Deck 10: Achievement

Question 1

Dr.Samson measures intelligence by examining correct solutions to problems,while Dr.Graves measures intelligence by examining how people arrive at their solutions to problems.Dr.Samson defines intelligence in terms of ________,but Graves defines intelligence in terms of ________.

A) mental processes;mental products
B) mental products;mental processes
C) fluidity;crystallization
D) crystallization;fluidity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Most people have some concept of what intelligence is.Psychologists,on the other hand,

A) have a precise definition for intelligence.
B) have no precise definition of intelligence but have one precise measurement tool that assesses intelligence.
C) agree that intelligence is accurately measured by the standardized tests employed today.
D) cannot agree on a single definition of intelligence.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence uses ________ to screen infants for possible intellectual deficits.

A) choice reaction-time tasks
B) novelty problems
C) reasoning questions
D) question-response assessments

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Dr.Jensen subscribes to a theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence.She believes this theory represents interesting ways to conceptualize intelligence as comprised of

A) both general and specific abilities.
B) two general abilities.
C) two specific abilities.
D) just many specific abilities.

Question 5

According to the ________ approach to intelligence,individual differences in choice reaction-time tasks may be related to intelligence,particularly g,general intelligence.

A) cognitive
B) psychometric
C) information-processing
D) educational

Question 6

Biologically based mental abilities that are relatively free from cultural influences are called

A) instincts.
B) inherited intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 7

Mental skills that are acquired as a result of living in a particular culture are called

A) instincts.
B) inherited intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 8

The suggestion that mental abilities consist of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence was made by

A) Alfred Binet and Théophilius Simon.
B) Raymond Cattell and John Horn.
C) Louis Thurstone and J.P.Guilford.
D) Joseph Campione and Ann Brown.

Question 9

The ________ emphasizes intelligence as a product,quantifying individual differences in test scores to establish a rank order of capabilities among the participants tested.

A) information-processing approach
B) cognitive approach
C) psychometric tradition
D) educational tradition

Question 10

Jerome received a single score as a result of his intelligence test.The fact that only one score was provided suggests that the

A) intelligence tests are probably culturally biased.
B) developer of the test views intelligence as consisting of many abilities.
C) developer of the test views intelligence as consisting of one general ability.
D) developer of the test used a factor analysis procedure to convert subtest scores to one single score.

Question 11

The person who coined the term mental test was

A) Alfred Binet.
B) James McKean Cattell.
C) Sir Francis Galton.
D) J.P.Guilford.

Question 12

The g in Spearman's model of intelligence represents

A) the genetic influence on intelligence.
B) a general intelligence factor.
C) group differences in intelligence.
D) a group of specific abilities that constitute intelligence.

Question 13

Dr.Marks believes that the intelligent person has a global ability to reason and acquire knowledge that manifests itself in the multiple and varied observable behaviors of that person.Dr.Carlson believes that an intelligent person may possess specific talents in some areas but not others because intelligence depends upon a person's strengths and weaknesses.Dr.Marks views intelligence as ________,whereas Dr.Carlson views intelligence as ________.

A) a unitary phenomenon;a set of independent skills and abilities
B) a psychometric problem;an information-processing problem
C) a cognitive issue;a developmental issue
D) a biological matter;an environmental matter

Question 14

One prominent issue in the attempts to study and define intelligence concerns whether

A) individual differences among people who are not mentally retarded are substantial enough to assess.
B) intelligence is a unitary phenomenon or a collection of various skills.
C) intelligence is self-determined.
D) individual differences can be compared to group differences.

Question 15

________ conceptualized intelligence as consisting of two parts: a general intelligence factor and specific knowledge and abilities.

A) Charles Spearman
B) Louis Thurstone
C) J.P.Guilford
D) Howard Gardner

Question 16

Rather than identifying the structures of mental ability,as the ________ did,________ have focused on describing the mental processes necessary to accomplish different types of tasks.

A) cognitive theorists;developmental theorists
B) psychometricians;information-processing theorists
C) information-processing theorists;psychometricians
D) developmental theorists;cognitive theorists

Question 17

Raymond Cattell and John Horn believed that fluid intelligence is tied to

A) physiological maturation.
B) psychosocial development.
C) domain specific knowledge.
D) cultural experiences.

