Deck 4: The Self

Question 1

The set of beliefs we hold about who we are is called the

A) self-presentation
B) self-concept
C) self-esteem
D) social identity

Answer 1

self-concept

Question 2

"I feel that I have a number of good qualities," Is a statement that reflects a person's

A) self-complexity
B) self-awareness
C) self-esteem
D) ideal self

Answer 2

self-esteem

Question 3

People with high self-esteem

A) cope successfully with difficult situations
B) set appropriate goals
C) savor their positive experiences
D) all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

People with low self-esteem

A) are less able to generate positive feedback about themselves
B) think well of themselves
C) use feedback in a self-enhancing manner
D) set appropriate goals

Question 5

One of the most influential theories of the self was put forth by Erik Erikson who argued that

A) the self remains relatively unchanged from age three onward
B) the self is a result of infant bonding with a primary caregiver
C) the self is unique to each individual, so no theory can capture its development
D) the self goes through a critical development process during adolescence and young adulthood

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a source of self-knowledge?

A) reflected appraisal
B) self-perception
C) self-monitoring
D) environmental distinctiveness

Question 7

Phoebe composes a new song. She imagines that her mother will think the song is amateurish, and therefore she decides the song is not very good. This is an example of

A) reflected appraisal
B) self-handicapping
C) positive illusion
D) self-perception

Question 8

Our perceptions of how other people react to us are called

A) self-schemas
B) positive illusions
C) the working self-concept
D) reflected appraisals

Question 9

__________ suggests that self-perception as a source of self-knowledge applies primarily to more incidental aspects than to important aspects of the self.

A) Reflected appraisal theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) Two-factor theory
D) Correspondent inference theory

Question 10

Stanley Schachter suggested that our emotions depend upon both the degree of physiological arousal we experience and

A) the cognitive label we apply to that arousal
B) whether the arousal is positive or negative
C) our self-esteem
D) the range of emotions considered acceptable in our culture

Question 11

Reid is a college student at a large West Coast state university who grew up in Australia. Like his friends, he is very social and comes from a wealthy family. If asked to describe himself, which characteristic is he most likely to spontaneously mention?

A) his gender
B) his family's economic status
C) the fact that he grew up in Australia
D) his social nature

Question 12

__________ is the part of a person's self-concept that comes from their membership in a social group and the value they attach to that membership.

A) self-esteem
B) social self
C) social identity
D) temporal comparionsons

Question 13

A minority group member who maintains a strong ethnic identity but has few ties to the majority group is said to have a(n) ________ identity.

A) separated
B) assimilated
C) integrated
D) marginal

Question 14

Phinney (1991) reviewed research showing that a strong ethnic identity is typically related to high self-esteem, but only when accompanied by

A) a strong religious background
B) advanced education
C) a rejection of the majority group's culture
D) a positive mainstream orientation

Question 15

Li has strong cultural ties to his Chinese ancestry, but also has a strong identity as an American. This is an example of

A) self-regulation
B) bicultural competence
C) cultural assimilation
D) private self-consciousness

Question 16

Markus and Kitayama (1991) argued that the ________ self is characteristic of Western cultures, whereas the ________ self is characteristic of Eastern cultures.

A) ideal; ought
B) independent; interdependent
C) ingratiated; modest
D) all of the above

Question 17

A person whose sense of self is part of an encompassing social relationship and whose behavior is determined by the thoughts and feelings of others in the relationship is said to have an

A) ideal self
B) independent self
C) interdependent self
D) ought self

Question 18

Research has shown that, compared to Western cultures, people in Eastern cultures are more likely to see themselves as

A) similar to others
B) better than others
C) different from others
D) worse than others

Question 19

Nicole was born and raised in the United States and has a characteristically independent sense of self. Which of the following would be least likely to describe Nicole?

A) a desire to be unique
B) a tendency to say what's on her mind
C) a respect for authority figures
D) a desire to promote her own goals

Question 20

Which aspect of the self has been found to differ according to the construction of self as independent or interdependent?

A) emotional responses
B) perceived similarity to others
C) the self-enhancement motive
D) all of the above

Question 21

Research on the interdependent self suggests that the need for ________ may not be universal.

A) self-improvement
B) self-evaluation
C) self-verification
D) self-enhancement

Question 22

Anne thinks she is very artistic and values her artistic abilities. Anne has a(n) __________ of artistic.

A) interdependent sense
B) self-schema
C) self-enhancement
D) self-value

Question 23

Marcia considers herself very athletic but does not think about herself in terms of artistic ability. Marcia would be described as ________ on the dimension of artistic ability.

A) marginal
B) assimilated
C) aschematic
D) none of the above

Question 24

Which statement about possible selves is TRUE?

A) Possible selves can be either positive or negative.
B) Possible selves help people to articulate their goals.
C) Positive possible selves enhance persistence and motivation.
D) all of the above are true

Question 25

Which name is most closely associated with the idea that self-discrepancies produce strong emotions?

