Deck 10: Lifespan Development Ii

Question 1

The idea that infants are equipped with behaviors that help them in their attachment with others is supported by each of the following EXCEPT:

A) Infants are born with verbal behaviors such as crying.
B) Iinfants are born with nonverbal behaviors such as smiling and clinging.
C) Infants are equipped with "following behaviors" that allow them to pursue their caregivers.
D) Infants prefer faces to other objects.

Answer 1

Infants prefer faces to other objects.

Question 2

Which of the following would not result from lack of attachment in childhood?

A) mental retardation
B) death
C) anxiety
D) high self-esteem

Answer 2

high self-esteem

Question 3

Which of the following is true of the strange situation?

A) Infants are placed in a situation with a stranger in a laboratory setting.
B) Infants are presented with toys that they have never played with.
C) Infants are taken to a stranger's house to live for several days.
D) Infants are placed in a situation with other children in a laboratory setting.

Answer 3

Infants are placed in a situation with a stranger in a laboratory setting.

Question 4

According to Hazen and Shaver's research, which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) insecurely attached infant: close, intimate adult relationships
B) securely attached infant: close, intimate adult relationships
C) avoidant infant: blocked intimacy and emotional distance in adult relationships
D) anxious/ambivalent infant: obsessive, possessive, and emotionally demanding adult relationships

Question 5

What percentage of children are classified as having a secure attachment style?

A) 25%
B) 10%
C) 60%
D) 35%

Question 6

With which of the following attachment styles is there distress upon separation from a caregiver?

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious-ambivalent
D) both a and c

Question 7

Adam makes few demands of his son and shows little interest or emotional support toward his son. His parenting style may be classified as _________.

A) permissive-indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 8

Melissa, mother of 3-year-old Kaitlyn, enforces limits and rules, while being highly involved with her daughter's life and emotionally supportive. Melissa's parenting style can be classified as ____________.

A) permissive-indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 9

Mary screams at her daughter and spanks her. Mary never makes exceptions to rules like curfew, and she is emotionally cold. Mary's parenting style can be classified as ______________.

A) permissive-indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 10

A child who is considered by others to be a "spoiled brat" may have at least one parent with what type of parenting style?

A) permissive-indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 11

Children raised under this parenting style tend to be moody and aggressive.

A) permissive-indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 12

Children raised under this parenting style are most socially competent and high achieving.

A) permissive-indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 13

Children raised under this parenting style tend to be impulsive.

A) permissive-indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 14

When studying moral dilemmas, Kohlberg was most interested in _______.

A) whether or not the character in the dilemma was seen as immoral
B) the reasons individuals gave behind their decisions of morality/immorality
C) cultural differences in moral development
D) both a and b

Question 15

A child gives her friend a piece of cake, in hopes that when she forgets her snack one day, her friend will reciprocate the favor. This represents Kohlberg's _________ level of morality.

A) concrete
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) punishment oriented

Question 16

The excuse of officers in World War II, the Vietnam War, and the war in Bosnia that "I was just following orders," is an example of which stage of moral development?

A) punishment-obedience
B) social-contract
C) military-contract
D) law and order

Question 17

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) preconventional level: fear of punishment
B) conventional level: desire for reward or favors
C) postconventional: personal standards for right and wrong
D) conventional level: gain acceptance, avoid disapproval

Question 18

According to your text, the intentional breaking of laws by Martin Luther King, Mohandas Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela was based on which level of moral reasoning?

A) the social-contract orientation at the postconventional level
B) the universal ethics orientation at the postconventional level
C) the empathic-charismatic orientation at the graduate level
D) the compassionate-empathic orientation at the postgraduate level

Question 19

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) They may be culturally biased.
B) They do not predict moral behavior as well as situational factors do.
C) They tend to be biased, favoring males over females.
D) They reliably predict moral behavior as the stages increase.

Question 20

Europeans and Americans tend to make moral decisions based on __________, whereas Indians tend to moral decisions based on ___________.

A) identification with the victim; social responsibility
B) social responsibility; identification with a victim
C) rewards and punishments; social responsibility
D) ethnics; rewards and punishments

Question 21

According to Erikson, humans progress through eight stages of psychosocial development. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence for the "successful" completion of the second four stages?

A) identity intimacy 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11generativity 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11ego integrity
B) ego integrity 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11 trust 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11 intimacy 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11 generativity
C) initiative 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11intimacy 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11generativity 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11 ego integrity
D) identity 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11autonomy 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11 intimacy 11eef0cb_6ff9_4b03_8659_797ecdc3d949_TB10345_11 generativity

Question 22

A 30-year-old mother of three who is engaged in deep soul-searching regarding who she is and what she wants to do with the rest of her life, and a 12-year old boy who is absolutely certain that he was born to be a plumber exemplify the _____.

