Deck 3: Self-Perception

Question 1

An individual's overall beliefs about his or her own attributes is called

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-perception.
D) self-influence.

Answer 1

self-concept.

Question 2

According to William James (1890), the "Known" is to ____________ as the "Knower" is to ______________.

A) self-concept; self-awareness
B) self-awareness; self-concept
C) self-perception; introspection
D) introspection; self-awareness

Answer 2

self-concept; self-awareness

Question 3

According to William James (1890), a person's sense of identity is created by the combination of which two aspects of the self?

A) self-concept; self-esteem
B) self-awareness; self-concept
C) self-perception; introspection
D) introspection; self-awareness

Answer 3

self-awareness; self-concept

Question 4

Who is more likely to have a self-concept that emphasizes psychological characteristics?

A) a 9-year-old boy
B) a 9-year-old girl
C) an adult female
D) all of the above

Question 5

Self-awareness theory suggests that increasing self-awareness leads people to think about discrepancies between their _____________ and _________________.

A) actual self; ideal self
B) hopes; reality
C) self-concept; introspection
D) attitudes; behaviour

Question 6

According to self-awareness theory, if department stores want to discourage shop-lifting, they should

A) have large mirrors behind expensive merchandise.
B) hire more security guards.
C) play annoying music.
D) have more security cameras.

Question 7

If people become self-aware and notice discrepancies between their attitudes and behaviour, one option is to change their behaviour to match their personal standards. The second option is to

A) increase self-awareness.
B) increase self-esteem.
C) decrease self-esteem.
D) reduce self-awareness.

Question 8

Which one of the following would your textbook suggest is not a function of the self?

A) self as social comparer
B) self as regulatory system
C) self as interpersonal tool
D) self as decision-maker

Question 9

Campbell (1990) defines self-concept _____________ as the extent to which knowledge about the self is clearly or consistently defined.

A) regulation
B) definition
C) analysis
D) clarity

Question 10

The extent to which you see yourself, your evaluation of your own self-worth, is known as

A) personality.
B) primary traits.
C) self-ego.
D) self-esteem.

Question 11

Kolet thinks that her looks, her intelligence and her personality are fairly mediocre. Kolet's overall evaluation of her attributes represent her sense of

A) self-esteem.
B) self-discrepancy.
C) self-control.
D) self-awareness.

Question 12

Mary told her husband David not to eat any of the cookies she baked for dessert. According to self-awareness theory, if Mary wants to increase the chance that David will not eat the cookies, she should

A) explain how long it took to make the cookies.
B) hide the cookies.
C) put the cookies in front of a mirror.
D) remind David of his resolve to lose weight.

Question 13

Research using fMRI indicates that the emotional parts of the brain would influence all of the following decisions except

A) spending the night before your psych final on Facebook.
B) taking the largest piece of dessert.
C) buying a flat screen television with a new credit card.
D) eliminating Thursday-nights-out to save for a spring break trip.

Question 14

__________ is defined as one's overall beliefs about his or her attributes.

A) Self-control
B) Self-awareness
C) Self-concept
D) Self-esteem

Question 15

People who focus on their own behaviours are motivated to either change their behaviour so that their attitudes and behaviours are consistent, or escape from that focus according to the ________ theory.

Question 16

The process of thinking about your own thoughts or feelings is known as

A) introspection.
B) internal interviewing.
C) prospective interviewing.
D) prospection.

Question 17

In a study by Wilson et al. (1993) students who selected a poster based on the rationale for their preference, later reported they

A) felt happier than those who selected a poster based on feelings.
B) felt no difference from those who selected a poster based on feelings.
C) felt less happy than those who selected a poster based on feelings.
D) didn't remember the reasons for their selection.

Question 18

Why does the textbook suggest that introspection is not very effective in understanding our own attitudes?

A) We tend to think more about unimportant things than important things.
B) There is a low correlation between our attitudes and behaviour.
C) Thinking about our attitudes results in depression.
D) WE should only be introspective for major decisions.

Question 19

After his break-up with Rachel, Ross predicted he would be miserable and lonely for a long time. Ross's prediction is an example of

A) social influence.
B) social comparison.
C) social referencing.
D) affective forecasting.

Question 20

According to the self-discrepancy theory, one's self-concept is influenced by the gap between _______ and _______.