Question 18

One of the first individuals to question whether people might differ from one another in intellectual ability was

A) Jean Piaget.
B) Alfred Binet.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Sir Francis Galton.

Question 19

Unlike Spearman,Louis Thurstone viewed intelligence as consisting of

A) a single entity.
B) seven primary mental abilities.
C) a general component and several separate components.
D) about 150 different abilities.

Question 20

Binet and Simon designed the first formal tests of intelligence to

A) provide evidence for the heritability of intelligence.
B) identify individuals with superior intelligence.
C) test several of the assumptions of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
D) identify young children who were likely to perform poorly in school.

Question 21

Which of the following is not considered to be support for Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

A) It is possible,with the right emphasis,to train anyone to excel in multiple areas.
B) It is possible to find people who excel to the point of genius in some areas but not others.
C) It is possible to identify a core of information-processing operations uniquely relevant to different skills.
D) It is possible to show a loss or deficit in a specific ability due to neural damage while other abilities remain intact.

Question 22

Evidence suggests that the speed of information processing as measured by reaction time

A) is a culturally fair way to assess components of intelligence.
B) shows at least moderate correlations with standard intelligence tests.
C) is a fairly pure measure of intelligence because it is not influenced by motivational and attentional factors.
D) is not a component of intelligence.

Question 23

During the construction of intelligence tests,Dr.Boitano typically assesses validity and reliability,and he establishes norms of performance against which to compare other individuals.Dr.Boitano is probably a(n)

A) statistician.
B) psychometrician.
C) educational researcher.
D) developmental psychologist.

Question 24

Which of the following is the focus of Sternberg's contextual subtheory?

A) Ability to adapt to one's environment
B) Ability to encode,combine,and compare stimuli
C) Ability to process novelty
D) Ability to automatize cognitive processes

Question 25

Standardized tests of intelligence are based on the assumption that

A) IQ scores are normally distributed in the population.
B) most individuals differ from the mean score by fifteen points.
C) IQ scores are an accurate measure of intelligence.
D) the standard deviation of IQ scores is one hundred.

Question 26

Gardner identified eight distinct intelligences because

A) he believed humans differ widely in their ability to process different kinds of information.
B) he did not believe Sternberg's theory was culturally fair.
C) this is the only way psychometric models can assess intelligence accurately.
D) cultural intelligence had never been discussed prior to his theory.

Question 27

The most predominantly used infant test of intelligence is the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,which is aimed at

A) predicting competency in adulthood.
B) predicting later childhood competence.
C) assessing motor skills but not intellectual ability.
D) assessing intellectual ability but not motor skills.

Question 28

The developmental index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development is comprised of

A) measures of fluid and crystal intelligence.
B) measures of products and processes.
C) a ratio of mental age and chronological age.
D) the mental scale and the motor scale.

Question 29

Despite the fact that IQ stands for "intelligence quotient," or the score a person obtains on a particular standardized test,

A) IQ is used as a synonym for intelligence.
B) IQ is rarely obtained through a testing procedure.
C) intelligence is not even mildly correlated with IQ.
D) it is fair to assume that a person's IQ is a fair measure of his or her intelligence.

Question 30

Approximately ________ percent of the population falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean.

A) 50
B) 68
C) 75
D) 99

Question 31

Emily is a star performer in the ballet,and her brother Gary is a world-class track and field athlete.Gardner would label the bodily-kinesthetic ability demonstrated by Emily and Gary as a type of

A) creativity.
B) intelligence.
C) learning.
D) correlation.

Question 32

Which of the following is not represented by Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) The ability to ignore novelty and proceed with set response patterns
B) The ability to adapt to the environment
C) The ability to employ fundamental information-processing skills
D) The ability to automatize processing

Question 33

Which of the following is the best example of the ability to deal with novelty as outlined in Sternberg's two-facet subtheory of intelligence?

