Deck 14: The Family

Question 1

A(n)_________ parent is one who relies on coercive techniques to discipline the child and displays a low level of nurturance.

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Approximately ________ percent of married women with children under age eighteen work outside of the home.

A) 20
B) 45
C) 70
D) 95

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Vicki sets few limits for her children and makes few demands about the maturity she expects from their behaviors.Vicki is considered to be a(n)________ parent.

A) instrumental
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Suzanne and Mitchell have a warm and loving marriage.It is likely,according to systems theory,that

A) the relationships among their children are poor.
B) the relationships among their children are very good.
C) their relationship with their children is not very good.
D) it is impossible to predict family relationships from the quality of the spousal relationship.

Question 5

About what percentage of all U.S.children live in a single-parent household?

A) 60 percent
B) 36 percent
C) 26 percent
D) 16 percent

Question 6

The view that an individual child's development can be understood only by examining the reciprocal interactions among various family members is held by

A) social learning theory.
B) systems theory.
C) performance models.
D) attribution theory.

Question 7

The Heath family recently moved to a new neighborhood.The parents began new jobs,and the children began attending new schools.This change in the Heath family's lifestyle has led to an unusual degree of stress.According to systems theory,

A) the family's adjustment will depend on all family members' ability to adapt to the new situation.
B) the family is unlikely to adjust and return to some degree of normality unless family members seek help from professional family counselors.
C) the Heath's reaction to the change in their lifestyle is not typical,and thus the Heath's are most likely a dysfunctional family.
D) whether or not the family adjusts to the new situation depends on the parents' ability to adapt.

Question 8

Systems theory assumes that families

A) are usually stable until a crisis disrupts the stability.
B) undergo periods of stability and change.
C) are constantly undergoing periods of change.
D) that undergo considerable changes are dysfunctional.

Question 9

When Misha started kindergarten,his family had to adjust to the new routines involved with sending a child to school.This is an example of the family's tendency to adapt for the purpose of maintaining

A) homeostasis.
B) solidarity.
C) cohesion.
D) variability.

Question 10

Abby is independent and cooperative,with excellent self-control and a strong achievement orientation.Abby has

A) a strong sense of individuation.
B) been raised by an authoritarian parent.
C) instrumental competence.
D) not been socialized in an authoritative family environment.

Question 11

Over the last century,the American family has

A) changed from a nuclear family to an extended family.
B) changed from an extended family to a nuclear family.
C) remained primarily as an extended family.
D) remained primarily as a nuclear family.

Question 12

A parent who sets limits on a child's behavior using reasoning and explanation and displays a high degree of nurturance is said to be a(n)________ parent.

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) instrumental
D) authoritarian

Question 13

According to the Bureau of the Census,about 2% of children now live with

A) only their mother.
B) only their father.
C) both parents.
D) their grandparents.

Question 14

Lori is a nurturing parent who sets limits on her children's behavior using reasoning and explanation.Lori is a(n)_________ parent.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 15

Bob encourages dialogue between himself and his children when family decisions need to be made;but when he makes a final decision,he expects everyone to respect it.Jack rarely discusses any issue with his family,makes all of the decisions by himself,and expects everyone in the family to obey his wishes.According to Baumrind's parenting-style classification,Bob's parenting style is ________ and Jack's is ________.

A) authoritarian;permissive
B) permissive;authoritarian
C) authoritative;authoritarian
D) authoritarian;authoritative

Question 16

When Marty was younger,his parents were mostly concerned with supervising his daily activities,including his school work.As Marty grew older,his parents expected more cooperation from him,and they began to negotiate decisions together.Now that Marty is in high school,they have returned to a more supervisory role with respect to his leisure activities.Marty's parents have contributed to his socialization

A) mostly when he was younger.
B) more now that he is an adolescent.
C) by changing their emphasis as he has matured.
D) by returning to an authoritarian parenting style.

Question 17

A(n)_________ parent is one who sets few limits on the child's behavior.

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 18

Rick's father is very strict and demands respect from all his children.He often makes demands of the children without discussing the reasons for his demands.Rick's father is most likely a(n)________ parent.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 19

According to systems theory,an individual family member

A) belongs to one of several subsystems but can move from one subsystem to another.
B) creates his or her own unique subsystem based on the experiences of the individual.
C) belongs to one of several subsystems during the entire time he or she is a member of the family.
D) belongs to more than one subsystem at the same time.

