Deck 6: Attitude Formation and Change

Question 1

Positive and negative evaluations we hold about people, events, ideas, and objects are known as

A) concepts.
B) attitudes.
C) schemas.
D) emotions.

Answer 1

attitudes.

Question 2

Attitudes include all of the following components, except

A) affect.
B) behaviour.
C) reactions.
D) cognition.

Answer 2

reactions.

Question 3

One of the most common ways attitudes are formed is through

A) metacognition.
B) emotional reactions.
C) affective interpretation.
D) information from the social world.

Answer 3

information from the social world.

Question 4

Negative information has a stronger influence than positive information, a phenomenon known as

A) negativity bias.
B) negative attitudinal bias.
C) social negativity.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 5

Which of the following is not an explanation for the negativity bias?

A) Negative information is more important to our survival than positive information.
B) Positive information is more prevalent in our social environments.
C) Larger brain waves were recorded in response to negative images, indicating greater brain activity.
D) We need to respond more quickly to painful or negative stimuli.

Question 6

All of the following are ways in which attitudes are formed, except

A) information from the social environment.
B) classical conditioning.
C) latent learning.
D) mere exposure.

Question 7

Attitude formed as an association between an object and a pleasant or unpleasant event is formed through

A) associational bias.
B) classical conditioning.
C) information processing.
D) social learning.

Question 8

Kendra has a very positive attitude about her psychology class. One day she notices that her psychology teacher wears the same aftershave that her favourite uncle wears. Her positive attitude may be the result of

A) classical conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) modelling.
D) social learning.

Question 9

The original research on classical conditioning was conducted by

A) B.F. Skinner.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) John Watson.
D) Robert Zajonc.

Question 10

One form of classical conditioning which suggests that the more we are exposed to something, the more we like it, is known as

A) preferred conditioning.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) exposed conditioning.
D) social conditioning.

Question 11

Janika did not like country music, but she admitted that the more she heard it, the more she likes it; a phenomenon explained by

A) social conditioning.
B) preferred conditioning.
C) exposed conditioning.
D) mere exposure effect.

Question 12

While attending the county fair, Brooke became ill from the extreme heat. In the future, Brooke had a negative attitude about the fair; an attitude formed through

A) information processing.
B) social learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) associational bias.

Question 13

Mere exposure that influences preference below the level of consciousness is known as

A) subliminal persuasion.
B) attentional blink.
C) top-down processing.
D) bottom-up processing.

Question 14

Research participants who were exposed to a positive image below the level of consciousness produced a more positive attitude about a picture of a woman than those who viewed a negative image. This is an example of

A) bottom-up processing.
B) top-down processing.
C) subliminal persuasion.
D) attentional blink.

Question 15

On the first day of school, Marcia wore a dress. However, after the other girls ridiculed her outfit, she started to wear jeans to school. Marcia's change in dress is most likely due to

A) classical conditioning.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) operant conditioning.
D) normative conditioning.

Question 16

What explanation do Eagly et al. (2000) give for gender differences in political attitudes?

A) Men have more exposure to the media.
B) Girls are rewarded for good behaviour by their parents so grow up with their parents' conservative political attitudes.
C) Women's social roles lead them to be more conservative on issues of traditional morality.
D) Evolutionary theory suggests that men will be more aggressive in their political attitudes.

Question 17

Children often learn general hygiene and safety behaviours through

A) classical conditioning.
B) modelling or observational learning.
C) mere exposure effect.
D) normative conditioning.

Question 18

Research (Rudman, Phelan, & Heppen, 2007) has shown that through observational learning, children of overweight mothers

A) have more positive attitudes toward thin people.
B) have more positive attitudes toward overweight people.
C) are likely to be overweight themselves.
D) are likely to have eating disorders.

Question 19

Lionel noticed the way Alex interacted with those attending the party at the club. The next time Lionel visited the club, he emulated Alex. You can assume Lionel learned his attitude/behaviours through

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) mere exposure effect.

Question 20

The power of television on children's attitudes and behaviour can be attributed to

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) top-down processing.
D) bottom-up processing.

Question 21

Sandy couldn't print her name, but when she discovered all the other children in her class could, Sandy practiced until she could print her name. Sandy was influenced by

A) operant conditioning.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) modelling from peers.
D) top-down processing.

Question 22

The influence of celebrities in regard to attitudes and/or behaviour can be attributed to

A) top-down processing.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 23

Who is likely to be the most effective model for Rachel, a student who would like to quit smoking?

