Deck 16: Beyond Family and Peers

Question 1

As Katrina develops from being a toddler to being an adolescent,she is likely to show which of the following progressions in recognizing the distinction between fantasy and real life as depicted on television?

A) Failure to make a distinction;believing that few events on television occur in real life;understanding which events depicted on television are fictional and which are real.
B) Believing that few events on television occur in real life;failure to make a distinction;understanding which events depicted on television are fictional and which are real.
C) Failure to make a distinction;understanding which events depicted on television are fictional and which are real;believing that all events on television occur in real life.
D) Believing that few events on television occur in real life;understanding which events depicted on television are fictional and which are real;failure to make a distinction.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Annie is a preschooler who watches shows that have a _________ like quality to them.These shows seem to have a positive effect on her language development.

A) movie
B) story-book
C) photo
D) all of these

Answer 2

B

Question 3

At four years of age,Deborah's favorite television show was Sesame Street;at seven years,it was a comedy show also watched by adults.This change in viewing preference is probably related to developmental changes in

A) attention.
B) problem solving.
C) memory.
D) comprehension.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Children actively direct their attention to

A) the portions of a television program that they do understand.
B) the portions of a television program that they do not understand.
C) violent programming.
D) loud and colorful programming.

Question 5

Most psychologists agree that

A) viewing aggression on television increases aggressive behavior in boys but not in girls.
B) there is a small but consistent causal relationship between viewing aggression on television and aggressive behavior in children.
C) viewing aggression on television actually decreases aggressive behavior in children.
D) there is little evidence that viewing aggression on television causes increased aggression in children.

Question 6

Robert watched informative educational programming during his preschool years,while Alex watched violent or entertaining programming.Now that both are in high school,Robert is likely to

A) enjoy watching violent or entertaining programming more than Alex.
B) enjoy watching violent or entertaining programming less than Alex.
C) have lower grades in English,math,and science than Alex.
D) have higher grades in English,math,and science than Alex.

Question 7

Who of the following watches more television?

A) Girls and African American children
B) Boys and European American children
C) Girls and European American children
D) Boys and African American children

Question 8

American children spend more time _________ than on any other activity except _________.

A) sleeping;studying
B) playing computer games;sleeping
C) watching television;sleeping
D) studying;watching television

Question 9

In a classic series of studies,Albert Bandura had nursery school children view a live or televised model behaving aggressively toward a Bobo doll.The results showed that

A) children who saw only a live model imitated the aggressive acts.
B) children who saw only a televised model imitated the aggressive acts.
C) children who saw either a live or a televised model behaved more aggressively than children who saw neither model.
D) children behaved aggressively whether or not they saw a model.

Question 10

Three-year-old Leona hears a new word several times on a television program.Leona is likely to

A) fail to understand the new word at this age,but is likely to when she is a few years older.
B) fail to understand the new word unless it is repeated many times.
C) understand the new word only if her mother repeats it many times.
D) understand the new word even though she heard it only on television.

Question 11

Although the amount of time young children spend watching television varies greatly,

A) they do not watch any television until they are three years old.
B) their viewing patterns remain stable over the years.
C) their viewing patterns vary week to week.
D) they all watch at least nine hours of television per day.

Question 12

Children begin to watch programs aimed at general audiences extensively,rather than just children's programming,when they become about ________ of age.

A) one year
B) three years
C) five years
D) ten years

Question 13

When children watch programs geared toward general audiences,younger children are less likely to remember the _________ than are older children,and they often fail to grasp the _________.

A) script-based content;moral
B) explicit content;implicit content
C) main characters;script-based content
D) main characters;implicit content

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Frequent viewing of Sesame Street seems to promote prosocial behaviors in preschoolers.
B) Frequent viewers of Sesame Street seem to gain vocabulary benefits from the show.
C) Frequent viewers of Sesame Street seem to have stronger ethnic identities and do not tolerate other races as well as nonviewers.
D) Frequent viewing of Sesame Street seems to promote cultural diversity in preschoolers.

Question 15

Elena,a six-year-old,is more likely to retell the contents of a story on the basis of ________,whereas her twelve-year-old sister is more likely to recall ________.

