Deck 15: Peers

Question 1

Kimberly is entering first grade.In the next few years,Kimberly will likely participate more and more in

A) parallel play.
B) aggressive play.
C) group activities.
D) solitary play.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Peers provide the child with direct feedback about how well he is doing in the academic,social,and emotional realms.Therefore,peers contribute to the child's developing sense of

A) self.
B) academic identity.
C) physical maturity.
D) individuality.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A companion who is approximately the same age and at the same developmental level is a(n)

A) friend.
B) egalitarian.
C) peer.
D) model.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Individual play that is performed without regard for what others are doing is called ________ play.

A) isolated
B) solitary
C) parallel
D) one-dimensional

Question 5

Which form of play makes use of imaginary and symbolic objects and social roles?

A) Parallel
B) Social pretend
C) Cooperative
D) Rough-and-tumble

Question 6

________ contends that peer interactions prompt,or even coerce,the child to consider the viewpoints of others,thus broadening the child's social perspective taking ability.

A) Piaget
B) Decasper
C) Fifer
D) Vygotsky

Question 7

Linnea and Katie were playing together with a dollhouse one afternoon.Both girls were involved in making decisions about where each of the dolls should go and how they would play with them.Linnea and Katie were engaged in _________ play.

A) parallel
B) solitary
C) cooperative
D) social pretend

Question 8

Researchers have found that when children engage in _______,they are also developing social,cognitive,and language skills.

A) parallel play
B) rough-and-tumble play
C) social pretend play
D) solitary play

Question 9

Aidan reports that he is well accepted by his peers.Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Aidan is less likely to report feeling depressed.
B) Aidan is less likely to be socially anxious.
C) Aidan is more likely to commit truancy.
D) Aidan is more likely to enjoy school.

Question 10

Ken and Bobby,both one year old,are side by side,playing with blocks without interacting with each other.Ken and Bobby are displaying ________ play.

A) cooperative
B) parallel
C) social pretend
D) solitary

Question 11

________ maintains that contact with peers,especially those who are more skilled in a given domain,stretches the child's intellectual and social capacities,causing the child to internalize new modes of thinking.

A) Piaget
B) Decasper
C) Fifer
D) Vygotsky

Question 12

Marcy is just entering second grade,and she is happy because she has many friends who will be there too.According to research findings on peer relations,Marcy is likely to

A) experience academic difficulties.
B) make the transition to second grade very easily.
C) experience school anxiety.
D) be socially anxious.

Question 13

One of the underlying processes of social pretend play that children must have is

A) an understanding of the rules of social dialogue and communication.
B) object permanence.
C) mental representation.
D) an understanding of their own metacognitive skills.

Question 14

While Carol was visiting her mother,her daughter,Juliana,was playing on the floor.Juliana seemed very interested in her toys,and she had no interest in what else was happening around her.Juliana was engaged in _________ play.

A) parallel
B) solitary
C) cooperative
D) social pretend

Question 15

The way in which children relate to their peers

A) depends more on their dispositions than on developmental changes.
B) undergoes little developmental change.
C) undergoes developmental change only if siblings are present in the family.
D) undergoes significant developmental change.

Question 16

Christopher,Mark,Michael,and Patrick were playing "cops and robbers." They decided who would be the cops and who would be the robbers,and they even played out a robbery scene and a car chase in their back yard.The boys are engaged in _________ play.

A) parallel
B) rough-and-tumble
C) cooperative
D) social pretend

Question 17

Social learning theory holds that peers exert a powerful influence on the child's socialization by means of

A) rewards and punishment.
B) shaping.
C) equilibration.
D) modeling and reinforcement.

Question 18

Social skills such as compromising and cooperating are most likely to be learned by interacting with

A) egalitarians.
B) peers.
C) older siblings.
D) teachers.

Question 19

In ________ play,children play side by side but they do not interact with each other.

A) parallel
B) solitary
C) social pretend
D) cooperative

Question 20

In ________ play,children interact with each other,often providing mutual suggestions.

A) parallel
B) social pretend
C) cooperative
D) solitary

Question 21

A peer group of five to ten children who frequently interact together is called a

A) crowd.
B) cohesive unit.
C) clique.
D) dyad.

Question 22

A large group of peers with a specific reputation is called a

A) crowd.
B) cohesive unit.
C) clique.
D) dyad.

Question 23

Most children are likely to include themselves as a member of a ________;but peers tend to assign other children to a ________.