A) flexibility of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
B) limitations of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
C) benefit of Freud's psychosexual stages of development over Erikson's psychosocial stages
D) comparability between Freud's and Erikson's stages of development

Question 23

Failure to resolve the identity versus role confusion stage of Erikson's theory will cause subsequent problems with __________________.

A) relationships
B) autonomy
C) industry
D) generativity

Question 24

The challenge that young children are confronted with, as they learn skills such as reading and writing, is ____________.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) trust versus distrust
C) identity versus role confusion
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 25

As an infant, Sandra was not changed promptly when her diaper was soiled, she was not soothed when she was crying, and she was not always fed promptly when hungry. As a result, Sandra probably had a difficult time resolving what stage of Erikson's theory?

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) trust versus mistrust
C) identity versus role confusion
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 26

Besides the obvious external physical differences between men and women, researchers have determined all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) a difference in the degree of hemispheric specialization
B) the corpus callosum is larger in men
C) verbal and spatial cognitive skills may be due to differences in the cerebral hemispheres of men and women
D) structural differences between cerebral hemispheres in men and women

Question 27

Recent research on gender differences in cognitive abilities suggests that men score higher than women on _____.

A) verbal abilities at all intellectual levels
B) math ability, but only at the highest intellectual level
C) math at all intellectual levels
D) verbal and math abilities, but only at the highest intellectual level

Question 28

Which of the following may account for gender differences in cognitive abilities?

A) hormones
B) hemispheric generalization
C) structural differences in the occipital cortex
D) neurotransmitter deregulation

Question 29

Which of the following genetic findings have been linked to aggressive behavior?

A) a disturbance in levels of serotonin in males
B) higher levels of dopamine in males
C) a larger limbic system in males
D) a smaller frontal lobe in males

Question 30

A negative correlation has been found between serotonin and aggression. This means that as serotonin increases, aggression _____.

A) stays the same
B) decreases
C) increases
D) sometimes increases, and sometimes decreases

Question 31

Research on aggression has found that _____.

A) girls and females are more physically aggressive than boys and men
B) males display aggression in indirect, relational forms
C) genetic factors account for about 50% of aggressive behavior
D) genetic factors account for about 60% of aggressive behavior

Question 32

Gender differences in this area of the brain account for differences in levels of sex hormones.

A) corpus callosum
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebral cortex
D) pituitary gland

Question 33

Women are more likely to develop brittle bones at a later age because _________.

A) women do not produce testosterone
B) the production of estrogen stops in a woman's body after menopause.
C) calcium is not absorbed as well in a woman's body after menopause
D) both b and c

Question 34

By the age of _________, children are well aware of gender roles.

A) 10
B) 2
C) 5
D) 1

Question 35

According to cognitive development theory, learning of gender roles is __________.

A) more active than in social-learning theory
B) the development of internal rules about correct behaviors for boys and girls
C) the development of external rules about correct behaviors for boys and girls
D) acquired by watching and imitating others

Question 36

Which of the following would be an example of a gender schema?

A) Boys should play with trucks, and girls should play with dolls.
B) Girls are taller than boys prior to adolescence.
C) Boys and girls are of equal strength until adolescence.
D) Boys and girls are sweet and cute until adolescence.

Question 37

In males, achievement is _____-oriented, whereas, in females, achievement is directed toward _____.

A) money; family
B) task; self-improvement
C) externally; family
D) financially; nurturing

Question 38

Women tend to have _________ friends, and express friendship by _______________.

A) fewer; shared activities
B) more; shared activities
C) more; shared communication
D) fewer; shared communication

Question 39

Men attribute success to _________ and failure to ___________.

A) internal factors; external factors
B) external factors; internal factors
C) high self-esteem; low self-esteem
D) independence; dependence on others

Question 40

Elise has high levels of self-esteem, she is more socially competent, has motivation to achieve, and has higher mental health. Elise is ____________ in nature.

A) feminine
B) masculine
C) androgynous
D) either b or c

Question 41

Ideal self-descriptions for _____ contain more masculine qualities than feminine ones.

A) men
B) women
C) both men and women
D) adolescents

Question 42

When asked to complete the statement, "I am….," people from _____ cultures respond with personality traits, whereas people from ________ cultures respond with reference to relationships.

A) individualistic; collectivist
B) collectivist; individualistic
C) industrialized; nonindustrialized
D) nonindustrialized; industrialized

Question 43

About _______ % of the world is collectivistic in nature.

A) 10
B) 50
C) 25
D) 70

Question 44

Which one of the following areas of the world is MOST likely to be individualistic in nature?

A) Taiwan
B) Chile
C) Australia
D) Mexico

Question 45

The word ______ is defined by North Americans according to inner feeling, whereas Japanese people define it according to role expectations.

