Deck 9: Social Cognition

Question 1

One-year-old Lily knows very well not to pet the neighbor's dog because Mom taught her that the dog may bite.One day,her neighbor brings a small guinea pig for Lily to pet.Lily hesitates and looks at Mom.After seeing her smile,Lily reaches to pet the guinea pig.Lily's behavior is an example of

A) conditioned emotional responses.
B) interactive synchrony.
C) social referencing.
D) display rules.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Philippe Rochat dubbed the convergence of so many factors that prepare the infant for social interactions the

A) half-year yearling.
B) one month moment.
C) two-year revolution.
D) none of these.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

________ refers to the thinking processes and representations that are relevant to the social world.

A) Social cognition
B) Social referencing
C) Social idealism
D) Social orientation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

At about ________ months of age,infants' social sophistication becomes more obvious;they show signs of being able to understand adults' intentions.

A) three
B) six
C) nine
D) twelve

Question 5

According to research,Danny will follow his dad's head motion to look at a target only if his dad's

A) head is nodding.
B) eyes are open.
C) eyes are closed.
D) body follows.

Question 6

The first signs of the infant's readiness to enter the social arena include which of the following?

A) Social smiling
B) Preference for facial scanning
C) A peak in crying
D) All of these

Question 7

Being able to ________ is an important milestone in the development of social cognition.

A) follow the eye gaze of another individual
B) look at eyes for a prolonged period
C) mimic another's head motion
D) blink repeatedly in a pattern

Question 8

Attributing lifelike properties to inanimate objects is referred to as

A) artificialism.
B) animism.
C) causality.
D) conceptualism.

Question 9

The ________ the caregiver displays typically will influence the infant's own emotional response and subsequent actions.

A) negative tone
B) positive action
C) facial expression
D) body position

Question 10

Before children are able to participate in social referencing,they must be able to

A) talk or gesture.
B) display facial expressions.
C) understand and interpret facial expressions.
D) form an autonomous attachment with their caregivers.

Question 11

A young child who encounters a puzzling or ambiguous event sometimes seeks help from the expressions of another individual.This example of the child's active involvement in emotional development is called

A) mediation.
B) social referencing.
C) interactive synchrony.
D) conditioned emotional response.

Question 12

The first signs of the infant's readiness to enter the social arena appear at about ________ months of age.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) twelve

Question 13

In past decades,many researchers have operated as if there is a separation between the child's ________ development and ________ development.

A) cognitive;physical
B) social;cognitive
C) physical;cognitive
D) emotional;physical

Question 14

Some developmental scientists have asserted that early responses to animacy represent a form of

A) core knowledge.
B) contemplative movement.
C) intentional thought.
D) nurture-based knowledge.

Question 15

Increasingly,researchers are noting the strong connections between two broad domains of development,the ________ and the ________.

A) emotional;cognitive
B) physical;social
C) social;emotional
D) cognitive;social

Question 16

Amanda Woodward used a sequence of activities to study how infants construe

A) perception.
B) reflection.
C) action.
D) intention.

Question 17

Abby is six months old.Based on research,if she is ________,she will look to her caregivers for cues.

A) especially tired
B) uncertain how to respond
C) particularly comfortable
D) dealing with separation anxiety

Question 18

Elisabeth was upset when she dropped her doll because she believed her doll could feel hurt from the fall.Elisabeth was exhibiting

A) causality.
B) artificialism.
C) animism.
D) conceptualism.

Question 19

Craig and his mom are experiencing a moment of shared mutual interaction.These types of moments are referred to as

A) gaze referencing.
B) social following.
C) mutual communication.
D) joint attention.

Question 20

________ is a vital aspect of successful communication and social interaction.

A) Social idealism
B) Social orientation
C) Social cognition
D) Social referencing

Question 21

Ethan has drawn a lollipop and a balloon.The objects look nearly identical.Ethan is likely to insist that they are

A) both a lollipop.
B) actually of a street sign.
C) both a balloon.
D) separate images,a lollipop and a balloon.

Question 22

________ argued that children are unable to think with symbols,that is,use representations,until near the end of the sensorimotor stage of development at about eighteen months of age.

A) Vygotsky
B) Woodward
C) Piaget
D) Mandler

Question 23

Lee is able to understanding the goals and intentions of others.This is an important step on the path to the ability to understand and use

A) symbols.
B) objects.
C) facial expressions.
D) hand gestures.