A) Rachel's best friend who quit smoking last year
B) Rachel's social psychology professor
C) Rachel's favourite movie star who just publicly announced that he was quitting drug use
D) Rachel's doctor

Question 24

Your textbook discussed the impact of media images of alcohol and tobacco use on people's attitudes. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is false?

A) Many G-rated animated films portray tobacco usage.
B) Only "bad" characters in movies are likely to use tobacco.
C) Adolescents who observe smoking in movies often start smoking.
D) Media images of alcohol and tobacco use is particularly influential on young children.

Question 25

The influence of genetics on attitudes has been attributed to

A) the X or Y chromosome.
B) general genetic characteristics, such as sensation seeking.
C) recessive versus dominant alleles.
D) there is no evidence of genetic influence.

Question 26

To examine a potential role of genetics on attitudes, researchers conducted studies looking at

A) twins.
B) cohorts by age.
C) adopted children.
D) there is no way to study the potential role of genetics.

Question 27

The negativity bias is the phenomenon in which

A) positive information has a stronger influence on our evaluations than negative information.
B) we tend to produce more negative emotions than positive emotions.
C) negative information has a stronger influence on our evaluations than positive information.
D) None of these.

Question 28

Walter did not like Barack Obama the first few times he saw him. Now, though, after seeing Obama continually covered in the media, Walter likes him a good deal. Walter seems to have been impacted by

A) the negativity bias.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) operant conditioning.
D) subliminal persuasion.

Question 29

Why do we prefer mirror-image pictures of ourselves rather than reverse-mirror-image pictures?

A) because of the theory of planned behaviour
B) because of the mere exposure effect
C) because of cognitive dissonance theory
D) because of subliminal persuasion

Question 30

What does it mean for something to be subliminal?

A) to be transmitted via mental energy from one person to another
B) to occur at a person's conscious level of awareness
C) to be derived from a gut feeling
D) to occur outside of a person's conscious awareness

Question 31

Roger developed a liking for Jeeps through classical conditioning. Roger saw many Jeep commercials while watching football, an activity that always made him happy. Now whenever he sees a Jeep, he feels happy. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

A) Watching football
B) Feeling happy
C) Jeeps
D) Commercials

Question 32

In research on subliminal persuasion (Krosnick, Betz, Jussim, & Lynn, 1992), which participants rated a woman's attitudes and personality as most positive?

A) Participants who had been subliminally exposed to a neutral image of the woman.
B) Participants who had been subliminally exposed to a negative image of the woman.
C) Participants who had been subliminally exposed to a positive image of the woman.
D) All groups of participants rated her the same, indicating the subliminal images did not affect their attitudes to the woman.

Question 33

___________________ is a type of learning in which people are rewarded or punished for engaging in behaviour.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Subliminal priming
C) Operant conditioning
D) Automatic thinking

Question 34

According to research by Eagly et al. (2004), in comparison to men, which of the following is not reflective of women's political attitudes?

A) Women are more conservative on issues of social compassion.
B) Women are more liberal on issues of social compassion.
C) Women are more conservative on issues of traditional morality.
D) Women are more likely to disapprove of divorce or abortion.

Question 35

When would observational learning of healthy eating habits be LEAST effective for Enrique?

A) when he observes Jose, his dad, eating healthfully
B) when he observes Phil, a stranger, eating healthfully
C) when he observes Constantine, his friend, eating healthfully
D) when he observes Candice, his sister, eating healthfully

Question 36

How do 5^th and 6^th graders who have a better awareness of television beer commercials compare to same-age peers who have lesser awareness of these commercials?

A) The kids with greater awareness have more favourable attitudes towards drinking.
B) The kids with greater awareness engage in more drinking at the present time.
C) The kids with greater awareness have higher intentions to drink as an adult.
D) Both a and c.

Question 37

What can be concluded about the nature-nurture debate in relation to attitudes?

A) Attitudes are formed only by nature.
B) Attitudes are formed mainly by nurture, but there are some impacts from genetics.
C) Attitudes are formed only by nurture.
D) Genetics may have a stronger influence on attitudes than nurture.

Question 38

Attitudes involve only positive evaluations about people.

Question 39

Subliminal processing can help form new attitudes but has no influence on attitudes we already hold.

Question 40

Attitudes can be influenced by rewards or punishment.

Question 41

Research shows that adolescents who view smoking in movies are more likely to start smoking themselves.

Question 42

Our genes can influence certain attitudes.

Question 43

The positive and negative evaluations of people, ideas, events, and objects are known as _____.