A) actual self; ideal self
B) actual self; real self
C) fantasy self; ideal self
D) fantasy self; personality

Question 21

Georgiana has always wanted to be an engineer but she can't seem to master algebra. The fact that Georgiana continues to study courses in pre-engineering may be explained through

A) self-discrepancy theory.
B) social comparison.
C) false consensus theory.
D) theory of social concept.

Question 22

Lucky feels negative about himself because although he aspired to play in the World Poker Championship, he really wasn't very successful at the game. This difference between his aspirations and his skills can be explained by

A) self-discrepancy theory.
B) self-concept theory.
C) stop gap theory.
D) social comparison theory.

Question 23

Research shows that when one's self control has been 'used up,' we are

A) less likely to show self control again.
B) once more able to demonstrate self control.
C) more likely to question lack of self control.
D) there is no relationship between present and future self control.

Question 24

A study in which participants were asked to ignore stereotypes, demonstrated that thought suppression of stereotypes

A) had no influence on word recognition.
B) increased recognition of stereotypes in a later task.
C) decreased recognition of stereotypes in a later task.
D) eliminated all recognition of stereotypes in a later task.

Question 25

Self-perception theory states we look to our own _______ to determine our attitudes and beliefs.

A) personality
B) attributes
C) behaviour
D) thinking

Question 26

Dolinski (2000) asked research participants for help. Those who had previously been asked for assistance were more likely to help in the second instance, demonstrating the

A) self-discrepancy theory.
B) self definition theory.
C) self comparison theory.
D) self-perception theory.

Question 27

According to research, who is more likely to be self-confident in their ability to succeed at a task?

A) Lisa who is taking a car-repair class
B) Brian who is taking a cooking class
C) Jim who is sewing curtains for his apartment
D) Mike who is taking a car-repair class

Question 28

Dan was having a stressful morning. Based on the facial feedback hypothesis, what can Dan do to be in a better mood?

A) Put a smile on his face.
B) Scream and release the stress.
C) Do something he enjoys.
D) Write about his feelings on the morning.

Question 29

Which of the following statements best expresses the facial feedback hypothesis?

A) Smile and the whole world smiles with you.
B) Let a smile be your umbrella.
C) Smile on the outside, smile on the inside.
D) Cry and the world cries with you.

Question 30

All of the following are possible explanations of why facial expressions or posture can affect your mood, except

A) if you are smiling, you will perceive yourself as happy.
B) anger may cause physiological changes in your brain.
C) sitting up straight is better for your health.
D) certain facial expressions may cause increases or decreases in blood flow.

Question 31

Neena has been volunteering at the soup kitchen for six months and reports that she has learned much about people and their needs. Neena has probably volunteered

A) to fulfill a school requirement.
B) for extrinsic motives.
C) to make her college application more attractive.
D) for intrinsic motives.

Question 32

All of the following statements represent intrinsic motives except

A) volunteering will build my resume.
B) I really enjoy volunteering.
C) volunteering makes me feel good.
D) my curiosity is the driving force behind my volunteering.

Question 33

Overjustification would suggest that children who enjoy reading will have what reaction to being rewarded with a pizza for reading books?

A) They would read less after being rewarded.
B) They would read more after being rewarded.
C) There would be no change in the amount of reading.
D) Children who love pizza will now dislike pizza.

Question 34

To maintain intrinsic motivation and overcome overjustification, you should

A) establish deadlines earlier than those imposed for the task.
B) provide a reward before you begin the task.
C) provide a reward regardless of the quality of your work.
D) reflect on extrinsic reasons for completing the task.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Our logical thoughts are a better predictor of our future behaviour than are our feelings.
B) Our feelings are a better predictor of our future behaviour than are our logical thoughts.
C) Our feelings are a better predictor of our true preferences than are our logical thoughts.
D) Both b and c.

Question 36

Based on research on affective forecasting, which of the following is true?

A) People greatly underestimate the impact that positive events will have on their mood.
B) People greatly overestimate the impact that positive events will have on their mood.
C) People greatly underestimate the impact that negative events will have on their mood.
D) None of these

Question 37

According to ___________ theory, people notice self-discrepancies only when they focus on their own behaviour.

A) self-discrepancy
B) self-control
C) self-awareness
D) self-perception

Question 38

As part of his secondary education class, Gregory has to tape himself delivering a lesson and then watch the video with his classmates. While watching, Gregory realizes that he is not as good at teaching as he thought he was. According to self-awareness theory, what would Gregory be likely to do as a result of watching this tape?

A) He will avoid watching the video again.
B) He will proudly show the video to his family and friends.
C) He will work to become a better teacher based on what he saw on the tape.
D) Either a or c.

