Deck 31: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

What are attributes of oral contraceptives? (Check all that apply.)

A) They contain a progesterone and sometimes an estrogen analogue.
B) The progesterone is in the 21-day pills, and the estrogen is in the 7-day pills.
C) They help protect against ovarian and endometrial cancer.
D) They are appropriate for use by smokers over age 35.
E) They have a low failure rate of only 1 to 5% a year.
F) They act by inhibiting LH and FSH secretion, inhibiting ovulation.

Answer 1

They contain a progesterone and sometimes an estrogen analogue.
They help protect against ovarian and endometrial cancer.
They have a low failure rate of only 1 to 5% a year.
They act by inhibiting LH and FSH secretion, inhibiting ovulation.

Question 2

Select the correct sequence of events of the human menstrual phase, beginning and ending with the menstrual cycle.

A) menstrual phase $\rightarrow$ proliferative phase (\rightarrow\) ovulation $\rightarrow$ secretory phase $\rightarrow$ menstrual phase
B) menstrual phase $\rightarrow$ ovulation $\rightarrow$ secretory phase $\rightarrow$ proliferative phase $\rightarrow$ menstrual phase
C) menstrual phase $\rightarrow$ secretory phase $\rightarrow$ proliferative phase $\rightarrow$ ovulation $\rightarrow$ menstrual phase
D) menstrual phase $\rightarrow$ proliferative phase $\rightarrow$ secretory phase $\rightarrow$ ovulation $\rightarrow$ menstrual phase

Answer 2

menstrual phase $\rightarrow$ proliferative phase (\rightarrow\) ovulation $\rightarrow$ secretory phase $\rightarrow$ menstrual phase

Question 3

Select the correct pair of statements about FSH and LH function.

A) In males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone. In females, FSH stimulates growth of follicles and LH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.
B) In males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone. In females, FSH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum and LH stimulates growth of follicles.
C) In males, FSH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone and LH stimulates spermatogenesis. In females, FSH stimulates growth of follicles and LH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.
D) In males, FSH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone and LH stimulates spermatogenesis. In females, FSH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum and LH stimulates growth of follicles.

Answer 3

In males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone. In females, FSH stimulates growth of follicles and LH stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.

Question 4

What would be the result for a patient if all his spermatogonia went through meiosis and proceeded to develop into spermatids?

A) He would produce twice as many sperm and would be protected against infertility from other causes.
B) He would produce twice as many sperm, which would crowd them during later development and lead to morphological defects.
C) He would be entirely normal, since this is what usually happens.
D) After one round of sperm production he would no longer be able to produce sperm and would be infertile.

Question 5

In your fertility clinic, you look at the lab results of a young man. He has a prostate gland the size of a golf ball, a fructose-rich semen, and 10 million sperm per ml. His sperm consist of little more than DNA, mitochondria, and a flagellum, with almost no cytoplasm. Also, he has follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in his bloodstream. Which of these is the likely cause of his fertility problems?

A) enlarged prostate gland
B) fructose in the semen
C) sperm count
D) sperm morphology
E) FSH and LH

Question 6

An extremely rare occurrence in humans is a multiple pregnancy with the embryos at different stages due to fertilization weeks apart. What mechanism normally prevents this from happening?

A) The embryo's secretion of FSH and LH maintains the corpus luteum, keeping estradiol and progesterone high until the placenta takes over secretion of these hormones.
B) The embryo's secretion of GnRH maintains the corpus luteum, keeping FSH and LH high until the placenta takes over secretion of these hormones.
C) The embryo's secretion of hCG maintains the corpus luteum, keeping estradiol and progesterone high until the placenta takes over secretion of these hormones.
D) The follicle's secretion of polar bodies maintains the fimbriae, keeping estradiol and progesterone high until the fallopian tube takes over secretion of these hormones.

Question 7

What is the very first hormone your body produced?

A) hCG
B) FSH
C) testosterone or estrogen
D) GnRH

Question 8

Which of the following describe the placenta? (Check all that apply.)