A) crowd;clique
B) dyad;crowd
C) clique;cohesive unit
D) clique;crowd

Question 24

Byron is an active boy who likes rough-and-tumble play and games that involve running and chasing.His parents even say that Byron can be a bit aggressive at times.Byron is likely to associate with peers who

A) are also active and aggressive.
B) are less active than he is.
C) will submit readily to him.
D) will balance his need for physical activity with a focus on attentive activities.

Question 25

As elementary-school-age children begin to participate more in group activities,it becomes evident that they have a clear preference for

A) parallel play.
B) interactions with teachers.
C) same-sex interactions.
D) opposite-sex interactions.

Question 26

How do children become and stay friends?

A) They make efforts to establish a common ground.
B) They try to resolve conflicts before they escalate.
C) They tend to be similar in temperament,popularity,and skills.
D) All of these.

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding friendships is not true?

A) Friendship formation in middle school is motivated by the need to be accepted and the fear of rejection.
B) Cross-sex friendships are rare in middle school.
C) Friendships are very stable across the childhood years.
D) The time spent with same-sex friends surpasses time spent with parents in preadolescence.

Question 28

Katie frequently switches friendships during different periods of time.She is likely to be seen as

A) playful and humorous.
B) aggressive and unreliable.
C) "gossipy."
D) all of these.

Question 29

_________ membership is often supplemented by identification with a _________,a larger group of peers with a specific reputation.

A) Peer;clique
B) Clique;peer
C) Clique;crowd
D) Peer;crowd

Question 30

Rough-and-tumble play emerges at about

A) one year.
B) two years.
C) four years.
D) six years.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is not true concerning rough-and-tumble play?

A) It usually turns into a real physical fight.
B) It can serve as a context to learn role exchange.
C) It usually involves no intention to hurt someone.
D) It usually occurs among children who like one another.

Question 32

Some researchers believe that _________ allows children to sample the attitudes and beliefs of their agemates without taking the risk of revealing their own views.

A) gossip
B) friendship
C) dominance
D) submission

Question 33

Which of the following statements regarding cliques and crowds is not true?

A) Children may be labeled by their peers as being a part of a particular clique,though they do not perceive themselves as such.
B) Parental values may contribute to the child's association with a particular crowd.
C) Clique membership in middle school reflects the child's need to belong during a time of separating themselves from parents and adults.
D) Adolescents approaching young adulthood are less likely to be interested in cliques and crowds.

Question 34

During _________,the internal psychological aspects of friendship,such as loyalty,trust,and intimacy,grow in importance.

A) the preschool years
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Question 35

Observational studies of preschoolers in nursery schools indicate that

A) most girls have a strong associate or friend,but most boys do not.
B) most boys have a strong associate or friend,but most girls do not.
C) most preschoolers do not have a strong associate or friend.
D) most preschoolers have at least one peer who can be considered a strong associate or friend.

Question 36

Declan and Simone both belong to friendship networks.Analyses of these networks among boys and girls has indicated that

A) Declan's friendships are usually intensive,and Simone's friendships are usually extensive.
B) Simone's friendships are usually intensive,and Declan's friendships are usually extensive.
C) Declan's and Simone's friendships are usually extensive.
D) Declan's and Simone's friendships are usually intensive.

Question 37

Members of _________ do not necessarily spend time together but share a label based on a stereotype.

A) peer groups
B) cliques
C) academic classes
D) crowds

Question 38

For three-year-old Tanner,the concept of friend does not encompass the full range of psychological complexities that it will when he is older.Rather,at this age,Tanner's conception of friend is synonymous with

A) peer.
B) playmate.
C) sibling.
D) other child.

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding teen peer relations is not true?

A) Time spent with opposite-sex peers increases substantially during high school.
B) Time spent with same-sex peers declines during adolescence.
C) Teens spend more time with romantic partners and less time with family.
D) Teens rate their romantic partners and their families as their most influential relationships.

Question 40

Active,physical play that carries no intent of imposing harm on another child is called ________ play.

A) social pretend
B) rough-and-tumble
C) cooperative
D) social active

Question 41

Peer pressure is

A) is particularly strong for adolescents.
B) predominantly a popular-child phenomenon.
C) of greatest influence with antisocial behaviors.
D) not associated with prosocial behaviors.