Question 39

According to neuroscience research, if you were asked to make a decision about an immediate reward (such as whether to have one piece of cake now or two pieces tomorrow), what part of your brain would be activated?

A) the part associated with language
B) the part associated with vision
C) the part associated with emotions
D) the part associated with abstract reasoning and calculations

Question 40

According to research by Baumeister et al. (1998) in which participants were in a radish condition or a chocolate condition, what was found about their work on a subsequent puzzle-solving task.

A) People in the radish condition gave up on the puzzle sooner than did people in the chocolate condition.
B) People in both conditions worked on the puzzle for about the same amount of time.
C) People in the chocolate condition gave up on the puzzle sooner than did people in the radish condition.
D) Puzzle solving was not a part of this study.

Question 41

When students are cognitively depleted (e.g., because of completing a difficult mental task), how are they likely to solve word starts such as "BU-"?

A) With philosophical words
B) With sexual words
C) With neutral words
D) With animal words

Question 42

According to _________ theory, people look at their own behaviours to infer their attitudes.

A) self-perception
B) self-situational
C) self-discrepancy
D) self-awareness

Question 43

Whenever James gets to choose a movie, he picks an action movie. He assumes, then, that he must like action movies. What theory predicts this result?

A) self-awareness theory
B) self-perception theory
C) self-control theory
D) self-discrepancy theory

Question 44

"Just put on a happy face!" is advice that follows from

A) self-discrepancy theory.
B) self-awareness theory.
C) the facial feedback hypothesis.
D) the emotional loop hypothesis.

Question 45

According to research on the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following people would be most likely to believe a persuasive speech?

A) Tonya, who shook her head in disagreement during the speech
B) Lisa, who nodded her head in agreement during the speech
C) Mallory, who did not move her head during the speech
D) They would all be equally likely to be persuaded

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT likely to be experienced by a person who is intrinsically motivated to complete a task?

A) greater task involvement
B) enjoyment
C) concern with recognition
D) curiosity

Question 47

Overjustification refers to the phenomenon in which

A) internal rewards can undermine extrinsic motivation.
B) external rewards can undermine extrinsic motivation.
C) internal rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
D) external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

Question 48

If a business is interested in providing expected rewards to its employees, for what types of tasks would it be most beneficial to offer these rewards?

A) For vague tasks, such as creative tasks.
B) For tasks with clear performance standards.
C) For no tasks.
D) For all tasks.

Question 49

Introspection is an effective way to gain better understanding of your true attitudes.

Question 50

Watching television, reading a book, or drinking alcohol are all ways of escaping self-awareness.

Question 51

Although everyone feels a discrepancy between their actual and ideal selves, the smaller the gap, the better one feels about oneself.

Question 52

Rewards can be very effective when given at the start of the task.

Question 53

The process of predicting the impact of both positive and negative events on mood is known as ________.

Question 54

According to the ___________ theory, our self-concept is influenced by the gap between our actual self and our ideal self.

Question 55

_______ states that we look to our own behaviour to determine our attitudes and beliefs.

Question 56

Taneisha loves to jog early in the morning and watch the sun rise on the horizon. Taneisha has _______ motivation to jog.

Question 57

Allie used to love to play the piano but hasn't done much playing since her parents started to pay her as a reward for practicing. This is an example of _______________.

Question 58

Michael was pleased with his grade on the chemistry exam until he discovered that his friends all scored higher than he did. Michael's reevaluation of his knowledge of chemistry can be described through

A) social justification theory.
B) social comparison theory.
C) overjustification.
D) reverse justification.

Question 59

In a research study by Morse & Gergen (1970), participants had higher self-esteem when they waited for a job interview with a confederate who was sloppily dressed and appeared unprepared. This experiment demonstrates

A) social comparison theory.
B) social justification theory.
C) social preparation.
D) reversal of preparation.

Question 60

According to _________________ theory, by comparing ourselves to others, we can evaluate our own abilities and attributes.

A) self-esteem
B) social comparison
C) self-perception
D) two-factor

Question 61

In classic research on self-concept (Morse & Gergen, 1970), what was found about job applicants' self-esteem?

A) Job applicants who sat in a room alongside a well-groomed, confident applicant later experienced high self-esteem.
B) Job applicants who sat in a room alongside a well-groomed, confident applicant later experienced low self-esteem.
C) Job applicants who sat in a room alongside an unkempt, disorganized applicant later experienced low self-esteem.
D) No difference in self-esteem was found regardless of the applicant who was sitting in the room.