A) Learning to read
B) Navigating a familiar town
C) Devising a creative solution to an unfamiliar math problem
D) Reading a blueprint of your home or office space

Question 34

When using processing speed as a measure of intelligence,it is important to keep in mind that individuals may differ in their processing speed because of

A) variations in motivation and attention to the task.
B) the effects of anxiety on producing an answer quickly.
C) cultural differences in the emphasis upon speedy problem-solving.
D) all of these.

Question 35

Sternberg's two-facet subtheory describes intelligent people in terms of

A) how they habituate and how quickly they recover.
B) their ability to adapt to their environment and culture.
C) their metacognitive and theory of mind capacities.
D) how they deal with novelty and how they automatize cognitive processes.

Question 36

Dr.Garofoli is interested in studying intelligence in nomadic hunter-gatherer cultures.To do so,she believes that administering a test designed to assess people in the United States would not help her understand the intelligences of her target populations.Dr.Garofoli likely subscribes to Sternberg's ________ subtheory of intelligence.

A) componential
B) contextual
C) two-facet
D) cultural

Question 37

Which of the following is the best example of automatizing a cognitive process as outlined in Sternberg's two-facet subtheory of intelligence?

A) Devising a creative solution to an unfamiliar math problem
B) Reading a blueprint of your home or office space
C) Navigating an unfamiliar town
D) Learning to read

Question 38

If infants direct less than 53 percent of their visual fixations to the novel stimuli,they are especially likely to fall in the category of

A) intellectually gifted.
B) intellectually normative.
C) intellectually delayed.
D) intellectually disparate.

Question 39

Dr.Worden specializes in the construction and interpretation of standardized tests.Worden is probably a(n)

A) psychometrician.
B) developmental psychologist.
C) statistician.
D) educational researcher.

Question 40

The mean IQ score on most standardized intelligence tests is ________ with a standard deviation of ________.

A) 100;25
B) 100;15
C) 50;10
D) 50;5

Question 41

The differences in IQ scores seen between Caucasian and African American children are reduced when

A) the tests administered are standardized.
B) heredity is factored out.
C) the tests administered are culturally fair.
D) the tests administered contain primarily verbal items.

Question 42

A research study on children who are reared in environments that differ from those of their biological parents is called a(n)________ study.

A) environmental
B) microgenetic
C) subgenetic
D) cross-fostering

Question 43

IQ tests best predict what Binet had originally intended because

A) they assess the processes by which people acquire information over a lifetime.
B) they predict intelligence later in life.
C) many of them measure abilities that are a part of most children's school routines.
D) most of them can account for the influence that education has on intelligence.

Question 44

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is scaled for assessing children ages

A) six months to one year.
B) one year to ten years.
C) four years to fourteen years.
D) six years to sixteen years.

Question 45

Some researchers suggest that two year olds' attempts to prevent others from helping them in some activities reflect

A) the inability of young children to benefit from social feedback.
B) the child's attempt to establish a categorical self.
C) the beginning of learned helplessness.
D) an early desire to be an "agent."

Question 46

A significant problem with IQ tests may be their

A) measurement of hereditary factors.
B) potential cultural bias.
C) use in schools for predicting academic performance.
D) inability to be easily administered.

Question 47

Dr.Richards is a psychologist.Like most psychologists,he agrees that IQ tests do a good job of predicting

A) general life satisfaction.
B) general intellectual ability.
C) career choices.
D) educational achievement.

Question 48

Cross-fostering studies are conducted to

A) measure the number of primary intelligences.
B) examine the relationships among a large number of correlations to determine the genetic influences on intelligence.
C) test the effectiveness of the foster care system.
D) determine the importance of environmental influences on intellectual development.

Question 49

Which of the following is not a confounder that could explain racial differences in IQ?

A) Educational opportunities
B) Income
C) Political affiliation
D) Social class

Question 50

Robert White theorized that the young infant has a desire to master and gain control of the environment.White called this inborn desire

A) effectance motivation.
B) self-regulation.
C) learned helplessness.
D) mastery orientation.

Question 51

When four-year-old Jenny is asked,"How did you get to be the way you are?" she is most likely to respond by saying,

A) "I told myself to grow,and I did."
B) "My parents helped me to become a better person."
C) "My body just kept growing and getting bigger."
D) "I liked the way that other people were,so I tried to become like them."