Question 24

Judy DeLoache found that three year olds were better than two year olds at using a scale model of a room to help locate a hidden toy in the real room.After conducting a memory test in which the children had to go back to the scale model to find the toy there,DeLoache concluded that

A) memory problems for the two-year-olds provided a sufficient explanation of her findings.
B) the three-year-olds had better mental representational ability than the two-year-olds.
C) the three-year-olds were better planners than the two-year-olds.
D) the three-year-olds had longer attention spans than the two-year-olds.

Question 25

Which of the following is the most basic ability needed for human cognitive ability?

A) Transferring
B) Mathematical skills
C) Representation
D) Reading ability

Question 26

The child's ability to understand that a symbol can stand for a real-life event is called

A) applied memory.
B) representational insight.
C) type A symbolism.
D) higher-order thinking.

Question 27

Young children struggle with images

A) photographed from different perspectives.
B) that show multiple colors.
C) focusing on multiple objects.
D) draw with different media.

Question 28

Ruby reaches for the elephant on her crib bumper.Ruby does not yet understand the difference between ________ and ________.

A) representations;objects
B) soft;firm
C) symbols;two-dimensionality
D) three-dimensionality;objects

Question 29

Gabri understands that the picture her brother made of a ball is supposed to represent the ball;it is not actually a ball.It can be said that Gabri is

A) representationally-acute.
B) symbol-minded.
C) object-aware.
D) symbol-capable.

Question 30

Craig is four-years-old.He is able to use a map

A) with clear one-to-one correspondence between symbols and real objects.
B) to plan a route through a large scale space.
C) that isn't oriented in the same direction as physical space.
D) all of these.

Question 31

Cynthia is six-years-old.She is able to use a map

A) to plan a route through a large scale space.
B) with indirect correspondence between symbols and real objects.
C) that is oriented in the same direction as physical space.
D) all of these.

Question 32

Representational skills combined with ________ allows for the reading of maps.

A) motor skills
B) verbal skills
C) spatial skills
D) mathematical skills

Question 33

The "sticky mitten" experiment revealed that infants'

A) understanding of others' intentions is based on mimicking adult models.
B) own experiences may be linked to understanding others' intentions.
C) understanding of others' intentions is a natural instinct.
D) own representations stand in for others' intentions.

Question 34

Some researchers believe that the infant's ability to understand goals and intentions in others is an example of

A) innate knowledge.
B) adaptive knowledge.
C) intentional knowledge.
D) nurture-based knowledge.

Question 35

The ability to understand what another person thinks,feels,or knows is called

A) perspective taking.
B) configurational knowledge.
C) realism.
D) scaffolding.

Question 36

Which of the following is not a factor that can accelerate the tendency of young children to develop representational insight?

A) Repeated exposure to scale models
B) Timed play with a real-life toy
C) Repeated exposure to live video photography
D) Explicit explanations of the purpose of scale models as representations

Question 37

Making use of a map involves all of the following skills except

A) determining a route from one location to another.
B) recognizing the map's scale and alignment in relation to physical space.
C) understanding that the symbols represent real objects or places.
D) all of these are skills necessary to reading and using a map.

Question 38

________ argues that representational characteristics are actually evident much earlier in infancy than eighteen months.

A) Vygotsky
B) Woodward
C) Piaget
D) Mandler

Question 39

Perspective taking refers to the ability to

A) understand concepts within context.
B) put oneself in another person's place.
C) communicate successfully with others.
D) solve problems based on available knowledge.

Question 40

Woodward's results revealed that infants

A) showed greater looking times to the "new object" scenario.
B) paid closer attention to changes in target rather than changes in location.
C) pattern of looking did not occur when a mechanical claw replaced a human hand.
D) all of these.

Question 41

Two-and-a-half-year-old Regis understands that another's perspective may not be identical to his own.Thus,Regis has acquired

A) Level 1 perspective taking.
B) Level 2 perspective taking.
C) tertiary perspective taking.
D) limited perspective taking.

Question 42

The concept of a "theory of mind" refers to children's

A) knowledge about conceptual relationships.
B) acquisition of abstract thought.
C) ability to think logically.
D) understanding of their own and others' mental states.

Question 43

Which of the following is a reason for a child's poor performance on a referential communication task?

A) The child's inability to understand the passive voice
B) The child's lack of prosodic features
C) The child's inability to understand the intent of others
D) The child's lack of facial expressions

Question 44

Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for the fact that both deaf children who are not exposed to sign language and autistic children fail to develop a theory of mind?