A) morality
B) beliefs
C) sincerity
D) humility

Question 46

Nearly ______ of all marriages in the United States end in divorce.

A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 50%
D) 66%

Question 47

Women's unrealistic expectations about marriage tend to stem from _________.

A) what they see on television
B) myths about marriage
C) their parents' marital relationship
D) the personality of their spouse

Question 48

Which of the following is a risk factor for divorce?

A) religion
B) race
C) length of courtship
D) culture

Question 49

Violence is more likely in relationships and families experiencing __________.

A) financial problems
B) substance abuse
C) mental disorders
D) all of these

Question 50

Abusers usually lack __________.

A) money
B) good communication and interpersonal skills
C) mental disorders
D) all of these

Question 51

Victims usually lack _________.

A) transportation
B) support
C) mental health
D) all of these

Question 52

Impulsivity is related to _____

A) economic stress
B) amygdala
C) prefrontal cortex
D) all of these

Question 53

Factors that determine a child's resiliency include _____________.

A) good intellectual functioning
B) relationships with caring adults
C) ability to regulate one's attention, emotions, and behaviors
D) all of these

Question 54

During ___________, information gathering is more important than emotional connectedness.

A) childhood
B) old age
C) adolescence
D) infancy

Question 55

Two myths of development during middle age are _____________ and __________.

A) midlife crisis; empty nest syndrome
B) decreased sexual drive; increase in affairs
C) increased finances; greater happiness
D) minor changes in personality

Question 56

___________ is a key ingredient to a fulfilling old age.

A) Prolonged sexual activity
B) Continued family support
C) Lack of money problems
D) Active involvement

Question 57

Research on the period of time when adult children have left home suggests that _____.

A) parents throw an "I'm free at last party"
B) marital satisfaction increases, and parent-child relationships continue to flourish
C) most parents experience a painful loss and depression when the last child leaves
D) adult children rarely stay in touch with their parents once they leave home

Question 58

Which of the following is the correct sequence for Kubler -Ross's stage theory of dying?

A) denial $\rightarrow$ anger $\rightarrow$ bargaining $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ acceptance
B) anger (\rightarrow\)denial $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ bargaining $\rightarrow$ acceptance

C) denial $\rightarrow$ bargaining $\rightarrow$ anger $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ acceptance
D) bargaining $\rightarrow$ denial $\rightarrow$ depression $\rightarrow$ anger $\rightarrow$ acceptance

Question 59

A man prays to God, stating "if you just let me live, I will volunteer most of my time helping those less fortunate than me." This man is in Kubler-Ross's stage of _________.

A) denial
B) anger
C) bargaining
D) depression

Question 60

Special facilities that specialize in taking care of the terminally ill in a supportive environment are called __________.

A) hospitals
B) hospices
C) nursing homes
D) assisted living facilities

Question 61

Contrast Bowlby's, Harlow's, and Ainsworth's positions on attachment, and describe the research regarding the relationship between infant attachment and adult love.

Question 62

Discuss Baumrind's different parenting styles, and how each has a different effect on the development of a child.

Question 63

Describe the moral reasoning someone at each of Kohlberg's stages would use for why the following statement is morally correct: "Cheating is wrong."
What are some of the criticisms of Kohlberg's theory?

Question 64

List and describe Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, illustrating each with a successful and unsuccessful resolution.

Question 65

Compare and contrast individual differences based on sex and individual differences based on gender.

Question 66

What is an androgynous gender role, and what are some of the advantages of androgyny?

Question 67

Discuss differences between individualistic and collectivist cultures. Which is more adaptive from your viewpoint? Why?

Question 68

Discuss the concept of realistic expectations in a relationship. What happens when expectations are unrealistic?

Question 69

Discuss how violence can manifest itself in relationships in both the abuser and victim's factors.

Question 70

Discuss how children can be resilient even in harsh conditions, describing the factors of resiliency.

Question 71

Explain why many victims of abuse do not report the abuse or simply leave.

Question 72

Compare and contrast activity theory, disengagement theory, and socioemotional theory of aging

Question 73

Define ageism and describe the various cultural, gender, and ethnic differences in the status and treatment of the elderly.

Question 74

Explain why the conflict levels are much higher during the childrearing years and much lower in the empty nest years. How would you explain the ethnic differences?

Question 75

Describe the four stages of grief people experience after the loss of a relationship, and list three strategies for coping with grief.

Question 76

Imagine that you were told that you had brain cancer and had only three months to live. Write a brief dialogue that would clearly illustrate your progression through each of Kubler-Ross's five sequential stages of death and dying. Summarize the criticisms of this theory of death and dying, and Kubler-Ross's responses to them.