A) Tory Higgins
B) Hazel Markus
C) Erving Goffman
D) Leon Festinger

Question 26

The self we would like to be is known as the ________ self.

A) referencing
B) possible
C) ideal
D) unattainable

Question 27

Research on self-discrepancies has shown that

A) discrepancies between actual and ideal selves are motivating and make people Feel good about the future
B) most people's actual and ideal selves are strikingly similar
C) discrepancies between actual and ideal selves are associated with mental
Instability and physical health
D) discrepancies between actual and ideal selves are associated with feelings of Sadness and disappointment

Question 28

__________ refers to ways in which people control and direct their own actions.

A) Self-enhancement
B) Self-manipulation
C) Self-concept
D) Self-regulation

Question 29

The working self-concept refers to the aspect of the self-concept that is

A) simplest
B) the most central to one's self-definition
C) accessed for a particular situation
D) most related to one's career goals

Question 30

Research by Linville (1985) has shown that people with a complex sense of self are

A) less vulnerable to stressful life events
B) more anxious and prone to feelings of stress
C) generally happier and better adjusted
D) often unfocused and have difficulty setting goals

Question 31

Jennifer wants to run a marathon but thinks she would not finish. This is an example of a ____________ belief.

A) self-regulation
B) self-efficacy
C) adjusted
D) self-monitoring

Question 32

Seeing ourselves in the mirror or having our picture taken tend to focus our attention inward on ourselves. This state is called

A) self-consciousness
B) self-awareness
C) self-monitoring
D) self-perception

Question 33

Scott thinks that he never has a date because he is unattractive. His friend Allison tells him he needs to look more like a certain movie star and gives Scott a picture of this movie star. Scott tries to change his hair, posture, and weight to match this star and compares and readjusts after every change. This is an example of

A) cybernetic theory of self-regulation
B) a lack of self-awareness
C) private self-conscious
D) all of the above

Question 34

Ron likes to try to analyze himself and is very attentive to his inner feelings. Ron is high in

A) self-monitoring
B) public self-consciousness
C) private self-consciousness
D) self-efficacy

Question 35

People high in public self-consciousness are likely to be concerned with

A) how they appear to others
B) the concerns and feelings of others
C) their own inner feelings
D) meeting personal standards

Question 36

The process of seeking out and interpreting situations that confirm their already existing self-conceptions (and avoiding incongruent situations) is known as

A) self-enhancement
B) self-verification
C) self-efficacy
D) positive illusions

Question 37

Margaret has a negative self-concept. Research by Swann and colleagues suggests that Margaret will most likely

A) act in ways that confirm her negative self views
B) focus on negative more than positive feedback
C) seek out other people who confirm her negative self views
D) all of the above

Question 38

Sarah thinks she is highly extroverted but she knows that Anthony thinks she is introverted. How is Sarah likely to act around Anthony?

A) somewhat introverted
B) extremely introverted
C) introverted sometimes and extroverted others
D) extremely extroverted

Question 39

Possible selves and upward social comparisons may both help to satisfy a person's need for

A) self-improvement
B) self-enhancement
C) self-verification
D) self-monitoring

Question 40

Self-________ needs are important, especially following situations of threat, failure, or blows to self-esteem.

A) improvement
B) consistency
C) verification
D) enhancement

Question 41

Which of the following demonstrates the need for self-enhancement?

A) Carol remembers the two As she got on Chemistry exams, but forgets about the Two Cs she received.
B) Tom keeps a picture of professional tennis players on his wall to inspire and Motivate him to play better tennis.
C) Charlie hears someone say that he is not very friendly, so he goes out of his way to be warm and outgoing.
D) Clark asks his vocal coach to tell him honestly how much talent he has.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of positive illusions described in the text?

A) People believe they have more control over events than they really do.
B) People are unrealistically optimistic about the future.
C) People are more modest about their good qualities than is true.
D) People see themselves more positively than is true.

Question 43

Kevin has performed poorly at his last few track meets and so begins to boast about how well he is doing in his history courses. This is an example of

A) self-improvement
B) self-affirmation
C) self-regulation
D) self-verification

Question 44

While the predictions of self-affirmation theory have generally been supported, they may be more true of individuals who are

A) high in self-complexity
B) high in self-monitoring
C) high in self-handicapping
D) high in self-esteem

Question 45

__________ maintains that subscribing to and living up to culturally approved standards of behavior protect people from the anxiety that their vulnerability to death might otherwise create.

A) Self-aggrandizing theory
B) Terror management theory
C) Fear theory
D) Cultural fear theory

Question 46

The ________ explains when the successful performance of another person enhances and when it threatens our self-esteem.

A) reasoned action model
B) cybernetic theory of self-regulation
C) self-evaluation maintenance model
D) upward social comparison model

Question 47

Stephanie's roommate is an award-winning artist. The self-evaluation maintenance model says that Stephanie will feel most threatened if

A) Stephanie is low in self-esteem
B) Stephanie is low in self-complexity
C) Stephanie is concerned with how others view her
D) Stephanie aspires to be an artist herself

Question 48

Which factor is NOT an important component of the self-evaluation maintenance model?