A) Conversational experience is an important factor in the development of a theory of mind.
B) Deaf and autistic children share a similar neurological deficit that inhibits the development of a theory of mind.
C) Like autistic children,deaf children are born without the ability to socially engage other people.
D) Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language tend to develop autism.

Question 45

Gina,who is five,had a dream that a strange dog was licking her face.When she woke up,she asked her mother to help her find the strange dog in her room.Gina's confusion between her dream and the real world is what Piaget referred to as

A) natural kinds.
B) realism.
C) animism.
D) egocentrism.

Question 46

Marcel has been diagnosed as having autism.According to various researchers,Marcel may have difficulty acquiring all but which of the following?

A) A theory of mind
B) Language
C) The ability to disengage attention
D) Sensorimotor skills

Question 47

By age ten,children understand that some mental states are more difficult to control than others.Therefore,ten-year-old Carter is likely to have the least trouble controlling his own

A) fear.
B) wanting.
C) attention.
D) personal fable.

Question 48

While looking at family pictures,three-year-old Levi turned a photo around so that his mother could see it too.Levi is showing evidence of

A) limited perspective taking.
B) Level 1 perspective taking.
C) Level 2 perspective taking.
D) tertiary perspective taking.

Question 49

Evan,a three year old,prefers to stay by himself rather than interact with others,has not acquired language,and often engages in repetitious behavior.Evan's behavior suggests that he is

A) egocentric.
B) autistic.
C) realistic.
D) animistic.

Question 50

The Piagetian notion that young children cannot distinguish mental activity from physical events is called

A) realism.
B) operationism.
C) animism.
D) egocentrism.

Question 51

Children become capable of intentional deception around

A) six months.
B) twelve months.
C) eighteen months.
D) twenty-four months.

Question 52

Preschoolers often display ________ in tasks that test for perspective-taking ability.

A) realism
B) egocentrism
C) animism
D) ordinality

Question 53

Four-year-old Kathryn understands that another's perspective can differ from her own,and she tries to determine the specific limitations of another's perspective.Thus,Kathryn has acquired

A) Level 1 perspective taking.
B) Level 2 perspective taking.
C) tertiary perspective taking.
D) limited perspective taking.

Question 54

Recent research has shown that three-year-olds often operate according to a "false belief." That is,they believe that

A) others always have more knowledge of an event than they themselves do.
B) others may have different knowledge about an event than they themselves do.
C) others have the same knowledge about an event that they themselves do.
D) others have no knowledge of an event;only they themselves do.

Question 55

Children who begin to accurately answer questions about the mental states that others may experience,including desires,deceptions,and beliefs,are said to be acquiring an understanding of

A) perspective taking.
B) realism.
C) configurational knowledge.
D) theory of mind.

Question 56

In an experiment to determine deception in children,the youngest children were

A) the most likely to lie.
B) the most likely not to lie.
C) the most likely to get caught in a lie.
D) the most likely to fabricate an explanation.

Question 57

Which of the following pieces of evidence does not suggest that theory of mind is an innate,modular form of knowledge that becomes more elaborate with maturation?

A) Children from cultures around the world show similar developmental timelines in their understandings of mental states.
B) Sharing conversations with a caregiver predicts the understanding of others' minds.
C) Performance on the false belief task shows consistent developmental trends.
D) Children who give accurate answers on the false belief test show corresponding changes in neuroactivity.

Question 58

Beginning in ________,children realize that a way to maintain deceit is to not break eye contact.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Question 59

Communication in situations that require the speaker to describe an object to a listener or to evaluate the effectiveness of a message is called

A) turnabout.
B) turn taking.
C) referential communication.
D) demonstrative pragmatics.

Question 60

Which of the following pieces of evidence does not suggest that socialization can impact the development of a theory of mind?

A) A strong theory of mind is unlikely to emerge in cultures where the mind is not a concept of great concern.
B) Autistic children are not likely to develop a theory of mind.
C) Conversational experiences are related to the development of a theory of mind.
D) Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language develop theory of mind.

Question 61

Andrea's teacher provides scaffolding for Andrea and her classmates to acquire some new mathematics concepts,but gradually withdraws his support and expects the students to assist one another as they become more knowledgeable.Andrea's teacher is engaging in the instructional method called

A) peer collaboration.
B) critical teaching.
C) formal operations.
D) reciprocal teaching.

