Deck 2: Person Perception

Question 1

Person perception includes

A) how we form impressions of people
B) what kinds of information we use to form impressions of people
C) how accurate our impressions of people are
D) all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Which is NOT one of the text's six general principles of impression formation?

A) People form impressions on the basis of little information.
B) The perceiver's goals and needs influence perception.
C) Perceivers tend to interpret behavior in isolation, ignoring the context.
D) Perceivers organize information by categorizing stimuli.

Answer 2

Perceivers tend to interpret behavior in isolation, ignoring the context.

Question 3

If someone has a "baby-face," we expect them to be

A) affectionate
B) smart
C) a leader
D) extroverted

Answer 3

affectionate

Question 4

If someone has an attractive face, we expect them to be

A) mature
B) intelligent
C) extroverted
D) lazy

Question 5

Michael is 7 feet tall. When he walks into a room, everyone notices his height, but few people notice his clothes or his hairstyle. This demonstrates

A) the figure-ground principle
B) categorization
C) an implicit personality theory
D) the contrast effect

Question 6

Salience has an impact on person perception because

A) evaluations of salient people are more extreme than evaluations of less salient people
B) salient people are seen as having more influence over their social context
C) salience increases the coherence of an impression
D) all of the above

Question 7

How are you most likely to describe a friend to a new person?

A) "He didn't shower today."
B) "He wore jeans yesterday."
C) "He's messy."
D) "He didn't clean his dishes this morning."

Question 8

When you see a person helping an elderly woman down a flight of steps, you assume she is kind, and therefore friendly, warm, and helpful. This is an example of

A) an assimilation effect
B) the averaging principle
C) an implicit personality theory
D) a shift of meaning

Question 9

Kelley (1950) conducted a study in which two groups of students heard a lecture. The students who had been told the lecturer was "warm"
Formed more positive impressions than the group who had been told he was "cold."
This experiment demonstrated the effects of

A) central traits
B) motivated perception
C) the positivity bias
D) the additive model

Question 10

Social categories such as _________________ influence our perceptions of people.

A) gender
B) social class
C) race
D) all of the above

Question 11

Who are we more likely to think is a rude person?

A) the woman we don't know who steps in front of us in line at the store
B) our roommate who snaps at us after she failed a test
C) our mother who says she can't talk because her soap opera is on when you call
Her
D) the bus driver who is usually friendly but does not respond to our "hello" today

Question 12

Research has shown that one advantage of the tendency to categorize a person is that it

A) leads to greater accuracy
B) leads to more complex, differentiated impressions
C) speeds up information processing
D) all of the above

Question 13

When people are motivated to make impressions quickly, they will often use

A) stereotypic information
B) individuated information
C) negative impressions
D) positive impressions

Question 14

We often form impressions of people rapidly, using categorization, but when we need to know a person accurately and thoroughly, we form impressions in a systematic, piecemeal fashion. This is a description of

A) the weighted-averaging model
B) the figure-ground principle
C) the implicit personality theory
D) the continuum model of impression formation

Question 15

_______________ refers to a biasing effect on judgments away from the environmental context.

A) Dual processing
B) Heuristic
C) Contrast
D) Assimilation

Question 16

Seth has just been looking at a magazine with pictures of beautiful women in it when his girlfriend walks in. If he were to experience a contrast effect,

A) he would evaluate his girlfriend on a dimension other than physical attractiveness
B) he would perceive his girlfriend as less attractive than usual
C) he would be likely to think of all his girlfriend's negative qualities
D) none of the above

Question 17

We meet Angela and Marta at a bar. Angela is very attractive, but Marta is less attractive
Than Angela. Marta is viewed as more attractive than she actually is because of Angela's presence, and this can be explained by

A) contrast
B) heuristics
C) dual processing
D) assimilation

Question 18

What determines whether contrast or assimilation effects will occur?