Question 20

Children who display independence,self-control,and cooperation are said to have ________ and are most likely to have parents with a(n)________ parenting style.

A) interagent consistency;permissive
B) instrumental competence;permissive
C) interagent consistency;authoritative
D) instrumental competence;authoritative

Question 21

If parents have made the correct causal attribution about their child's behavior,then

A) they will have no problem determining the proper punishment.
B) the child will likely not commit that transgression again.
C) the child will continue to misbehave.
D) they will be effective in controlling the child.

Question 22

Researchers are finding that a distinction needs to be made between _________ control,monitoring and regulating the child's actions,and __________ control,which is intrusive and domineering.

A) balanced;excessive
B) behavioral;psychological
C) proper;abusive
D) socializing;isolating

Question 23

Parents who are emotionally detached from their children and focus on their own needs rather than the children's needs are called ________ parents.

A) authoritarian
B) intrusive
C) uninvolved
D) apathetic

Question 24

Carly usually attributes hostile intentions to her son's actions,and she tends to use harsh discipline practices.Carly's son is

A) likely to behave better in school than at home.
B) more likely to have problems with aggression in school.
C) more likely to achieve better grades in school.
D) less likely to commit acts of aggression against his peers.

Question 25

Which of the following statements best summarizes the net outcome of authoritative parenting?

A) A competent child who shows successful psychological adjustment
B) A dependent child who shows successful psychological adjustment
C) An incompetent child who shows little motivation to succeed
D) A child with little self-reliance but a great deal of motivation

Question 26

_________ implies that when children's behavior pushes parents to their upper limits,parents will respond with more forceful and firmer control techniques.

A) Control theory
B) Coercion theory
C) Attribution theory
D) Learning theory

Question 27

One important factor in punishment that stems from learning theory is ________.This enables the child to make the connection between the behavior and the punishment.

A) rewards
B) shaping
C) making sure that the punishment is administered as temporally close to the transgression as possible
D) making sure that the punishment fits the transgressive behavior in the most conceptually consistent manner

Question 28

_________ is the tendency of parents to express positive emotions and approval toward their children.

A) Biological bias
B) Parental warmth
C) Behavioral rewarding
D) Upward feedback

Question 29

In parent-child interactions,parents make causal attributions about the child's intentions that

A) determine the punishment they will use.
B) have nothing to do with the child's true intentions.
C) affect their emotional and behavioral responses to the child.
D) are based on the child's transgression,not the child's personality.

Question 30

In addition to parental attributions,parents also have cognitions about

A) their children's intentions.
B) the intentions of their children's peers.
C) their efficacy as parents.
D) their efficacy as children themselves.

Question 31

________ is the administration of an aversive stimulus,or the withdrawal of a reward,to decrease the frequency of an undesirable behavior.

A) Induction
B) Punishment
C) Legitimate power
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding coercive cycles and antisocial behavior is not true?

A) Teaching children karate to channel their aggressive energy has been proven an effective therapy.
B) Teaching parents to use discipline more effectively has been shown to reduce maladaptive behaviors in children.
C) Dispensing positive reinforcements for prosocial behaviors has proven helpful in reducing antisocial behavior.
D) Decreased rates of deviant behavior can be observed after a few weeks of parental training.

Question 33

Caitlin's son,Justin,misbehaves often.When Justin misbehaves,Caitlin sometimes ignores him but yells at him at other times,depending on how much energy she has to expend.Caitlin does not realize she is sending mixed messages to Justin about punishment and bad behavior.Caitlin lacks a good sense of ________ consistency.

A) interagent
B) intra-agent
C) intertransgression
D) inductive

Question 34

Control theory

A) describes parent-child interactions where the intensity of one member's behavior determines the intensity of the other member's response.
B) is an effective strategy that authoritative parents use to manage their children's behavior.
C) is a model for understanding the family that emphasizes reciprocal interactions among various members.
D) has been proposed to explain the authoritative child's display of independence,self-control,achievement orientation,and cooperation.

Question 35

Which two parenting styles are most likely to foster low self-esteem and high levels of aggression in children?

