognitive structures are referred to as gender

A) schemas.
B) identities.
C) constants.
D) structures.

Question 72

Once children acquire gender identity,they are

A) more likely to engage in cross-gender behaviors.
B) less likely to acquire gender constancy.
C) less likely to have knowledge of gender stereotypes.
D) more likely to engage in more gender-typical play.

Question 73

The _________ is a more elaborate gender schema that children develop,providing a basis for self-regulating their behaviors.

A) elaborated gender schema
B) same-sex/opposite-sex schema
C) own-sex schema
D) gender identity schema

Question 74

Ronald focuses his attention on aspects of information that are not related to gender,and he displays less sex-typed behavior.Ronald is gender

A) neutral.
B) stable.
C) inferior.
D) aschematic.

Question 75

Children who encounter gender stereotype- inconsistent information will likely

A) ignore the conflicting information
B) change the sex of the person engaging in the behavior.
C) change the schemas related to that gender.
D) categorize the information as an exception to the rule.

Question 76

Psychologists seek to understand how socialization affects gender development in order to

A) establish equality between the sexes.
B) promote optimal development for both sexes.
C) facilitates the development of gender stereotypes.
D) determine the importance of nurture.

Question 77

Candice possesses a weak gender schema,and she engages in fewer gender-typical behaviors than her other female peers.We can refer to Candice as

A) gender-aschematic.
B) gender-schematic.
C) androgynous.
D) hyperplasic.

Question 78

Which of the following is not true regarding the influence of parental behaviors upon gender development?

A) Parents tend to respond more positively to problem-solving behaviors in their sons.
B) Adults play more roughly with male babies than they do with female babies.
C) Fathers tend to reward their male and female children for their assertiveness.
D) Boys are given greater opportunities to explore their environments than girls are.

Question 79

Carissa,a five-year-old,was given two new toys to play with.She was told that one was a new toy for girls and the other was a new toy for boys.Carissa is most likely to

A) play with both toys equally.
B) play more with the toy that was meant for a boy.
C) play more with the toy that was meant for a girl.
D) play with the toy meant for a boy only when no one is watching.

Question 80

According to gender schema theory,children

A) ignore sex-typical information that is consistent with their gender schemas.
B) actively distort new information to conform to their existing gender schemas.
C) recall sex-atypical information in detail.
D) modify their gender schemas to accommodate sex-atypical information.