A) Assimilation is more likely to occur when cognitive load is low.
B) Assimilation is more likely to occur when information is processed at a
Superficial level.
C) Contrast is more likely to occur when there is no relevant context information
Available.
D) Contrast is more likely to occur when we don't know the person being evaluated.

Question 19

You meet a person at a party and you judge him to be sophisticated, intelligent, humorless, and unethical. According to research on the negativity effect, which trait should affect your impression of him the most?

A) sophisticated
B) intelligent
C) humorless
D) unethical

Question 20

When forming an overall impression of someone, we are more likely to weigh which characteristic more heavily?

A) friendliness
B) helpfulness
C) rudeness
D) extraversion

Question 21

Even though Drew's teacher is not always helpful, he may rate all of his teachers well on helpfulness because of the

A) negativity bias
B) positivity bias
C) dual process
D) socialization

Question 22

Studies have shown that when we perceive someone to be in a (n) ______ mood, we engage in rapid, stereotypic processing of their characteristics.

A) angry
B) neutral
C) happy
D) sad

Question 23

According to the weighted averaging model of person perception,

A) people do not make real attempts to integrate all the information they perceive about others
B) negative traits are weighted more heavily than positive traits
C) traits related to social categories are weighted more heavily than other types of information
D) traits that are believed to be most important are weighted more heavily than less important traits

Question 24

The fact that the trait "intelligent"
Might be a positive characteristic in one context, but a negative characteristic in another, is referred to as

A) the central trait effect
B) an implicit personality theory
C) an assimilation effect
D) a shift of meaning effect

Question 25

The halo effect demonstrates the value that people place on ________ in their impressions.

A) positivity
B) salience
C) consistency
D) frequency

Question 26

A prototype of a ballet dancer is

A) male, stocky, overweight, likes football
B) female, average size, plays basketball
C) female, thin, dainty, has good coordination, graceful
D) male, has a beard, watches hockey, loves NASCAR

Question 27

Julia believes that professors are intelligent, bookish, forgetful, and disorganized. Her belief is an example of

A) an exemplar
B) a role schema
C) the central trait effect
D) the figure-ground principle

Question 28

Wanda evaluates the man she just started dating by comparing him to an "old flame," her old boyfriend, Miguel. Wanda is using a(n)

A) exemplar
B) role schema
C) prototype
D) stereotype

Question 29

If you wanted to help a friend remember as much information as possible about his new acquaintance, which instructions would you give him?

A) "Remember as much as you can about him."
B) "Don't worry about being accurate."
C) "Remember that you will be interacting with him again in the future."
D) "Compare yourself to him."

Question 30

Which statement about the effect of goals on people's impressions of others is NOT true?

A) Trying to remember as many separate pieces of information about a person as possible results in organized, coherent impressions.
B) A desire for accuracy results in more extensive impressions.
C) More careful impressions are formed when one's goals depend on another's
Behavior.
D) People are generally unaware of the effects of social goals on impressions.

Question 31

Scott is very preoccupied with final exams. He meets Arie, who is also preoccupied with
Exams and seems cold and aloof because of this. Because of Scott's mental state, he
Would think

A) Arie is always cold and aloof
B) it takes Arie a while to warm up to you
C) Arie likes him
D) Arie's a very nice person when she's not stressed

Question 32

______ theorists are people who see personality traits as fixed, and who frequently make
Global trait judgments and see them as strong determinants of behavior.

A) Correspondent inference
B) Entity
C) Incremental
D) Attribution

Question 33

Theorizing about attributions began with the work of

A) Daryl Bem
B) Fritz Heider
C) Ellen Langer
D) Harold Kelley

Question 34

Which person is most likely to engage in a search for causal explanation?