A) Permissive and authoritative
B) Authoritative and uninvolved
C) Uninvolved and authoritarian
D) Permissive and instrumental

Question 36

Ted and Pam make sure that they never contradict each other while disciplining their children.They know that punishment should be consistent so their children do not receive any mixed messages about their parental ability to assert power.Ted and Pam have a good understanding of

A) transgression.
B) interagent consistency.
C) intra-agent consistency.
D) intertransgression consistency.

Question 37

Parents rely on different strategies depending on the goals they have in mind.When parents want to quickly resolve a disagreement,they most often use _________.When they wish to teach a child specific values,they tend to use _________.

A) reasoning;time-out
B) time-out;punishment
C) punishment;power assertion
D) power assertion;reasoning

Question 38

Sometimes,problems in parenting result from a pattern of escalating negative reciprocal interactions between parent and child called

A) permissive cycles.
B) attentional deficits.
C) coercive cycles.
D) conflict spirals.

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding child abuse is not true?

A) Abused children are likely to suffer emotional,social,and cognitive deficits,as well as insecure attachments and poor peer relationships.
B) Abused children are equally likely to become abusers as children from single-parent homes.
C) Abused children score lower on tests of cognitive maturity than their peers do.
D) Abused children frequently display clinical depression.

Question 40

Marisol is emotionally detached from her children and tends to focus on her own needs instead of her children's needs.Marisol is a(n)_________ parent.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 41

The demands that poverty makes on many African American families may be related to unique family structures and socialization goals that are adaptive and help them to cope.Which of the following is an example of one of these adaptive factors found more frequently in African American families?

A) Extended families
B) Multiple jobs held by one family member
C) Public assistance
D) Being a single mother with older children who look after their younger siblings

Question 42

In general,fathers spend less time than mothers with their children because

A) they have poor caregiving abilities.
B) mothers place too much pressure on them to engage in caregiving activities.
C) they may lack confidence in their caregiving abilities.
D) infants do not form strong attachments to their fathers.

Question 43

Parents who experience economic hardship

A) show no change in parenting skills,but their children have adjustment problems.
B) show less skillful parenting,and their children are likely to have adjustment problems.
C) show less skillful parenting,but their children do not appear to be affected.
D) show no change in parenting skills,and their children do not appear to have any adjustment problems.

Question 44

Reliable social class differences exist in parenting practices.Middle-class mothers tend to use _________ as they discipline their children,while lower-class mothers tend to use _________.

A) power assertion;reasoning
B) reasoning;power assertion
C) induction;reasoning
D) reasoning;induction

Question 45

Studies have shown that fathers are ________ mothers to the signals of their infants.

A) not as responsive as
B) more responsive than
C) just as responsive as
D) less responsive than

Question 46

Toshiko is a four-year-old who lives in Japan.Rebecca is a four-year-old who lives in Ohio.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A) Rebecca's mother is more likely than Toshiko's mother to use reasoning when disciplining her children.
B) Toshiko's mother is more likely than Rebecca's mother to use physical force when disciplining her children.
C) Toshiko's mother is more likely than Rebecca's mother to use reasoning when disciplining her children.
D) Toshiko's mother is as likely as Rebecca's mother to use reasoning when disciplining her children.

Question 47

Social class is not a variable that provides clear or meaningful explanations of the effects of parenting styles on socialization because

A) it varies for each family from year to year.
B) lower-socioeconomic families tend to require payment for participating in research studies,making these procedures costly to researchers.
C) socioeconomic status is often confounded with other variables,such as health care,nutrition,and education experiences.
D) the defining characteristics of parenting are different for each socioeconomic class.

Question 48

Research suggests that only children

A) are spoiled,self-centered,and dependent.
B) have poor social skills.
C) are more likely to be depressed than children with siblings.
D) may reap the benefits of having their parents' exclusive attention.

Question 49

In general,only children show ________ than children with siblings.

A) more self-centered behavior
B) less self-centered behavior
C) higher intelligence scores
D) lower intelligence scores

Question 50

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) African American teens who live with an extended family are more likely to engage in problem behaviors.
B) African American teens who live with an extended family are likely to have higher grades in school.
C) African American teens who live with an extended family often perceive a greater network of social support within the family.
D) African American families who live as an extended family to buffer financial strain are likely to benefit from the enhanced social support they gain with additional family members.