Question 44

Marty enjoys reading because her parents are avid readers; an example of an attitude formed by ______________.

Question 45

The greater the exposure we have to a given stimulus, the more we like the stimulus; a phenomenon known as ______ _______.

Question 46

Fans reacted positively to all of the music at the Jason Mraz concert, but when he played his early hits, the crowd clearly demonstrated a preference; an example of the _______ _______ effect.

Question 47

A type of learning which repeatedly pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response, and eventually the neutral stimulus elicits that response on its own is known as _______ _______.

Question 48

Preference can be influenced without awareness, a phenomenon known as _______ _______.

Question 49

When a behaviour that is rewarded increases, learning occurs through _______ _______.

Question 50

Attitudes and behaviours that are influenced by watching the attitudes and behaviours of others are formed through _______ learning.

Question 51

In a classic study conducted by LaPiere (1934), a Chinese couple travelled throughout the United States during a time of widespread negative attitudes toward Chinese people. Over 70% of the restaurants served the couple and only one hotel refused them. In a follow up to this trip, LaPiere surveyed the same restaurants and hotels and found

A) attitudes about Chinese served as a reliable predictor of the previous behaviour toward the couple.
B) attitudes about Chinese did not serve as a reliable predictor of the previous behaviour toward the couple.
C) restaurants that refused service to the Chinese couple were more likely to express negative attitudes about Chinese.
D) people with negative attitudes about Chinese were more likely to have previously refused service to the Chinese couple.

Question 52

Recall the 1934 classic study conducted by LaPiere where he travelled with a Chinese couple throughout the United States during a time of widespread negative attitudes toward Chinese people. Although the hotels and restaurants that were visited had policies against accommodating Chinese people, the Chinese couple with LaPiere were seldom refused service. This suggests that

A) hotel and restaurant personnel did not want to be rude.
B) prejudice can be reduced by face-to-face interaction.
C) there was something about the Chinese couple that made people treat them well.
D) the link between attitudes and behaviour is not as strong as we might expect.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a factor that influences the attitude-behaviour link?

A) specificity
B) social norms
C) top-down processing
D) strength

Question 54

Jonathan has always had a positive attitude about preschool education, but he never became involved in supporting preschool education until he had a preschool child. Jonathan's attitude became predictive of his behaviour based on

A) social norms.
B) importance.
C) exposure.
D) social cognition.

Question 55

When a belief or topic is important to us, then our attitude is

A) more predictive of our behaviour.
B) less predictive of our behaviour.
C) stronger, but less predictive of behaviour.
D) there is no association with our behaviour.

Question 56

When attitudes are formed based on direct experience, the result is

A) little association between attitudes and actual behaviour.
B) strong attitudes that are a better predictor of behaviour.
C) attitudes that are an unreliable predictor of behaviour.
D) weaker attitudes that do not necessarily predict actual behaviour.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a strategy to increase accessibility of one's attitudes?

A) increase your self-awareness
B) watch yourself in a mirror
C) decrease your attention to the task
D) repeatedly express your attitude

Question 58

If you are knowledgeable about health care reform, the link between your attitude and your behaviour should be

A) more highly correlated.
B) show no correlation.
C) show a direct cause and effect.
D) show a weak correlation.

Question 59

In LaPiere's (1934) research with the Chinese couple travelling throughout the United States during a time of widespread negative attitudes toward Chinese people, the relationship between attitude and actual behaviour would have probably been stronger if LaPiere

A) inquired about the attitudes sooner.
B) had included a picture of the specific Chinese couple.
C) had conducted personal interviews.
D) had conducted the survey before the behaviour.

Question 60

In the theory of planned behaviour, which of the following is not an influence on the intentions which cause behaviour?

A) perceived behavioural control
B) subjective norms
C) previous behaviour
D) attitudes

Question 61

The theory of planned behaviour proposes that behaviour is influenced by

A) intentions.
B) cognition.
C) affect.
D) peer pressure.

Question 62

Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control influence our intentions and ultimately our behaviour, as proposed by the

A) subjective theory of intentions.
B) theory of planned behaviour.
C) intention theory of action.
D) normative intentional theory.

Question 63

In the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which of the following statements is true?

A) Intentions directly influence behaviour.
B) Attitudes directly influence behaviour.
C) Subjective norms directly influence behaviour.
D) Behaviours directly influence attitudes.

Question 64

Roberto would really like to travel in Europe for a year, but this requires that he save quite a lot of money. He feels very unsure that he can save the amount that is necessary. According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour , is it likely that Roberto will go to Europe?

