Deck 20: The Changing Balance of Wealth and Power, 1650-1750

Question 1

Which of the following states acquired overseas empires in addition to building stronger central governments?

A) Spain
B) the Netherlands
C) France
D) All these answers are correct.

Answer 1

All these answers are correct.

Question 2

Which of the following aspired to, but never achieved, large-scale conquests within Europe in the sixteenth century?

A) the Ottoman empire
B) Russia
C) Spain
D) the Qing dynasty

Answer 2

the Ottoman empire

Question 3

The people of the forests and mountains of Northeast China were known as the

A) Xinjiang.
B) Manchu.
C) Sichuan.
D) Yunnan.

Answer 3

Manchu.

Question 4

What philosophy, along with its doctrines, provided a unifying framework for the combined Manchu and Chinese society?

A) Buddhism
B) Confucianism
C) Catholicism
D) T'ai Chi Ch'uan

Question 5

The Chinese and Russians both wished to control the ________ River valley.

A) Volga
B) Yellow
C) Amur
D) Mekong

Question 6

The post-1683 Chinese policy that encouraged active collaboration between government officials and Pacific merchants was known as ________ policy.

A) an "open seas"
B) a "silver sink"
C) an "open door"
D) a "low tariff"

Question 7

In Romanov Russia, who or what were the boyars?

A) serfs who were formerly free peasants
B) a series of laws that increased political stability
C) land grants given to serfs so they could become free peasants
D) titled aristocracy who supported the dynasty

Question 8

Like the Ottoman, Persian, and Mughal monarchs, Peter the Great claimed that

A) monarchs were associated with godly power.
B) he had the "divine right" to govern all except for the church.
C) God granted the monarch a "divine right" to govern.
D) he was chosen by and descended from the great khans.

Question 9

In Peter the Great's Russia, the Table of Ranks was intended to do what?

A) reduce the local power of the boyars
B) base power on the aristocratic family tree
C) increase the local power of the boyars
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 10

The 1700s territorial expansion transformed Russia into a(n)

A) larger and less tolerate state.
B) state that did not insist on Russian cultural dominance.
C) complex but multicultural state.
D) empire led by armed Ukrainians.

Question 11

In the early 1800s, Spain's colonies in the Americas stretched from ________ to the tip of South America.

A) northern California
B) the San Juan islands
C) Puget Sound
D) the Columbia River

Question 12

All of the following were part of the governance of Spain's American colonies EXCEPT

A) viceroys.
B) the Senate of Religious Orders.
C) imperial judicial courts.
D) the Council of the Indies.

Question 13

Which of the following terms was used to identify mixed-race persons in Spanish America?

A) peninsulares
B) castas
C) creoles
D) audencias

Question 14

Which group was LEAST resistant to the government reforms of King Philip and his two Bourbon successors?

A) nobles
B) town elites
C) colonial leaders
D) high church clergy

Question 15

Which of the following did NOT keep Habsburg emperor Charles V from transforming Europe into a unitary empire?

A) France
B) Protestant German princes
C) the Ottoman empire
D) Catholic German princes

Question 16

In the century following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, wars continued in Europe in one part or another. What generally motivated the fighting?

A) religious differences
B) tactical objectives
C) the lure of financial gain
D) strategic objectives

Question 17

The service nobility introduced by Louis XIII were also known as

A) nobles of the robe.
B) intendants.
C) viceroys.
D) Huguenots.

Question 18

Who were the Huguenots?

A) French émigrés in other European states
B) French Protestants
C) French adventurers and trappers in America
D) the French service nobility

Question 19

How did Frederick William I seek to weaken the power of the noble class known as junkers?

A) He moved many to the luxurious apartments of his palace.
B) He continued the policies of Frederick the Great.
C) He moved many into the army officer corps.
D) He seized important territories from both Austria and Poland.

Question 20

After Ottoman Turkish forces failed to take Vienna, Austria counterattacked, driving the Ottoman government out of

A) the Baltic states.
B) Greece.
C) Prussia.
D) Hungary.

Question 21

The British Parliament was ultimately successful in rejecting

A) divine-right absolutism.
B) the monarchy.
C) the authority of James VI.
D) the authority of Charles I.

Question 22

The assumption to the British throne of William of Orange and Mary, James II's Protestant daughter, as corulers is known as the

A) Restoration.
B) Glorious Revolution.
C) Reformation.
D) Enlightenment.

Question 23

Before 1800, neo-European societies emerged principally in all of the following EXCEPT

A) Mexico.
B) North America.
C) Siberia.
D) the Cape region of South Africa.

Question 24

Even with the terrible epidemics that killed millions, natives continued to constitute large majorities relative to Europeans in

A) North America.
B) Australia.
C) Mesoamerica.
D) the southern third of South America.

Question 25

Why did French traders establish settlements at Quebec and Montreal?

A) to trade with the agrarian colonists who settled along the St. Lawrence River
B) to meet requirements set by Charles I
C) as religious missions for the Roman Catholic Church
D) to pursue fur trade profits

Question 26

The Parisian orphan girls enlisted by the French crown to settle in New France were known as

A) "daughters of the king."
B) "New France brides."
C) "mothers of New France."
D) "sisters of Paris."