A) the implicit content of the story;the explicit content of the story
B) script-based knowledge of similar stories;more specific details of the story
C) complex story segments;simple story segments
D) semantic features of the story;structural features of the story

Question 16

Social learning theory predicts that viewing aggression on television will

A) provide the child with aggressive models,which could lead to an increase in the child's aggressive behavior.
B) provide the child with an outlet for unconscious aggressive tendencies.
C) punish the child's attempts at prosocial behavior.
D) reduce the child's tendency to behave aggressively by allowing a vicarious release of aggression.

Question 17

When asked why he was kicking other children,Perry responded,"Because that is the way cartoons do it on television." Perry's aggressive behavior can be best explained by

A) psychoanalytic theory.
B) cognitive theory.
C) social learning theory.
D) catharsis.

Question 18

Reanalysis of findings linking television watching with potential for developing attentional problems reveal that

A) these findings do suggest a strong correlation.
B) the correlation may be linked to other contexts.
C) the earlier findings falsified a correlation.
D) there is no correlation.

Question 19

According to Linebarger and Walker's research,children who spent time watching shows _________ acquired larger vocabularies and more complex speech.

A) where characters often label objects
B) that direct much of their speech to the child
C) that ask the viewer to respond to verbal queries
D) all of these

Question 20

Lin is five years old.When watching television,she most likely

A) recognizes that the characters are actors playing roles.
B) comprehends complex plots and themes.
C) does not understand that most television programs are not real.
D) cannot understand any of the story lines.

Question 21

Justine is an African American child who prefers to watch African American characters on television.This tendency is positively related to her

A) acts of aggression.
B) civil disobedience.
C) self-esteem.
D) social withdrawal.

Question 22

Statistical findings from meta-analytic studies indicate that the effects of prosocial television programming may be even stronger than the effects of

A) antisocial programming.
B) parental training.
C) school training.
D) consumerism.

Question 23

Peter watched a violent television show with his parents and discussed with them the issues presented in the program.Stephen watched the same television show by himself.Peter is likely to be

A) more aggressive than Stephen because his parents encouraged him to view the program.
B) less aggressive than Stephen because of the mere presence of other people during viewing.
C) less aggressive than Stephen because his parents told him that the behavior on the show is not representative of the way most people act.
D) more aggressive than Stephen because of the mere presence of other people during viewing.

Question 24

Which of the following is a concern related to Channel One programming and the practice of continual advertising on the screens of school computers?

A) How are the advertisements affecting student consumer behaviors?
B) Do computer systems that log information about individual students invade privacy?
C) Does the benefit of learning about current events outweigh the possible effects of school-sanctioned commercialism?
D) All of these are concerns.

Question 25

Newer educational computer programs place

A) greater emphasis on rote memorization.
B) less emphasis on rote memorization.
C) less emphasis on immediate feedback about the correctness of a response to a question.
D) less emphasis on higher-order thinking skills.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a cognitive benefit of using computers?

A) Decreased cognitive conflict
B) Enhanced spatial representation
C) Iconic skills
D) Ability to attend to multiple things

Question 27

_________ is a media program in the public schools that consists of ten minutes of news and two minutes of commercials for products of interest to young people.

A) Channel One
B) Logo
C) KEEP
D) 3-2-1 Contact

Question 28

Marcus and Sally want to establish rules for television watching in their household.All but which of the following guidelines are recommended for parents who are concerned about their children's television viewing?

A) Be aware of how much time children are watching television.
B) Encourage children to watch television while they are eating dinner.
C) Choose what is acceptable for children to watch on television.
D) Watch jointly with children.

Question 29

Computer-assisted instruction is especially effective with

A) elementary and special-needs children.
B) adolescents.
C) older boys more so than younger girls.
D) math-anxious students.

Question 30

Jacques has achieved gender constancy.He is most likely to watch

A) female rather than male characters on television.
B) adults rather than children on television.
C) male rather than female characters on television.
D) children rather than adults on television.

Question 31

A child who ________ is more likely to gain a better understanding of the principle of inertia.

A) studies inertia in two different textbooks
B) reads passages on and answers questions about inertia on the computer
C) uses a computer to manipulate and simulate the effects of inertia
D) works with an opposite-sex peer to create a new definition of inertia

Question 32

Television programs aimed at ________ seem to contain the most gender stereotypes.