A) the victim of a serious injury
B) the winner of a local political election
C) the person viewing a spectacular sunset
D) the recipient of an unexpected gift

Question 35

Jones and Davis's theory of correspondent inferences specifies the conditions under which you are most likely to

A) excuse unfriendly behavior
B) blame behavior on difficult circumstances
C) conclude that people's dispositions cause their behavior
D) admit your own selfish motives

Question 36

Research on correspondent inference theory has shown that all of the following can be a basis for inferring dispositions EXCEPT

A) choice
B) social role
C) social desirability
D) social learning

Question 37

According to theorist Harold Kelley, when making attributions about the causes of others' behavior, people use information about

A) consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
B) actor-observer differences in perspective
C) complementarity, commonality, and closure
D) all of the above

Question 38

If your friend seems happy only after her parents come for a visit, you assume the visits cause her happiness. You reach this conclusion by using the principle of

A) covariation
B) discounting
C) salience
D) consistency

Question 39

You may have difficulty explaining why the car salesperson is being nice to you because he may be intrinsically friendly, but he may also just be trying to sell you a car. This is an example of

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the discounting principle
C) the covariation principle
D) the actor-observer bias

Question 40

Suppose that Karl is having trouble with his new computer. In trying to explain the cause of his problem, which question deals with consistency rather than with distinctiveness or consensus?

A) Does Karl have trouble with other computers or only this one?
B) Does Karl usually have trouble with his computer?
C) Do other people have similar problems with this computer?
D) none of the above

Question 41

Overattribution to dispositions and underattribution to situations is called

A) the false consensus effect
B) the dispositional fallacy
C) the self-centered bias
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 42

Jones and Harris (1967) had students read debaters' speeches either supporting or attacking Cuban leader Fidel Castro. When the students were later told that the debater's position had been assigned, they

A) assumed the speech reflected the demands of the assignment
B) described the speaker's position as misinformed
C) concluded the speech reflected the speaker's true feelings
D) evaluated the speech more harshly

Question 43

According to one explanation for the fundamental attribution error, we may be most likely to make the error when

A) we are bored
B) we are emotionally aroused
C) we are socially inept
D) we are cognitively busy

Question 44

We tend to infer dispositional causes for others' behavior, and we infer situational causes for our own behavior. This is known as

A) the false consensus effect
B) the self-serving attributional bias
C) the actor-observer bias
D) the self-centered bias

Question 45

Which statement about the actor-observer bias is NOT true?

A) People see their own behavior as less stable than others'.
B) People view negative behavior as more dispositionally caused than positive
Behavior.
C) Actors and observers have access to different information that may lead to the Bias.
D) Differences in salience may help explain the actor-observer bias.

Question 46

A student who says, "I study about two hours a night, which is probably about the same as most college students,"May be demonstrating the

A) false consensus effect
B) fundamental attribution error
C) self-serving bias
D) defensive attribution effect

Question 47

Attitudes and opinions show ________, whereas one's own highly valued skills and abilities tend to show ________.

A) the self-serving bias; the self-centered bias
B) the self-centered bias; the self-serving bias
C) the false uniqueness effect; the false consensus effect
D) the false consensus effect; the false uniqueness effect

Question 48

When Paula wins a tennis match she assumes that she is the better player. When she loses, she blames it on the weather or on the poorly maintained courts. Paula demonstrates the

A) self-serving attributional bias
B) false uniqueness effect
C) ego-maintenance syndrome
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 49

About which characteristic are perceivers most likely to achieve consensus?

A) sense of humor
B) intelligence
C) honesty
D) conscientiousness

Question 50

Darwin argued that universal expressions of emotion evolved because

A) they make social interactions between individuals more pleasant
B) they make communication more efficient
C) they allow people to express, rather than repress, their true feelings
D) communicating emotions accurately increases an individual's chance of survival

Question 51

Research has shown that lowered brow facial expressions are most associated with

A) fear
B) sadness
C) dominance
D) surprise

Question 52

According to research on the recognition of emotions, which emotion would be most difficult to distinguish from happiness?

A) surprise
B) sadness
C) anger
D) disgust

Question 53

Which is NOT one of the three main channels through which people communicate?

A) verbal communication
B) territorial markers
C) paralanguage
D) visible nonverbal cues

Question 54

In general, research has shown that the more ________ a person feels toward another, the ________ he or she will stand.