Question 27

Which religious group founded the Massachusetts Bay colony?

A) Huguenots
B) Lutherans
C) Puritans
D) Catholics

Question 28

From an economic standpoint, the most successful early English North American colonial venture was

A) the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
B) Virginia.
C) Quebec.
D) Maryland.

Question 29

As it did in upper North America, trade in ________ motivated early European colonization of Siberia.

A) wood products
B) wheat
C) tobacco
D) fur

Question 30

In what significant way did the Siberians and North American Indians differ?

A) immunities to smallpox
B) defensive power
C) prized fur-bearing animals
D) trade with new colonists

Question 31

The survival of Russian "overseas" settlements in Alaska and down the North American coast were dependent on

A) residents of mixed European and Indian parentage.
B) native Siberians who were conscripted to settle land for the Russians.
C) adventurous and profit-seeking Russians.
D) Russian and Ukrainian farmers.

Question 32

Where in the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere was the first European farming settlement founded?

A) Chile
B) Australia
C) the Cape region of Africa
D) New Zealand

Question 33

What was the principal Dutch enclave in Indonesia?

A) Batavia
B) Melaka
C) Singapore
D) Kuala Lumpur

Question 34

The Afrikaans language is based on sixteenth-century spoken ________ but also incorporates grammatical influences from Southeast Asian languages.

A) German
B) Dutch
C) French
D) Portuguese

Question 35

As the Cape settlement expanded, it cost the ________ hunters and herders dearly.

A) Bantu
B) Dutch
C) Huguenots
D) Khoisan

Question 36

Prior to the ________, theories about the natural world had to conform exclusively to the doctrines of the Catholic Church.

A) Vatican II conclave
B) scientific revolution
C) Protestant Reformation
D) Enlightenment

Question 37

What aspect of ancient Greek philosophy was used to help make sense of the flood of new knowledge that came in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

A) logic
B) rhetoric
C) Socratic method
D) mathematics

Question 38

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, ________ emerged as the fundamental language for describing phenomena and for communicating and testing scientific hypotheses among educated scholars.

A) logic
B) rhetoric
C) the Socratic method
D) mathematics

Question 39

Who was the second-century Greek-speaking scholar who proposed a geocentric, or earth-centered, model of the universe?

A) Copernicus
B) Ptolemy
C) Galileo
D) Brahe

Question 40

Who was pronounced a heretic by the Catholic Church and sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life for putting forth the heliocentric universe theory?

A) Copernicus
B) Ptolemy
C) Galileo
D) Brahe

Question 41

________ reasoning is the method of arriving at a general hypothesis or theory regarding a phenomenon from careful observation of specific examples of that phenomenon.

A) Inductive
B) Deductive
C) Scientific
D) Conclusive

Question 42

Who famously argued that universal physical laws governed all of God's creation, that these laws could be expressed mathematically, and that humans could understand the workings of the universe through their God-given powers of reason?

A) the Catholic Church
B) John Locke
C) Frances Bacon
D) Isaac Newton

Question 43

What were the "natural rights" that John Locke argued no government should be allowed to take away without just cause?

A) speech, association, and religion
B) life, liberty, and property
C) liberté, egalité, and fraternité
D) life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Question 44

________ argued that the social training given to girls taught them to be frivolous, vain, and incapable. If educated equally, women would be the intellectual match of men.

A) John Locke
B) Mary Wollstonecraft
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Laetitia Hawkins

Question 45

In England, ________ edited what is considered the first modern encyclopedia.

A) Ephraim Chambers
B) Denis Diderot
C) Jean le Rond d'Alembert
D) Samuel Johnson

Question 46

Science and religion both sought to

A) eliminate the other competing theory.
B) rouse hope and guide human conduct.
C) explain universal truths.
D) formulate general theories based on observation.

Question 47

In the early modern centuries, what was the fastest growing major religion?

A) Christianity
B) Buddhism
C) Judaism
D) Islam

Question 48

Which sect represented the mystical side of Islam?

A) Wahhabism
B) Shi'ism
C) Sunnism
D) Sufism

Question 49

Virtually all Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian sea captains practiced what religion?

A) Catholicism
B) reformed Protestantism
C) non-denominational Christianity
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 50

What Jesuit missionary preached in Japan and ordered priests under him to observe Japanese etiquette and conduct themselves in the manner of Zen Buddhist dignitaries?

A) Matteo Ricci
B) Daniel Comboni
C) Francis Xavier
D) Mancio Ito

Question 51

The period of 1500-1650 saw the growth of two types of states. What were these two types? Identify at least three states that fit each model.

Question 52

Outline the colonial government Spain established in America. Why was it important that Madrid have the loyalty of colonial officials, landlords, and mine owners?

Question 53

What is meant by a "neo-Europe"? Identify at least three examples of neo-Europes.

Question 54

How was Russian expansion into Siberia similar to colonization efforts in North America? How was it different?

Question 55

Discuss the Dutch "refreshment station"
at the Cape of Good Hope. What was its initial mission?

Question 56

Did the Protestant Reformation influence the "scientific revolution"
in any significant way? Why or why not?

Question 57

Identify at least three innovative thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Which one do you find most compelling, and why?