Question 62

During a referential communication task with his preschool teacher,Jonathan was asked to describe a piece of fabric that was hidden from the teacher's view.To do so,Jonathan told his teacher that the fabric looked just like the comforter on his parents' bed.This example demonstrates that young children often

A) rely on irrelevant descriptions.
B) rely on personal descriptions.
C) consider the perspective of the other person.
D) fail to accurately describe objects.

Question 63

________ are the organized schemes of knowledge that individuals possess about commonly occurring events.

A) Representations
B) Scripts
C) Memories
D) Conversations

Question 64

In Shatz and Gelman's study,when four year olds described a toy to a younger child,they

A) shortened their utterances.
B) increased their word count.
C) used fewer attention-getting devices.
D) all of these.

Question 65

An important ingredient in the process of scaffolding is the establishment of _________,the mutual attention and shared communication that takes place between expert and learner.

A) scaffolding
B) the zone of proximal development
C) intersubjectivity
D) centration

Question 66

Verbal abilities allow for information to be encoded in a form radically different from the action-based codes of the infant.This may be an explanation for the phenomenon of

A) autobiographical memories.
B) episodic memories.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) episodic amnesia.

Question 67

Rogoff's cross-cultural studies revealed that universally in each community

A) caregivers were likely to assist and support children in carrying out responsibilities,such as learning to dress.
B) children were expected to learn by watching intently and quietly.
C) caregivers were likely to promote play and conversations.
D) caregivers provided guidance for more mature behavior.

Question 68

Memory for specific events in one's own life is called ________ memory.

A) infantile
B) autobiographical
C) biographical
D) episodic

Question 69

The concept of scaffolding is similar in meaning to the concept of ________ that Barbara Rogoff has used to discuss cross-cultural differences in how caregivers provide assistance to children.

A) modeling
B) configurational knowledge
C) guided participation
D) natural domains

Question 70

________ involves a teaching/learning relationship that uses an expert who intervenes as required and gradually withdraws as assistance becomes unnecessary.

A) Scaffolding
B) The zone of proximal development
C) Intersubjectivity
D) Centration

Question 71

Malcolm became frustrated because he could not fit one of the pieces of a puzzle into place.His father oriented the piece correctly so that Malcolm could slip it into the puzzle.The father provided Malcolm with a

A) negative reinforcer.
B) scaffold.
C) concrete operation.
D) concept.

Question 72

Children who work with an adult are more likely to ________ than children who work with peers.

A) use efficient planning strategies
B) ask questions
C) try to work independently
D) skip steps

Question 73

Scaffolding involves a situation where

A) children learn by imitating a large number of people in their immediate sociocultural environment.
B) children are gradually reinforced for displaying behaviors appropriate to their culture.
C) parents or teachers provide direct instruction.
D) children learn with the occasional assistance and guidance of experts,usually parents.

Question 74

Strong referential skill is related to a child's

A) understanding of theory of mind.
B) understanding of the demands of the situation.
C) ability to be sensitive to the needs of the listener.
D) all of these.

Question 75

Keisha's verbal abilities were better than Jeannine's when they were both a year old,and they both participated in an action-imitation experiment during that time.Keisha's memories for the action sequence were better than Jeannine's,but Jeannine did show some evidence of remembering.This suggests that

A) Keisha's use of memory strategies surpasses Jeannine's.
B) memories are completely dependent on verbal ability.
C) memories may be coded in a radically differently form before verbal abilities are developed.
D) Jeannine has not yet made the necessary connections between language and memory.

Question 76

________ developed the concept of scaffolding.

A) Greenfield
B) Piaget
C) Vygotsky
D) Radziszewska

Question 77

Of special importance in the development of cognition is the child's collaboration with and internalization of social exchanges with

A) parents and peers.
B) teachers and peers.
C) parents and teachers.
D) parents,peers,and teachers.

Question 78

Krauss and Glucksberg's study on referential communication found that preschool children

A) relied on common-knowledge descriptions.
B) had limited ability to understand the requirements of the listener when interaction was not face-to-face.
C) had strong ability to adjust their speech as needed when describing unfamiliar objects.
D) used nuances in speech compatible with the situation.

Question 79

Nick has a general schematic representation for getting up in the morning.He knows that first he must use the bathroom,then brush his teeth,then change his clothes.It can be said that Nick has a ________ for this routine.

A) memory
B) shape
C) conversation
D) script

Question 80

Reggie is working with her uncle to build her science project.Based on Radziszewska and Rogoff's observations,Reggie is likely to

A) become a passive observer.
B) actively participate in planning.
C) find a peer partner to work with.
D) refrain from "thinking aloud."