A) Yes, because he has a positive attitude about travelling in Europe.
B) No, because he has low perceived behavioural control.
C) Yes, because he has high subjective norms.
D) No, because he has high perceived behavioural control.

Question 65

In the ___________________, our behaviour is influenced by the social image of what people are like who engage in that particular behaviour.

A) theory of planned behaviour
B) prototype model
C) subjective theory of intentions
D) intentionality model

Question 66

Sarah sees people who ride motorcycles without helmets as reckless. Predicting that Sarah would wear a helmet whenever she rides a motorcycle is suggested by the

A) normative theory of action.
B) subjective theory of action.
C) prototype model.
D) intentional model.

Question 67

The prototype model suggests that if you have a negative image about someone drinking alcohol, you are likely to

A) drink less alcohol yourself.
B) drink more alcohol yourself.
C) engage in that behaviour yourself.
D) the image would not influence your own behaviour.

Question 68

Even when your attitude would normally predict your behaviour, your behaviour may change based on the pressure of

A) negative attitudes.
B) positive attitudes.
C) social norms.
D) predicting models.

Question 69

The textbook chapter discusses certain factors that influence the link between attitudes and behaviour. Which of the following is not a factor?

A) accessibility
B) classical conditioning
C) strength
D) specificity

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding the attitude-behaviour link is false?

A) Strong attitudes are more likely to predict behaviour than weak ones.
B) Attitudes that are formed on the basis of direct experience are a better predictor of behaviour.
C) Attitudes on topics that are highly important to us are more predictive of our behaviour.
D) Attitudes on topics that we have only read about are highly predictive of our behaviour.

Question 71

It has been found that people who must watch themselves in a mirror engage in more honest behaviour than those who do not have a mirror in front of them. Why?

A) The mirror reminds the person of their positive attitudes towards honesty.
B) The mirror increases the person's self-esteem, which keeps them honest.
C) The mirror makes positive attitudes towards honesty more specific.
D) None of these.

Question 72

______________ refers to the implicit and explicit rules a group has for its members.

A) Social norms
B) Cognitive dissonances
C) Specific guidelines
D) Prototypes

Question 73

According to the theory of planned behaviour, all of the following impact our intentions except

A) behaviour.
B) perceived behavioural control.
C) subjective norms.
D) attitudes.

Question 74

Lola does not believe that she could avoid eating dessert for an entire week. Lola has low ________________ about eating dessert.

A) subjective norms
B) attitudes
C) perceived behavioural control
D) automatic thinking

Question 75

Chuck is considering running three days a week. In his fraternity, though, he is known for being the jolly, out-of-shape guy and they love him for it. Chuck believes that the guys in his fraternity would not support his desire to start running. This belief reflects Chuck's

A) subjective norms.
B) behaviour.
C) perceived behavioural control.
D) attitude.

Question 76

Colleen believes that surfers are lazy and arrogant. This is Colleen's _______________ of a surfer.

A) social norm
B) prototype
C) perceived behavioural control
D) idealization

Question 77

Tracy thinks that runners are independent, determined, and thoughtful. According to the prototype/willingness model, how does Tracy's beliefs about runners affect her probability to become a runner herself?

A) Tracy's attitude will likely not affect her behaviour.
B) Since Tracy holds a positive prototype, she is more likely to become a runner.
C) Since Tracy holds a negative prototype, she is more likely to become a runner.
D) Since Tracy holds a positive prototype, she is less likely to become a runner.

Question 78

Which theory or model of behaviour describes changes in behaviour as a progression through various stages?

A) The trans-theoretical model
B) The theory of planned behaviour
C) Cognitive dissonance theory
D) The prototype/willingness theory

Question 79

Susanne and her friend, Samira, are both thinking about going to the gym more often. Susanne thinks that it would be nice to get fit but is not in a hurry to buy a gym membership. Samira has just purchased a membership and is planning to start going to the gym next week. Which stage(s) of the Trans-Theoretical model of behaviour are Susanne and Samira at?

A) Susanne is at Stage 2 (contemplation); Samira is at Stage 5 (maintenance).
B) Susanne is at Stage 3 (preparation); Samira is at Stage 4 (action).
C) Susanne is at Stage 1 (precontemplation); Samira is at Stage 3 (preparation).
D) Both Susanne and Samira are at Stage 2 - contemplation.

Question 80

Attitudes are always an extremely reliable way of predicting behaviour.