A) intimate; closer
B) angry; closer
C) sexually interested; farther away
D) anxious; farther away

Question 55

Which factor influences the meaning of gestures?

A) culture
B) social context
C) the person making the gesture
D) all of the above

Question 56

Bavelas and colleagues (1986) had research participants observe a confederate get injured. When the confederate made eye contact with the participants, the participants expressed more _____ than when the confederate made no eye contact.

A) amusement
B) romantic interest
C) empathy
D) anger

Question 57

"Paralanguage"s important in forming and maintaining impressions. This term refers to

A) all nonverbal information, including gestures, eye contact, etc.
B) variations in speech, not including the actual verbal content
C) the synchrony of speech and body movement that occurs between
People of similar backgrounds and temperaments
D) the use of colloquialisms and slang that conveys information about
Background and education

Question 58

Research on the relative influence of the three channels of communication shows that

A) visible information is most important for determining which emotion is being Expressed
B) paralanguage is most important for determining which emotion is being
Expressed
C) verbal information is most important for determining which emotion is being Expressed
D) people are unable to determine emotion without information from all three Channels

Question 59

Nonverbal leakage refers to

A) the importance of nonverbal information for determining how intelligent a
Person is
B) the fact that people's nonverbal behavior may display emotions that they are trying to conceal
C) people's inability to control their nonverbal behavior when they are happy or excited
D) none of the above

Question 60

Which means of communication is least likely to "leak" A person's true emotions when lying?

A) facial expressions
B) paralinguistic cues
C) gestures
D) physical distance

Question 61

When a person has a motivation to lie, such as wanting to impress an attractive person by falsely agreeing with their point of view, research suggests that

A) people find it harder to detect the lie
B) the lie is only communicated through verbal, not nonverbal, cues
C) there is no nonverbal leakage
D) people find it easier to detect the lie

Question 62

Research has shown that people who have been warned that a target person may be lying

A) are better able to detect the lying than if they were not warned
B) are less confident but more accurate in their judgments about whether the person s lying
C) tend to perceive all people as more deceptive but are no more accurate than if They were not warned
D) tend to focus on facial expressions rather than verbal cues

Question 63

If you knew you were telling a lie and you wanted another person to believe you, research suggests that you should do all of the following EXCEPT

A) try not to hesitate
B) raise the pitch of your voice
C) blink your eyes as little as possible
D) try to appear relaxed

Question 64

Cultural norms regarding how people should convey emotion to others are known as

A) display rules
B) cultural markers
C) paralanguage
D) central traits

Question 65

Studies of sex differences in the use and interpretation of nonverbal behavior indicate that

A) women are more accurate interpreters of nonverbal cues than are men
B) women are more open in the expression of emotion than are men
C) women use more nonverbal behavior when interacting with others
D) all of the above

Question 66

People form impressions of others quickly from very little information.

Question 67

People gather surprisingly detailed and elaborate information before forming an impression.

Question 68

A perceiver's goals and needs influence perception.

Question 69

People tend to think of other people within the role they play before thinking about their personality.

Question 70

People tend to look at another's behavior and appearance only after making up their mind about what the other person is like.

Question 71

Evaluations of salient people are less extreme than evaluations of less salient people.

Question 72

Salient people are seen as having more influence over their social context.

Question 73

What someone tells us about a new person before we meet the new person usually does not affect our judgment of them.

Question 74

Sociability and intellectual competence are the two most important dimensions that people use for making trait inferences about others.

Question 75

Perceivers have a preference for individuated judgments over category-based judgments.

Question 76

Deciding that a person is a member of a particular social category usually does not lead us to use our stereotype of the group to judge the person.

Question 77

Information that is consistent with a prototype of a category is processed slower than information that is inconsistent with it.

Question 78

Social judgments are not dependent on contextual information.

Question 79

Assimilation is more likely to occur when people are processing information at a stereotypic level.

Question 80

During impression formation, we tend to pay more attention to positive information and less attention to potentially threatening information.