Deck 11: Gender

Question 1

The process of categorizing people and things as masculine or feminine is called

A) gender constancy
B) androgyny
C) gender roles
D) gender typing

Answer 1

gender typing

Question 2

Most 4-year-olds believe that doctor, police officer, and construction worker are __________ jobs, and that secretary, teacher, and librarian are __________ jobs.

A) hard; easy
B) male; female
C) dirty; clean
D) female; male

Answer 2

male; female

Question 3

Beliefs about the personal attributes of females and males are called

A) gender roles
B) gender norms
C) gender stereotypes
D) gender identities

Answer 3

gender stereotypes

Question 4

According to research, the typical television commercial conveys which image of men and women?

A) happily married couple
B) an expert male instructing a female consumer
C) androgynous relationships
D) women caring for men

Question 5

You are reading the newspaper and you see a photograph of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg. Research by Archer and colleagues (1983) suggests that the picture is likely to be

A) of her head only
B) of her head and body
C) of her and at least one male
D) unflattering

Question 6

Which of the following types of research, according to your text, provides the strongest evidence about the potential impact of the media on gender stereotyping?

A) correlational
B) case history
C) longitudinal
D) experimental

Question 7

Movies, pop music, art, literature, and religious teachings convey the _____ stereotype of what a society feels ought to be true of gender.

A) cultural
B) universal
C) personal
D) latent

Question 8

Your text identifies two kinds of gender stereotypes:

A) personal and cultural
B) collective and individualistic
C) fact-based and myth-based
D) real and ideal

Question 9

Cross-cultural studies of college students have found all of the following traits to be identified as feminine qualities EXCEPT

A) submissive
B) superstitious
C) independent
D) sentimental

Question 10

Instead of thinking about females in general, a person might think of specific categories such as career women, female athletes, etc. These categories are known as

A) subtypes
B) cultural stereotypes
C) personal stereotypes
D) gender roles

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a factor likely to activate gender stereotypes?

A) the amount of information available
B) perceived control
C) power
D) salience

Question 12

A person who has solo status as the only man or woman in a group is likely to be stereotyped due to the effects of

A) association
B) salience
C) distraction
D) power

Question 13

Fiske (1993) argues that power is relevant to stereotyping because

A) powerful people are more salient
B) powerful people don't need to pay careful attention to the powerless
C) power is associated with gender identity
D) all of the above

Question 14

One problem with stereotypes is that they

A) exaggerate differences between groups and minimize differences within groups
B) exaggerate differences within groups and minimize differences between groups
C) are more complicated than the reality they represent
D) can be wrong, although they are usually quite accurate

Question 15

When others expect us to act in gender-typed ways, this may produce

A) gendered attributions
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) an androgynous self-concept
D) gender stereotypes

Question 16

Goldberg (1968) asked college women to evaluate articles on a variety of topics. He found that

A) women evaluated female authors more favorably
B) women liked the articles best when they were written on "feminine" topics
C) women evaluated male authors more favorably
D) women liked the style of the female authors but thought articles written by
Male authors were more accurate

Question 17

Evaluation bias sometimes favors men, especially in _____ situations.

A) ambiguous
B) feminine
C) masculine
D) controlled

Question 18

In which situation is a person most likely to be the victim of evaluation bias on the basis of his or her gender?

A) A man applies for a job as a security guard.
B) A novel is being reviewed by a critic who has read many of the female author's
Books and articles.
C) A teenage girl plays piano for her best friends and family.
D) Scott enters his favorite cake recipe in the local fair.

Question 19

Ann Hopkins filed a lawsuit against her employer, alleging a sex bias in promotion procedures. The Supreme Court ruled that

A) Hopkins could not prove that stereotyping had occurred
B) research cannot prove conclusively that stereotyping is harmful
C) gender stereotypes had played a role in her lack of promotions
D) stereotyping had occurred but the stereotypes were accurate and therefore not Harmful

Question 20

Men's success is more often attributed to ________, whereas women's success is more often attributed to extreme effort.

A) ease of the task
B) ability
C) hard work
D) all of the above

Question 21

By age _____ children are aware of their own gender and can tell us whether they are a boy or a girl.

A) 2 or 3
B) 4 or 5
C) 6 or 7
D) 8 or 9

Question 22

Gender identity refers to

A) beliefs about what men and women are typically like
B) beliefs about what men and women should do
C) the knowledge that we are male or female
D) the link between gender and self-esteem

Question 23

Research with transsexuals indicates that

A) genetically, hormonally, and physiologically, transsexuals are typical of their sex
B) transsexuals have a gender identity problem
C) efforts to help transsexuals through psychotherapy have had very little success
D) all of the above

Question 24

Early tests to measure psychological masculinity and femininity used a(n) _____ format.