Question 52

The debate over whether or not IQ is stable has its roots in

A) the nature-nurture debate.
B) the debate over socioeconomic resources.
C) educational preferences.
D) affirmative action.

Question 53

Which of the following is a finding that may be confounded with the finding that African Americans consistently score approximately one standard deviation below Caucasian Americans on standardized tests of intelligence?

A) Children from lower socioeconomic classes obtain lower IQ scores than children from the middle and upper classes.
B) Children from the middle socioeconomic classes obtain lower IQ scores than children from the lower and upper classes.
C) African American adults,as well as children,tend to score one standard deviation below Caucasian Americans.
D) Caucasian American adults,as well as children,tend to score one standard deviation above African Americans.

Question 54

Studies of group differences in performance on IQ tests indicate that African American children typically scored ________ lower than Caucasian children,but that difference has diminished significantly in the last thirty years.

A) 30 points
B) 15 points
C) 7 points
D) 5 points

Question 55

African American children adopted by white middle-class families had

A) higher IQ scores than the African American population.
B) higher IQ scores than their adoptive parents.
C) lower IQ scores than their adopted siblings.
D) lower IQ scores than the African American population.

Question 56

Paula has recently discovered that if she throws her cup off of her high chair and onto the floor,someone will pick it up for her.Every night Paula throws her cup,her food,and anything else she can get her hands on during dinner onto the floor.Paula's behavior exemplifies

A) effectance dysfunction.
B) effectance motivation.
C) repetition dysfunction.
D) repetition effectance.

Question 57

The WISC-IV computes a deviation IQ,permitting psychologists to

A) draw causal conclusions about the origins of intelligence.
B) avoid labeling children as mentally retarded.
C) assess patterns of abilities.
D) interpret performance independent from comparisons with other children.

Question 58

Dr.Angelo is conducting a cross-fostering study.She should be cautious about the fact that cross-fostering studies

A) speak to the issue of environmental influence,but they cannot rule out the role of heredity.
B) address the issue of genetics but not the issue of heredity.
C) provide evidence than can lead us to determine the direction of causality.
D) speak to the issue of heredity,but they cannot rule out the role of environmental influences.

Question 59

Arthur Jensen is best known for his claim that there is a high degree of ________ in IQ.

A) environmental influence
B) heritability
C) educational influence
D) genetic variation

Question 60

The idea that the content of standardized tests does not adequately measure the intellectual abilities of children from diverse cultural backgrounds is called

A) culture shock.
B) deviation IQ.
C) test bias.
D) cross-fostering.

Question 61

________means thinking about the positive aspects of one's group or self.

A) Self-positivation
B) Positive stereotype associating
C) Self-affirmation
D) Affirmative actualization

Question 62

If parents have contributed to their adolescent's academic success,they are likely _________ parents.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 63

The belief that one has little control over situations,perhaps because of lack of ability or inconsistent outcomes,is called

A) competence monitoring.
B) learned helplessness.
C) immanent justice.
D) mastery orientation.

Question 64

Ashley believes that when she does well in school it is because she has worked hard,and when she does not do well in school,it is because she has not worked hard enough.Ashley has a strong

A) mastery orientation.
B) sense of immanent justice.
C) sense of competence monitoring.
D) learning orientation.

Question 65

Teacher expectations and beliefs regarding a student's potential

A) have more impact in art,music,and other performance-based subjects.
B) are not formed until well into the school year.
C) affect actual student performance.
D) function in all of these ways.

Question 66

Which of the following teachers is most likely to foster a strong mastery orientation in her students?

A) Mrs.Jones,who inhibits her responses to her students' questions so they can figure out the answers on their own
B) Mrs.Smith,who tends to encourage her students to become actively engaged in the learning environment
C) Mrs.Barnes,who provides an unsupportive learning environment
D) Mrs.Mendez,who provides an answer key for all exercises and quizzes so her students know the correct way to do things

Question 67

The Pygmalion effect,or the tendency to treat others on the basis of some belief that influences their behavior in the anticipated direction,is also termed

A) tracking.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) attentional inertia.
D) a heuristic influence.