Question 42

Craig and Sandra's relationship has a distinct sense of mutual reciprocity and a significant affective investment from each child.Their relationship can be defined as a

A) friendship.
B) clique.
C) crowd.
D) model.

Question 43

As children approach adolescence,the basis for dominance over peers

A) becomes ambiguous.
B) shifts from the use of physical aggression to interpersonal skills.
C) shifts from the use of interpersonal skills to physical aggression.
D) shifts from the use of interpersonal skills to intellectual skills.

Question 44

In the Robber's Cave Study,when the two groups of children were made to compete with each other in organized games,the competition

A) fostered between-group hostility.
B) fostered between-group acceptance.
C) weakened within-group identities.
D) caused the breakup of the individual groups.

Question 45

Which of the following was not identified as a potential function of dominance hierarchies?

A) To make social relationships among group members more predictable
B) To help stimulate the physical development of the members of the group
C) To allow groups to more easily meet their objectives
D) To control aggression among group members

Question 46

Dr.VanLeeuwen wants to study peer groups.When she places together several children who are unfamiliar with one another,they form an infrastructure based on power relationships called

A) pecking orders.
B) social hierarchies.
C) peer groups.
D) dominance hierarchies.

Question 47

All of the following are true of children's friendships except

A) they develop between children with similar play styles and language skills.
B) they tend to reinforce children's initial tendencies.
C) they rarely take place between agemates.
D) they tend to make friends resemble each other.

Question 48

In the Robber's Cave Study,losing a competitive game to the other group caused

A) feelings of compassion in the winning group.
B) a greater feeling of strength and unity for the losing group.
C) a temporary bout of intragroup turmoil.
D) a lasting intragroup conflict that resulted in the cessation of the experiment.

Question 49

Because friendship includes the sharing of affection and emotional support,friendships

A) form as soon as children are able to experience emotions.
B) do not emerge until late in childhood when children understand emotions.
C) may play a role in protecting children from anxiety and stress.
D) may serve as a significant source of anxiety and stress.

Question 50

The Robber's Cave Study investigated

A) the aggressive and hostile characteristics of unpopular children.
B) cultural differences in the effects of peer pressure on social conformity.
C) how peer groups naturally form and operate.
D) the influence of rough-and-tumble play on aggressive behavior and hostility in young children.

Question 51

Playmates who become friends do all of the following except

A) use information exchange as a form of distraction.
B) escalate play in intensity.
C) modulate their actions.
D) reveal their feelings.

Question 52

Dr.Walsh is studying peer groups amongst younger children.Dominance in these groups is likely to be established through

A) friendly alliances.
B) intelligence and creativity.
C) interpersonal skills.
D) physical power and aggression.

Question 53

Vulnerability to peer pressure peaks in

A) early childhood.
B) late childhood.
C) early adolescence.
D) late adolescence.

Question 54

By age fourteen,association with antisocial friends was found to contribute statistically to the tendency to engage in

A) early sexual activity.
B) substance abuse.
C) violent behaviors.
D) deviant behaviors in general.

Question 55

In the Robber's Cave Study,the hostility that developed between the two groups of children was reduced when the two groups were made to

A) compete in organized games.
B) work together toward a common goal.
C) watch movies and share meals together.
D) discuss their difficulties and concerns with each other.

Question 56

Which of the following is not true of adolescent romantic relationships?

A) They seem to develop according to a specific pattern.
B) They are universally typical in societies around the world.
C) They are likely to occur among peers similar in temperament.
D) They are important because they an afford status.

Question 57

Tim is fifteen.He is most likely to turn to peers for advice if

A) he has only one parent.
B) his parents maintain an authoritative parenting style.
C) his parents maintain power over them and restrict them.
D) his parents are not very demanding.

Question 58

A positive correlation exists between the number of close and personal friends one has and levels of self-esteem.This finding

A) suggests that high self-esteem enhances one's capability to develop close personal friendships.
B) suggests that having close friends leads to increased self-esteem.
C) is difficult to interpret because the direction of the influence cannot be determined.
D) suggests that friends are not a source children use to help them determine their competence and self-worth.

Question 59

The dominance hierarchies among members of a peer group form

A) slowly but remain stable over a long period.
B) slowly and change several times over a long period.
C) quickly and remain stable over a long period.
D) quickly but change several times over a long period.

Question 60

Harry Stack Sullivan is credited with proposing that the intimacy required in friendships

A) does not last through adulthood.
B) is relevant in peer social relations in younger children.
C) is instilled by the parents.
D) may also promote healthy relationships later in life.