A) semantic differential
B) Likert
C) forced-choice
D) open-ended

Question 25

In the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, people rate their personal qualities using

A) biographical information
B) responses to videotapes
C) a list of adjectives
D) behavioral categories

Question 26

Overall, studies have found that approximately _____ percent of college students perceive themselves as androgynous.

A) 5
B) 25
C) 55
D) 85 or more

Question 27

The congruence model of gender typing argues that adjustment is enhanced when

A) boys are masculine and girls are feminine
B) masculinity is healthiest for males and females
C) people should combine both masculine and feminine traits
D) a person should be consistently masculine or feminine in their thoughts, feelings And behaviors

Question 28

Studies testing the predictions of the androgyny model have found

A) consistent support for the model
B) the model appears to apply only to women
C) the model underestimates the importance of femininity for mental health
D) only weak support for the model

Question 29

Research investigating the androgyny model shows that self-esteem is most closely tied to

A) gender identity
B) masculinity
C) femininity
D) all of the above

Question 30

Which of the following is a caution regarding the androgyny model?

A) Current androgyny measures focus too heavily on behavior.
B) The model preserves the notion that there are distinctly masculine and
Feminine qualities.
C) The model relies too heavily on the salience of masculinity and femininity in people's thoughts about themselves.
D) The model considers only a limited range of life domains.

Question 31

Critics of early psychological analyses of androgyny argued that the measures used to assess masculinity and femininity

A) defined gender in a way that was unrealistically complex
B) were too focused on negative aspects of masculinity and femininity
C) were too narrow in their conceptualization of gender
D) focused only on the biological aspects of gender

Question 32

Current thinking about the contribution of biology and learning to gender argues that

A) evolution is primarily responsible for gender differences
B) social learning is the root cause of almost all gendered behavior
C) approximately 30% of gendered behavior is biologically caused, and the
Remaining 70% is due to learning
D) there is no single general explanation for all gender differences

Question 33

Social psychologists argue that the influence of biology on gender can be modified by

A) culture
B) attitudes
C) technology
D) all of the above

Question 34

A little girl puts on her mother's high heels and makeup in an attempt to be a "grown up lady"And her father gives her a hug. This illustrates how gender is learned in part through

A) obedience
B) socialization
C) information transfer
D) coercion

Question 35

Which of the following is a reason for sex segregated play among young children?

A) sex differences in cognitive development
B) differences in the emotional maturity of boys and girls
C) the preferred play styles of boys and girls are not compatible
D) schools generally require that boys and girls play separately

Question 36

According to the ________ perspective, different experiences for boys and girls lead to relatively enduring sex differences in attitudes, interests, skills, and personality.

A) cognitive
B) cognitive dissonance
C) androgyny
D) socialization

Question 37

When men and women occupy the same roles, their attitudes are often

A) extremely hostile
B) surprisingly positive
C) remarkably similar
D) egalitarian

Question 38

Researchers told women they would be interviewed by a man who had either traditional or nontraditional beliefs about gender. They found that

A) women refused to conform to the attitudes of the interviewer
B) women tried to change the views of the traditional interviewer
C) women expecting a traditional interviewer were more dressed up and feminine
D) none of the above

Question 39

Meta-analysis is

A) a therapeutic technique useful for people who suffer from phobias
B) a "vote-counting" approach to see whether a sex difference exists in research
C) a method of evaluating flawed research on sex differences
D) a statistical technique for pooling the results of many sex difference studies

Question 40

Sex differences in aggression have been found

A) primarily among adults
B) among children, and then diminish in adulthood
C) among both adults and children
D) among only low income adults

Question 41

A meta-analysis of aggression in response to clear provocation showed

A) larger sex differences in aggression than in situations without provocation
B) women were more aggressive than men when provoked
C) sex differences in aggression were greatly reduced
D) none of the above

Question 42

According to statistics from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, _____ % of those who are arrested for murder are men.

A) 10
B) 18
C) 50
D) 90

Question 43

Jessica's little brother hits her with his fist, and she hits him back. If she is like most young girls,

A) she will feel guilty
B) be punished less than her brother
C) grow more aggressive
D) prefer physical aggression to verbal aggression

Question 44

Researchers have suggested that sex differences in influenceability are due to

A) a general disposition for women to conform
B) the gender typing of tasks
C) sex differences in the brain
D) cultural norms

Question 45

Sam and Tess are having an argument. If they are each typical of their gender,

A) Sam will be better at decoding nonverbal cues than Tess
B) Tess will be better at decoding nonverbal cues than Sam
C) Tess will be better at reading voice tones, but worse at reading facial expressions
D) Sam will be better at reading body cues, but Tess will be better at reading facial expressions

Question 46

Which of these is NOT an area of sexuality for which researchers have shown significant differences between men and women?