Question 51

Although fathers have demonstrated their competence and responsiveness in caregiving,the pattern found across many cultures suggests that fathers have

A) a harder time relating to their children.
B) difficulty adjusting to the new lifestyle that fatherhood encompasses.
C) little confidence in their spouses' abilities to take care of an infant.
D) fewer interactions with their babies than mothers do.

Question 52

Abusive families tend to be

A) isolated from the outside world.
B) an active part of the larger community.
C) active in the church but not in the child's school.
D) involved in the child's extra-curricular activities.

Question 53

African American teens from lower- and working-class families with friends who ________ in problem behaviors and with parents who exert ________ control over them are likely to show the most behavior problems.

A) engage in;a great deal of
B) rarely engage in;a great deal of
C) engage in;very little
D) rarely engage in;very little

Question 54

Who is most likely to show more negative parent-child relationships in the context of financial strain?

A) One-parent Caucasian American families
B) Two-parent Caucasian American families
C) Two-parent African American families
D) All are equally likely to suffer negative parent-child relationships in the context of financial strain

Question 55

Cross-cultural studies of parenting patterns indicate that most cultures emphasize ________ with infants and toddlers,________ with preschool-age children,and ________ with school-age and older children.

A) controlling behavior;nurturance;training sociocultural skills
B) nurturance;training sociocultural skills;controlling behavior
C) controlling behavior;training sociocultural skills;nurturance
D) nurturance;controlling behavior;training sociocultural skills

Question 56

In general,young children seek out their

A) mothers when they wish to play and their fathers when they desire care and comfort.
B) fathers when they wish to play and their mothers when they desire care and comfort.
C) fathers when they wish to play and when they desire care and comfort.
D) mothers when they wish to play and when they desire care and comfort.

Question 57

After their children have completed the newborn phase,fathers and mothers begin to manifest somewhat different styles of parenting.Fathers tend to provide ________,whereas mothers tend to be more ________.

A) more rhythmical stimulation;staccato
B) physical and social stimulation;rhythmic and soothing
C) more contact comfort;nurturing and physical
D) calmer games;caregiving

Question 58

Research on the interaction patterns in abusive families indicates that

A) the parent's personality is the primary determinant of the type of interaction that takes place between parent and child.
B) the parents tend to rely on power-assertive strategies for modifying their children's behavior.
C) they do not differ much from the interaction patterns in normal families.
D) parents and child interact at a higher rate than in normal families.

Question 59

Economic hardship has a serious negative impact on children's socioemotional development because

A) their attention spans are directly influenced.
B) they worry about how to act in school.
C) of the psychological distress it causes the parents.
D) they are sent to work after school at earlier ages.

Question 60

Research suggests that the absence of a father in the home may not have a negative impact on development resulting from the loss of a masculine identity figure;rather,the negative effects may result from the

A) loss of a source of emotional and financial support for the whole family.
B) loss of a figure to teach children about gender roles.
C) child's need to assimilate characteristics of the father.
D) increased capacity to form gender stereotypes.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Mothers who do not return to work after the birth of a child when they prefer to work score lower on measures of stress and depression.
B) Mothers who prefer to be at home with their children score higher on measures of stress and depression.
C) Mothers who have high levels of stress at work have less sensitive interactions with their infants.
D) Mothers who work more than forty hours a week have more positive and animated interactions with their children when they do spend time together.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Only children have higher intelligence and achievement scores than children with siblings.
B) There are no differences between only children and children with siblings on measures of sociability and personal adjustment.
C) Only children have less positive relationships with their parents than children with siblings have.
D) Only children rank higher on measurements of leadership,personal control,and maturity.

Question 63

Researchers have noted a drop in the older child's attachment to the mother following the birth of a second child.However,this decrease was less noticeable if the older child was

A) five years of age or older.
B) four years of age.
C) twenty-four months of age or younger.
D) eighteen months of age.

Question 64

Jenna's parents typically do not intervene when she argues with her sister.Her parents' lack of intervention is likely to

A) cause the conflicts to cease on their own.
B) lead to fewer altercations between the girls.
C) lead to the alienation of one of the girls.
D) cause the conflicts to continue.