Question 61

Irene,Alice,and other girls in class like to play a game in which they make lists of boys with whom they would like to do certain activities,such as "boys that I would like to roller skate with" and "boys that I would like to share an ice cream with." This game is similar to a peer assessment procedure called

A) peer attractiveness.
B) socioemotional rating scale.
C) sociometric nomination.
D) hierarchies.

Question 62

In sociometric nomination procedures,________ children do not receive extreme scores on any peer nominations.

A) average
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) rejected

Question 63

In sociometric nomination procedures,________ children receive many more positive than negative nominations.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) average

Question 64

In which peer assessment procedure are children asked to list peers based on some specified criterion?

A) Hierarchical rating scale
B) Sociometric nomination
C) Sociodevelopmental assessment scale
D) Socioemotional rating scale

Question 65

Neglected children

A) are usually the least aggressive in a group.
B) spend more time than others engaging in antagonistic behavior.
C) are the most aggressive in a group.
D) are more likely than others to excel academically.

Question 66

The method of evaluating peer group relations and popularity that asks children to report with whom other children associate is called

A) composite social mapping.
B) the KEEP method.
C) sociometric nomination.
D) sociometric mapping.

Question 67

In sociometric nomination procedures,________ children receive few positive but many negative nominations.

A) average
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) rejected

Question 68

When designing a procedure for asking students to rate who among their peers is popular,Dr.Shaw should try to make sure that

A) the children completing the ratings are popular themselves.
B) the children completing the ratings are neither popular nor unpopular themselves.
C) she and the children have the same connotations of popularity in mind.
D) she also obtains parent and teacher ratings of student popularity.

Question 69

_________ who are coordinated,strong,and skilled in physical or sporting activities are rated as more popular by their peers and as more socially competent by their teachers and parents.

A) Only boys
B) Only girls
C) Older children
D) Both boys and girls

Question 70

Children from preschool through high school

A) rate unattractive children as more intelligent than attractive children.
B) rate attractive children as more friendly than unattractive children.
C) do not use physical attraction to make judgments about the behavioral characteristics of their peers.
D) use body type but not attractiveness to determine peer acceptance.

Question 71

Jasmin is a rejected child.She

A) is usually the least aggressive in a group.
B) spends more time than other children engaging in antagonistic behavior.
C) is likely to engage in cooperative play when in a group.
D) is more likely than other children to excel academically.

Question 72

Dr.Janick is studying peer dynamics.He will be using a peer assessment measure in which children rate peers on a number of social dimensions.This measure is called

A) sociometric nomination.
B) the sociometric rating scale.
C) the KEEP method.
D) composite social mapping.

Question 73

The sociometric nomination measure uses the number of positive and negative nominations a child receives from other children to determine the child's

A) self-esteem.
B) intellectual capacity.
C) norm-conforming tendency.
D) peer status.

Question 74

In sociometric nomination procedures,________ children receive low numbers of nominations in both the positive and negative categories.Although they lack friends,they are not disliked.

A) average
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) rejected

Question 75

Adolescents who develop extreme orientation to their peer group,to the extent of ignoring parents and schoolwork to be popular,are more likely to become involved with

A) extracurricular activities.
B) a greater number of peers.
C) members of the opposite sex.
D) alcohol and drug use.

Question 76

In sociometric nomination procedures,________ children receive high numbers of both positive and negative nominations.They have a high degree of social impact and are very visible,but are generally not preferred as social partners.

A) average
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) rejected

Question 77

Who is more likely to be popular?

A) Bob,who is chubby and quiet
B) Rob,who is thin and comical
C) Todd,who is muscular and aggressive
D) Jim,who is short and contentious

Question 78

When rejected children are asked to enter a group of unfamiliar children already at play,they typically

A) passively watch as their peers play.
B) make casual statements about the children in the group or about what they are doing.
C) join in by trying to dominate the activities.
D) attempt to join in by disrupting the activities.

Question 79

Researchers have demonstrated that popular peers,as defined by children,are viewed as more _________ than the popular children identified by sociometric measures.

A) aggressive
B) dominant
C) "stuck-up"
D) all of these

Question 80

Which of the following is not true of popular children?

A) They spend more time in cooperative play.
B) They spend more time in social conversation.
C) They spend more time displaying antagonistic behaviors toward neglected children.
D) They have more positive social interactions than rejected children.