A) children
B) adults
C) minorities
D) teens

Question 33

While not definitive,research does suggest a link between television exposure to sexual content and

A) acts of aggression.
B) teen pregnancy.
C) self-esteem.
D) social withdrawal.

Question 34

Four-year-old Grace is likely to believe that commercials

A) are a waste of her time.
B) are only for adults.
C) are manipulative forms of information.
D) help and entertain people.

Question 35

Which of the following is not a feature of CAI programs?

A) Sound effects and graphics designed to promote a child's attention
B) The opportunity for the child to engage in group discussions on how to solve problems
C) The opportunity for the child to work at his or her own pace
D) Immediate feedback about the correctness of a response to a question

Question 36

The results of several large-scale correlational studies examining the relationship between violence on television and aggression in children provide evidence that

A) there is no consistent relationship between the viewing of violent television shows and aggressive behavior in children.
B) the amount of violent television viewed is inversely related to aggressive behavior in children.
C) children's aggressive tendencies do not influence the amount of violent television that they view.
D) there is a bidirectional influence between the aggressive behavior of children and the viewing of violent television shows.

Question 37

Nearly 80 percent of adolescent boys who have a computer in their home use it predominantly for

A) homework.
B) e-mail.
C) typing practice.
D) playing games.

Question 38

Sandy has achieved gender constancy.She is most likely to watch

A) female rather than male characters on television
B) male and female characters equally as often.
C) male rather than female characters on television.
D) adult and children characters equally as often.

Question 39

The Grant Technical High School has been using computer-assisted instruction (CAI)for the last ten years.It is likely that CAI has been used primarily as a tool to

A) teach programming skills to high school students.
B) provide tutorial information and drill-and-practice exercises.
C) promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
D) encourage spatial abilities through the use of graphics and pictorial images.

Question 40

The effects of recent changes in the cognitive emphasis of educational software reveals that math education programs designed to

A) encourage children to think more fully seem to have positive effects.
B) encourage children to think more fully seem to have negative effects.
C) make repetitive math learning more fun seem to have positive effects.
D) make repetitive math learning more fun seem to have both positive and neutral effects.

Question 41

Jared is a fifteen-year-old boy;according to research he is likely to play video games at least ________ a day.

A) once
B) twice
C) three times
D) four times

Question 42

Those with behaviors suggestive of an addiction to video game playing

A) are more likely to do well in school.
B) have less trouble paying attention in school.
C) more likely to experience hand and wrist pain.
D) all of these.

Question 43

Brandon displays high levels of cooperative play and has many positive social contacts during the school day.Brenda is much more aggressive than Brandon,but she has been able to find playmates in school.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A) Brandon will be better liked by his peers,but Brenda will be better liked by her teachers.
B) Brandon will be rated as shy by his teachers,while Brenda will be rated as popular by her teachers.
C) Brandon will be well liked by his peers and teachers,but Brenda will tend to be disliked by her peers and rated as hostile by her teachers.
D) Brandon and Brenda will both be rated as popular and be liked by their peers and teachers.

Question 44

Recent research reveals the communication technologies now support social interaction because________ use is so common.

A) computer
B) Internet
C) social networking site
D) all of these

Question 45

Which of the following statements regarding class size is not true?

A) Children who were in smaller classes from kindergarten through third grade performed better than their peers who had been in larger classes.
B) Children who were in smaller classes from kindergarten through third grade performed better than their peers who had been in larger classes,even after entering regular-size classrooms in fourth grade.
C) Teacher morale is higher in smaller class settings.
D) Small class size in poor districts has no effect on moving children from below average in reading and math to above average.

Question 46

Easily accessible Internet sites and social network information may make available material not appropriate for children,such as

A) ways to engage in prosocial behaviors.
B) information promoting hatred or bigotry.
C) sexually inexplicit material.
D) all of these

Question 47

One study of adolescent chat-room conversations revealed that there was one _______ comment per ________.

A) violent;second
B) sexual;minute
C) bigoted;half-hour
D) racist;hour

Question 48

Studies examining the social interaction patterns of young computer users show that

A) computer use may promote social interaction.
B) increased computer use is positively correlated with increased solitary activity.
C) computer use is related to reduced athletic activity.
D) computer use is related to reduced verbal interaction with peers.

Question 49

Which of the following is not associated with playing video games?