Question 68

Which of the following feedback statements regarding a child's error on a task is least likely to cause a sense of helplessness in a child?

A) "I'm very disappointed in you."
B) "That's not the right way to do it."
C) "Maybe you can think of another way to do it."
D) "We'll try this after you've thought about how to do it."

Question 69

Juan believes that he scored well on his math test because he got lucky and that he scored poorly on his history test because the teacher doesn't like him.Juan has a sense of

A) immanent justice.
B) competence monitoring.
C) learned helplessness.
D) social comparison.

Question 70

When thirteen-year-old Bobby is asked,"How did you get to be the way you are?" he is most likely to respond by saying,

A) "I told myself to grow,and I did."
B) "My body just grew and changed."
C) "I decided that I wanted to be like my uncle because he is so good to everyone."
D) "I learned how to be nice from my parents,and they taught me to listen."

Question 71

Donna feels that she is not smart or popular,and she believes that she cannot change.When faced with a challenging situation,Donna focuses on how well she will perform,rather than on what she can do to improve her performance.Donna is likely to be vulnerable to

A) a sense of immanent justice.
B) competence monitoring.
C) a self-awareness problem.
D) a helpless orientation.

Question 72

Mrs.Anderson believes that Nicole is a poor student who will not perform very well this school year,while she believes that Lynn is a good student who will flourish during this school year.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

A) Nicole and Lynn will both be affected by Mrs.Anderson's expectations and will likely demonstrate what Mrs.Anderson expects.
B) Nicole will flourish despite Mrs.Anderson's expectations,while Lynn's performance will suffer due to the added stress of pleasing her teacher.
C) Nicole and Lynn will be unaffected by Mrs.Anderson's expectations.
D) Lynn will be unaffected,but Nicole will suffer greatly from Mrs.Anderson's expectations.

Question 73

When faced with a challenging situation,Mickey focuses on increasing his effort and being resilient because he believes that he can change his performance on a task if he tries.Mickey likely has

A) a strong mastery orientation.
B) a sense of learned helplessness.
C) good competence monitoring.
D) an unrealistic view of his skills.

Question 74

Peers can sometimes help to reduce the negative effects of parenting styles on academic achievement.For example,if Hye-won's parents are highly authoritarian in their child rearing,friends of Hye-won who

A) are rebellious but nurturant can help Hye-won to achieve academically.
B) are motivated to do well in school can help Hye-won to achieve academically.
C) provide positive social reinforcement can help Hye-won to achieve academically.
D) display less commitment to success in school can help Hye-won to achieve academically.

Question 75

Two- and three-year-old children with mothers who are negative and critical when confronting a difficult problem are more likely to display

A) power assertion.
B) learned helplessness.
C) mastery orientation.
D) shame.

Question 76

When a child performs poorly on an activity,parents and teachers should

A) focus on the child's impaired ability and retrain the child to become "smarter" in that ability.
B) isolate the negative attribute and help the child relearn the right way to perform the task.
C) identify the impoverished ability and test the child on it repeatedly until the child is familiar enough with the proper way to handle the task.
D) attribute the child's poor performance to the child's effort rather than to his or her ability.

Question 77

The belief that achievements are based on one's own efforts rather than on luck or other factors beyond one's control is called

A) competence monitoring.
B) immanent justice.
C) learned helpfulness.
D) mastery orientation.

Question 78

How an individual thinks about his or her abilities in relation to negative stereotypes can affect performance.This concept is known as

A) stereotype threat.
B) stereotype affirmation.
C) stereotype tasks.
D) stereotype activation.

Question 79

When trying to reduce learned helplessness,parents and teachers can encourage children who are engaging in an achievement task to view the task as a(n)

A) opportunity to learn rather than a test of ability.
B) way to relearn how to learn.
C) opportunity to relearn how to think under pressure.
D) way to learn how to gain a mastery orientation.

Question 80

Children who receive ________,a procedure designed to help children change their beliefs about the cause of their failures,learn to attribute lack of success to their efforts rather than their ability.

A) mastery retraining
B) mastery orientation
C) attribution retraining
D) attribution orientation