Question 65

When parents display a high degree of marital conflict or undergo a divorce,siblings show

A) a decrease in friendliness and emotional closeness with each other.
B) an increase in friendliness and emotional closeness with each other.
C) no emotional changes if the problems occur before the older sibling is younger than three years.
D) show no emotional changes if the younger sibling is older than four years.

Question 66

Which of the following children is most likely to score higher than her peers on a standardized test of intelligence?

A) Amy,who has attended a daycare center regularly
B) Alisha,who has been raised at home with her mother
C) Rachel,who has been in a home-based daycare
D) Daycare does not have an impact on intelligence.

Question 67

Which child is most likely to benefit from maternal employment?

A) Erik,a foster child
B) Lauren,a low-income child
C) Daniel,a special-needs child
D) Steven,an adopted child

Question 68

Generally speaking,children from smaller families

A) have lower self-esteem.
B) achieve lower levels of education.
C) have lower intelligence scores.
D) have higher intelligence scores.

Question 69

Pasqual is pregnant with her second child.To minimize the chances that her older child will react negatively to the new baby (e.g. ,sibling rivalry),Pasqual should

A) not talk about the new baby until the third trimester when the baby is very clearly visible in the mother's "belly."
B) tell the older child that he or she was once a little baby too.
C) get the older child used to spending more time with his or her father.
D) prepare the older child for the new baby's arrival and make the child a part of the baby's care in some way.

Question 70

Four-year-old Ronnie has been in daycare for two years.Ronnie is probably ________ than his peers who were raised at home.

A) more socially competent and more aggressive
B) less socially competent and more aggressive
C) less aggressive
D) less socially competent

Question 71

The timing of a mother's return to work

A) is highly associated with a child's development.
B) is not associated with a child's development.
C) is a key factor in determining a child's success in daycare.
D) affects a child's development if she returns before five months of age.

Question 72

Who is likely to have more one-to-one mother-child interaction?

A) Walter,whose mother returned to work when he was two years old
B) Joseph,whose mother works outside the home three days a week
C) James,whose mother works in the home
D) All are just as likely to have one-to-one contact with their mothers,as working mothers tend to make quality time with their children.

Question 73

Which of the following is negatively related to the number of hours mothers work outside the home?

A) Aggression
B) Academic achievement
C) Personality
D) Social awareness

Question 74

Who is most likely to suffer poor academic achievement?

A) Six-year-old Mallory,whose mother works two full-time jobs
B) Ten-year-old Tagan,whose mother works two full-time jobs
C) Five-year-old Hayley,whose mother works forty hours a week
D) Fourteen-year-old Christie,whose mother works forty hours a week

Question 75

Which child is most likely to develop rivalrous feelings toward a new baby sibling?

A) Four-year-old Carolyn
B) Two-year-old Christopher
C) Eighteen-month-old Anne
D) Twelve-month-old Tony

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding sibling relationships is not true?

A) Older siblings report being more dominant and nurturing toward their younger siblings.
B) As children get older,they report having more egalitarian relationships with their siblings.
C) As children get older,they report more intense feelings of warmth and conflict toward their siblings.
D) Sibling relationships tend to remain stable through middle childhood.

Question 77

A meta-analysis has shown that the quality of the parent-child relationship

A) is less similar between one and two-child families than between one and three-child families.
B) suffers in two-child families because of favoritism.
C) diminishes significantly with the birth of a third child.
D) increases slightly with each child born.

Question 78

Later-born siblings seem to have an advantage in the ________ as evidenced by ________.

A) social sphere;their greater confidence in social situations
B) area of motivation;their better grades
C) attention sphere;the degree of parental attachment
D) area of compliance;the punishments they receive

Question 79

Rita is employed full time as a partner in a law firm.Rita's daughter is most likely to show ________ the daughter of a nonworking mother.

A) more disruptive and asocial behavior than
B) less independence and achievement than
C) greater independence and achievement than
D) the same socioemotional development as

Question 80

Like only children,first-born children tend to

A) have lower achievement motivation.
B) score higher on tests of intelligence.
C) be less compliant and more spoiled.
D) be less socially responsible.