A) closeness
B) complexity
C) self-relevance
D) emotional arousal

Question 49

As Festinger argued in his theory of ______, it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions and abilities, something we can do by comparing our views with those held by others like ourselves.

A) self-perception
B) self-presentation
C) cognitive dissonance
D) social comparison

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a reason why we might engage in social comparison?

A) accurate self-evaluation
B) self-perception
C) self-enhancement
D) self-improvement

Question 51

A desire for self-enhancement can lead people to make __________ with others who are less fortunate than them.

A) upward social comparisons
B) downward social comparisons
C) accurate appraisals
D) self-handicapping

Question 52

In a study by Locke and Nekich (2000), when students compared their subjective responses to situations with the other people they were close to during those events, they felt more

A) unique
B) depressed
C) connected to others
D) uncertain about themselves

Question 53

Morse and Gergen (1970) had undergraduate men fill out a job application in the presence of either "Mr. Dirty"Or "Mr. Clean."They found that

A) those who filled out the application with "Mr. Dirty" suffered a drop in self-esteem
B) those who filled out the application with "Mr. Dirty" increased their self-esteem
C) those who filled out the application with "Mr. Clean" increased their self-esteem
D) none of the men were affected by the presence of the confederate

Question 54

Petra wants to know how well she is performing in her acting class. If she makes a comparison based on related-attributes similarity, she will compare herself to

A) the only other woman in the class
B) the class grade average
C) the acting teacher
D) the other first semester students in the class

Question 55

Our efforts to control the impression we convey to others is referred to as

A) self-handicapping
B) self-evaluation
C) self-presentation
D) self-awareness

Question 56

Which is NOT a tactic of successful impression management?

A) conforming to social norms
B) self-handicapping
C) ingratiation
D) self-promotion

Question 57

According to research by Holtgraves and Srull (1989), if Andy got an A on his psychology exam, people will like him least when

A) he tells his grade without being asked
B) he tells his grade after a friend tells her grade
C) he tells his grade after being asked what he got on the exam
D) he refuses to tell his grade

Question 58

Which of the following is a factor in impression management?

A) modesty
B) flattery
C) associations with successful others
D) all of the above

Question 59

In terms of attribution theory, when attempts at self-presentation fail, people often provide excuses that describe the causes of their failures as

A) internal and uncontrollable
B) internal and controllable
C) external and uncontrollable
D) external and controllable

Question 60

Self-handicapping relies on the basic principles of

A) learning theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) attribution theory
D) the reasoned action model

Question 61

A student who stays up all night before a big exam so that he can blame a low grade on fatigue rather than on his lack of knowledge or ability is engaging in

A) negative illusions
B) self-handicapping
C) self-regulation
D) self-evaluation maintenance

Question 62

Men are more likely than women to engage in which of kind of self-handicapping?

A) behavioral self-handicapping
B) self-reported handicaps
C) sandbagging
D) all of the above

Question 63

Research on self-handicapping has shown that

A) self-handicapping is motivated by self-enhancement and self-protection needs
B) self-presentational pressures may cause people to lie
C) people are most likely to self-handicap when no other handicap is present
D) all of the above

Question 64

Deborah is competing in a music competition and feels confident that she will do well. She tells the other competitors, however, that she hasn't practiced much and doesn't expect to perform her best. Deborah is engaging in

A) behavioral self-handicapping
B) sandbagging
C) self-reported handicapping
D) upward social comparison

Question 65

The set of beliefs we hold about who we are is called self-complexity.

Question 66

People are concerned not only with what they are like but also with how they value those qualities.

Question 67

People are not selective about the domains on which they base their self-worth.

Question 68

Very young children have fairly clear conceptions of their personal qualities and what they do or don't do well.

Question 69

The "looking-glass self" refers to learning about ourselves through reflected appraisals.

Question 70

When opinions about us are shared by a large number of people, we may come to believe that they are true.

Question 71

People often spontaneously describe themselves in ways that make them seem similar to others.

Question 72

When one's ethnic identity is weak and identification with the majority group is strong an individual is referred to as separated.

Question 73

Bicultural competence has been related to successful functioning in both one's culture of origin as well as in the new culture.

Question 74

People raised in a Japanese culture are characterized by an interdependent sense of self.

Question 75

Men are more likely than women to have an interdependent sense of self.

Question 76

Self-schemas describe the dimensions along which people think about themselves.

Question 77

Most people think of themselves in the future primarily in bad terms.

Question 78

Self-schemas help improve memory for self-relevant information but have little impact on our goals and plans for the future.

Question 79

Discrepancies between actual and ideal selves can produce strong emotions.

Question 80

People who are concerned about the opinions of others report being raised by parents who were rejecting.