A) It can be associated with decreased academic performance.
B) It creates negative teaching experiences.
C) It can be both relaxing and stimulating.
D) It provides intellectual challenges.

Question 50

Ornella attends a large school,while Amy attends a small school.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A) Ornella will be more active in her school than Amy will be.
B) Ornella will feel more alienated in her school than Amy will feel.
C) Ornella will feel more competent in her school than Amy will feel.
D) Ornella will feel more academically challenged than Amy will feel.

Question 51

Research findings suggest that extensive video game playing could be related to

A) problems in school but positive behavior at home.
B) decreased time spent reading but increased time on homework.
C) increased reading and writing achievement.
D) decreased time spent in after school activities.

Question 52

A national survey of adolescents revealed that of those using social networking sites,________ percent had been contacted by someone they didn't know.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 80

Question 53

The success of a child's adjustment when beginning school can determine later

A) physical development.
B) parent-child relationships.
C) academic and socioemotional development.
D) television viewing patterns in his or her spare time.

Question 54

Compared to children who attend large schools,students from small schools are

A) less alienated and more competent.
B) more aggressive and more alienated.
C) less interactive with peers and have lower self-esteem.
D) more sheltered and less competent.

Question 55

One caveat to findings of greater social connectedness and a sense of well-being among adolescents who engage in these kinds of online communication is that

A) adolescents who report strong social connections in school tend to avoid instant messenger use at home.
B) among adolescents who report feelings of loneliness,instant messenger use tends to decline.
C) using electronic social technologies is never a practice implemented to enhance a sense of well-being.
D) when online communications focus more on establishing contacts or talking with new people rather than friends,these positive benefits are no longer found.

Question 56

In general,children in _________ show academic advances over children in _________.

A) public schools;private schools
B) large classes;small classes
C) small classes;large classes
D) private schools;parochial schools

Question 57

Early researchers of online communications technologies in the lives of children and youths theorized that social connections would

A) not change significantly.
B) increase in amount but decrease in quality.
C) decrease in amount.
D) be disrupted.

Question 58

One study of adolescent chat-room conversations revealed that almost 30 percent talked about ________ themes.

A) violent
B) racist
C) bigoted
D) sexual

Question 59

Behaviors suggestive of an addiction to video game playing include

A) playing for twenty-four hours or more per week.
B) using video game playing to escape problems.
C) skipping chores and school work to play video games.
D) all of these.

Question 60

In general,the relationship between large class size and academic advances

A) is positive.
B) is unpredictable.
C) varies from school to school.
D) is negative.

Question 61

Will's family is poor lives in a neighborhood where a high proportion of neighbors are considered middle class.Charlie lives in a neighborhood with a lower overall socioeconomic status.Will is more likely than Charlie to

A) to have behavioral problems.
B) likely to have emotional problems.
C) likely to perceive education as useful.
D) all of these.

Question 62

Florence lives in a neighborhood without a library or high-quality child care.Her neighborhoods impact on her development is likely to be

A) socioemotionally positive but academically negative.
B) positive.
C) neutral.
D) negative.

Question 63

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States have some type of disability?

A) 3 percent
B) 11 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 64

Case studies of a number of these rampage-type events reveal few similarities among the students committing these acts of violence other than that

A) the perpetrators are almost always male.
B) they tend to take place amongst fourteen- to fifteen-year-olds.
C) they tend to come from regions with a somewhat lower sense of honor.
D) they often have mental illnesses well recognized by parents.

Question 65

Who is more likely to have a low self-image?

A) Early-maturing sixth-grade girls who attend a kindergarten- through eighth-grade school
B) Late-maturing sixth-grade girls who attend a kindergarten- through eighth-grade school
C) Girls who mature around the same time they enter a junior high school
D) Girls who mature at a normal age who attend a private,same-sex school

Question 66

According to research,which of the following is a reason that children may have difficulty transitioning to junior high school or middle school?

A) The educational environment is more impersonal than the environment of elementary school.
B) Junior high classrooms emphasize more teacher control than elementary classrooms.
C) Higher and more public standards for student evaluation may make students uncomfortable.
D) All of these.

Question 67

All but which of the following are examples of violent behaviors in schools?

A) Attacks on children and teachers
B) Physical and psychological damage
C) Death
D) All of these are violent behaviors that occur in schools.