A) attitudes toward casual sex
B) reasons for having sex
C) sexual satisfaction
D) strength of sex drive

Question 47

What people believe they deserve from their jobs or relationships is known as

A) personal entitlement
B) the social comparison process
C) the fairness principle
D) relative deprivation

Question 48

Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for sex differences in personal entitlement?

A) a social exchange explanation
B) a performance evaluation explanation
C) a cognitive dissonance explanation
D) all of the above

Question 49

A recent study found that college students

A) are reasonably accurate in their estimates of the sizes of gender differences
B) consistently underestimate the size of gender differences
C) consistently overestimate the size of gender differences
D) are unaware of most gender differences

Question 50

The two basic ideas of traditional gender roles are that men should be dominant and

A) that men and women are similar
B) that women should be nurturant
C) that labor should be divided according to gender
D) all of the above

Question 51

An analysis of trends in attitudes toward women shows that

A) attitudes have changed very little in the last 30 years
B) women have more egalitarian beliefs about gender roles than do men
C) traditional attitudes toward women are strongest in urban, industrialized
Societies
D) all of the above

Question 52

The total amount of time husbands spend on housework and childcare is often not related to

A) how traditional their attitudes are
B) the age of their children
C) whether their wives have paid jobs
D) the age of the husbands

Question 53

Research investigating the division of labor among gay and lesbian couples shows that

A) gay men tend to adopt fairly traditional husband-wife roles
B) both gay men and lesbians adopt traditional husband-wife roles
C) the division of labor in these couples is often unbalanced, but not in stereotypical Heterosexual ways
D) gay men and lesbians tend to have a balanced division of labor

Question 54

Research on heterosexual dating scripts shows that

A) there is substantial variability in the gender roles and events that people believe Constitute the dating script
B) dating scripts tend to cast the man as the person "in charge"
C) roles for women and men on a date have changed substantially over time
D) roles for women are clearly prescribed but there is little agreement about men's Roles on a date

Question 55

The process of categorizing people and things as masculine or feminine is called gender typing.

Question 56

Our beliefs about what typical men and women are like can color our perceptions of individuals and bias our evaluations of their performance.

Question 57

In a study on TV ads conducted in the 1970s, 70% of women were shown as experts, whereas 86% of men were product users.

Question 58

Experiments have shown that television has little if any effect on viewer's beliefs about gender.

Question 59

The amount of television children watch correlates with their attitudes about gender typing of household chores.

Question 60

Cultural stereotypes are beliefs about the sexes communicated by the mass media, religious teachings, art, and literature.

Question 61

Cross-cultural research finds that core elements of gender stereotypes differ widely across countries.

Question 62

Gender and ethnicity do not affect stereotypes.

Question 63

The effect of gender stereotypes can usually be reduced or eliminated when we have relevant information about a specific person.

Question 64

Men's self-confidence has been found to be closely related to their expectations about being a solo member of a group.

Question 65

Scientific research has refuted the belief that men are more intelligent than women.

Question 66

Our actions are shaped by our interests and preferences, but not by the expectations of others.

Question 67

Female evaluators are less prone to evaluative bias based on a performer's gender than male evaluators.

Question 68

Gender bias in evaluations is least likely to occur when extensive information is provided about the individual's ability.

Question 69

Sex bias may be greater in the real world than in laboratory experiments.

Question 70

The congruence model predicts that self-esteem will be highest for masculine men and feminine women.

Question 71

Research has provided strong support for the androgyny model.

Question 72

Individuals high in negative communion tend to report greater levels of anxiety and depression.

Question 73

Even basic biological functions are strongly influenced by social factors.

Question 74

Research indicates that the more that preschoolers play with same-sex peers, the more gender-typed their behavior becomes.

Question 75

Family and friends are virtually the only agents of childhood gender socialization.

Question 76

Even when men and women occupy the same roles, their attitudes and behavior are very different.

Question 77

When we want people to like us, we often try to conform to their expectations about how males and females should behave, regardless of our personal beliefs.

Question 78

Meta-analysis is a statistical method for pooling information from many studies to arrive at an estimate of the size of sex differences.

Question 79

Males tend to be more aggressive than females in childhood, but not in adulthood.

Question 80

Stereotypes that women are more conforming than men may stem from social roles.