Question 62

Recall that in a research study by Pliner et al. (2009), some female participants were told that they were out-performed on skill-related tasks while other female participants did not perform the tasks in a competitive environment. On a subsequent food-choice task, which participants made healthy selections?

A) The female participants in the non-competitive condition made healthy food choices.
B) None of the female participants made healthy food choices.
C) Participants who were on a diet and had been told that they were out-performed made healthy selections to restore their self-esteem.
D) Participants who were not dieting and had been told that they were out-performed made healthy selections to celebrate.

Question 63

What have researchers studying the "muscular male ideal" found out about GI Joe dolls?

A) GI Joe dolls have become taller over the last forty years.
B) GI Joe dolls have gotten an increasingly smaller waist over the last forty years.
C) GI Joe dolls have had increasingly larger biceps over the last forty years.
D) GI Joe dolls have not changed over the last forty years.

Question 64

According to the textbook, research on media images of women in Western societies indicates that

A) more models are from visible minority groups.
B) more models are over 40 years of age due to aging Western populations.
C) models are increasingly appearing to be of "normal" weight.
D) there is a "thin ideal" with many models being underweight.

Question 65

How does social comparison seem to occur?

A) Automatically, on an unconscious level
B) Deliberately, on a conscious level
C) Intuitively, without actually needing to see anyone else
D) Researchers have not yet investigated this question.

Question 66

After taking a social psychology course, Nasir would like to become a social psychologist. To assess his potential, he is most likely to compare himself to

A) other students who were in his social psychology class.
B) his social psychology professor.
C) his parents.
D) famous social psychologists he has read about.

Question 67

In situations of uncertainty, there is a tendency to use ________________ to assess our ability objectively.

Question 68

According to the _______ theory, people evaluate their own abilities and attributes by comparing themselves to other people.

Question 69

The tendency to underestimate the extent to which other people are likely to share your positive attitudes and behaviours is known as

A) false uniqueness effect.
B) false consensus effect.
C) overestimation theory.
D) misremembering.

Question 70

Nigel confessed he couldn't remember his class rank but was confident he was in the top 5%. His actual rank was much lower. This self-serving bias would be due to

A) false uniqueness.
B) social comparison.
C) misremembering.
D) false consensus.

Question 71

One explanation for memory biases, such as misremembering, is we don't allow for the statistical phenomenon known as

A) regression to the average.
B) temporal regression.
C) correlation.
D) average regression.

Question 72

Sara was sure her failure in political science was an unfair test from an unrealistic professor. This is an example of

A) misremembering.
B) self-serving attribution.
C) false consensus effect.
D) social comparison.

Question 73

The tendency to blame failure on external factors while crediting success on internal factors is known as

A) self-satisfaction.
B) self-serving attribution.
C) social comparison.
D) false consensus effect.

Question 74

Asha was surprised to learn that most of her classmates didn't support her views on global warming. This overestimate of other people's agreeing with her belief is explained by

A) self-serving attributions.
B) unrealistic optimism.
C) implicit egotism.
D) false consensus effect.

Question 75

The false uniqueness effect occurs because we ____________ the extent to which other people engage in positive actions and _______________ the extent to which others engage in negative actions.

A) overestimate; underestimate
B) ignore; encourage
C) don't know; ignore
D) underestimate; overestimate

Question 76

Although both husbands and wives acknowledge that wives tend to do more housework, when you add the percentages each report the total is over 100%. This is an example of

A) false consensus.
B) unrealistic optimism.
C) self-serving attribution.
D) social comparison.

Question 77

Justine believes that she will never experience romantic problems because she is a "better than average" girlfriend. Justine may be suffering from which self-serving bias?

A) False consensus effect
B) Implicit egotism
C) Unrealistic optimism
D) Self-serving attribution

Question 78

The phenomenon in which people see themselves as more likely than others to experience good events is known as

A) upward extension.
B) implicit egotism.
C) self-serving attribution.
D) unrealistic optimism.

Question 79

When asked to make predictions about their future, most college students predicted more good events for themselves. This tendency to view oneself as 'better than average' is also referred to as

A) cockeyed optimism.
B) reality-based predictions.
C) optimistic pessimism.
D) unrealistic optimism.

Question 80

Based on research about false consensus effect, people who fail to perform well on a task would predict others in their social group

A) would not perform well.
B) would perform exceptionally well.
C) would probably not complete the task.
D) would show there is no basis for comparison.