Question 68

Rosemary has been diagnosed as having a serious emotional disturbance.She is likely to

A) receive special services in the schools that will meet her particular needs.
B) attend a small school that includes vocational and technical training to help maintain her interest in education.
C) have difficulty making friends in school and may drop out.
D) continue her education following high school to make up for any deficiencies in her education.

Question 69

School shootings have resulted in deaths in the United States.These incidents

A) are fairly frequent.
B) receive little media attention.
C) contribute to considerable public alarm.
D) have also occurred in Western Europe and other nations.

Question 70

Hector suffers a hearing loss.Given that he has a sensory impairment,we can expect that compared to other students,Hector will be ________ to further his education beyond high school and ________ to find a job.

A) just as likely;just as likely
B) less likely;less likely
C) less likely;more likely
D) just as likely;less likely

Question 71

Charlotte lives in a neighborhood with a lower socioeconomic status.Wilhemina lives in a neighborhood with a higher socioeconomic status.Charlotte is more likely than Wilhemina to

A) do better in school.
B) are more likely to engage in early sexual activity.
C) are more likely to graduate high school.
D) are more likely to attend college.

Question 72

When Samara entered first grade,she knew several of the children from the previous year in kindergarten.Billy did not go to kindergarten,so he did not know any of the children in the first grade.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A) Samara will report more positive feelings about school than Billy will.
B) Samara will have a more difficult time making new friends than Billy will.
C) Samara and Billy will probably not interact with one another during the school year.
D) Samara and Billy will both be rated popular by their teacher because Samara already has friends and Billy is a boy.

Question 73

All but which of the following are true statements regarding youth violence?

A) Youth violence resulting in deaths increased substantially in the 1980s in disadvantaged urban schools.
B) Youth violence in the late 1980s increased in frequency in suburban and rural communities.
C) Youth violence in the late 1990s increased amongst middle-class Caucasians.
D) All of these are true statements regarding youth violence.

Question 74

The transition to junior high school is associated with a

A) decline in self-esteem,particularly for girls.
B) decline in self-esteem,particularly for boys.
C) rise in self-esteem,particularly for girls.
D) rise in self-esteem in boys and girls.

Question 75

The most important step in reducing violent lethal behavior may be

A) more extensive mental health services in schools.
B) establishing a climate of acceptance and support.
C) stronger limits on children's access to weapons.
D) increased opportunities for after-school activities.

Question 76

Children's adjustments to school transitions are

A) less difficult if adequate social and emotional support is provided.
B) more difficult at the beginning of kindergarten than at the start of junior high school.
C) made easier if complete changes are instituted rather than having some things stay the same and making only a few changes.
D) more difficult at the start of junior high school than at the start of kindergarten.

Question 77

Which of the following statements regarding violence in schools is not true?

A) Problems involving poverty,racial segregation,and illegal drug activity very likely spill over from the neighborhood and into the school in suburban communities.
B) School violence in urban communities typically involves specific grievances held by the perpetrators against particular individuals.
C) In suburban schools,the violence seems more like the kind of "rampage" shootings by adults that occur in workplaces or in other public locations.
D) In rural schools,shootings typically resemble those in suburban communities more than those in urban communities.

Question 78

Carmen entered the first grade when she was still five years old,and she did not turn six until December.Roxanne turned six the summer before the first grade started.Which of the following statements is true?

A) Carmen will progress more slowly than Roxanne in reading and math.
B) Carmen and Roxanne will make similar magnitudes of gains in reading and math.
C) Carmen will progress more slowly than Roxanne in reading,but they will show similar gains in math.
D) Carmen will gain less than if she had been placed in kindergarten instead of first grade.

Question 79

Maureen is entering junior high this year.If she is like many other preadolescent children,she will experience a(n)

A) increase in school satisfaction but a decline in her grades.
B) decline in school satisfaction and a decline in her grades.
C) increase in school satisfaction and an improvement in her grades.
D) decline in school satisfaction but no change in her grades.

Question 80

All but which of the following are interventions that may help children with serious emotional disturbances achieve more fully in schools?

A) Encouraging participation in courses that emphasize college preparation
B) Having parents who have high expectations and continue to be involved in the school
C) Providing vocational and technical courses to maintain interest and encourage job skills
D) Promoting interactions with other students