A) The bloods of the mother and the embryo come in close contact without mixing.
B) The placenta neutralizes toxins like alcohol and drugs before they reach the fetus.
C) Oxygen diffuses from the mother to the embryo.
D) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the embryo to the mother.
E) The placenta provides nourishment and hormones to the embryo.
F) The antibodies made in the embryo protect the mother from infections.

Question 9

Which developmental events are accurately placed in the following timeline? (Check all that apply.)

A) after 6 days -- implantation
B) after 1 week -- gastrulation
C) after 2 weeks -- neurulation
D) after 3 months -- organogenesis
E) 266 days -- birth

Question 10

Which tissues are correctly matched to their progenitor germ layer? (Check all that apply.)

A) ectoderm-lining of the digestive tract
B) ectoderm-epidermis
C) endoderm-lining of the respiratory tract
D) endoderm-muscles
E) mesoderm-blood vessels
F) mesoderm-gonads

Question 11

Select the correct sequence of vertebrate development beginning with fertilization.

A) fertilization $\rightarrow$ cleavage $\rightarrow$ gastrulation $\rightarrow$ neurulation $\rightarrow$ organogenesis $\rightarrow$ neural crest formation
B) fertilization $\rightarrow$ gastrulation $\rightarrow$ cleavage $\rightarrow$ neurulation $\rightarrow$ neural crest formation $\rightarrow$ organogenesis
C) fertilization $\rightarrow$ neurulation $\rightarrow$ gastrulation $\rightarrow$ organogenesis $\rightarrow$ neural crest formation $\rightarrow$ cleavage
D) fertilization $\rightarrow$ gastrulation $\rightarrow$ neurulation $\rightarrow$ neural crest formation $\rightarrow$ cleavage $\rightarrow$ organogenesis
E) fertilization $\rightarrow$ cleavage $\rightarrow$ gastrulation $\rightarrow$ neurulation (\rightarrow\) neural crest formation $\rightarrow$ organogenesis

Question 12

Which of the following are derived from mesoderm?

A) blood
B) epidermis of skin
C) heart
D) kidney
E) lining of the digestive tract
F) lining of the respiratory tract
G) muscles
H) nervous system
I) skeleton
J) somites

Question 13

In a normal mammalian birth, how does the body guarantee that birth proceeds to completion?

A) Via positive feedback -- stretching of the uterus by the descending fetus induces release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary causing even stronger uterine contractions.
B) Via negative feedback -- stretching of the uterus by the descending fetus induces release of FSH and LH from the posterior pituitary causing even stronger uterine contractions.
C) Via positive feedback -- stretching of the uterus by the descending fetus induces release of prolactin from the posterior pituitary causing even stronger uterine contractions.
D) Via negative feedback -- stretching of the uterus by the descending fetus induces release of prostaglandins from the posterior pituitary causing weaker uterine contractions.

Question 14

A cell that was capable of forming any type found in the organisms body but was not capable for forming the amniotic membrane would be __________.

A) totipotent
B) pluripotent
C) multipotent
D) unipotent

Question 15

Which researcher would be most accurately described as engaging in therapeutic cloning?

A) Judith is transferring tadpole nuclei into denucleated frog eggs in order to grow adult frogs
B) Hans is trying to make an exact version of himself
C) Ayame is working in a lab that is tryng to induce the formation of new skin cells
D) Frederick is trying to produce a mammoth from nuclei extracted from ancient frozen mammoth tissue

Question 16

Which researcher would be most accurately described as engaging in reproductive cloning?

A) Roger works in a lab that is trying to induce the formation of pancreatic cells.
B) Conseula's research is focued in generating new bone tissue from iPS cells
C) Peter is trying to clone particularly large bull
D) Shelly wants to induce cells to form new neural tissue

Question 17

What is an iPS cell?

A) A totipotent cell that is extracted from an embryo
B) A cell that has been fertilized but the nuclei from the sperm and egg have not yet fused
C) A cell that has been induced into a earlier stage thus making it pluripotent
D) An egg with 2 nuclei