Deck 22: The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750

Question 1

Where did the Renaissance first develop?

A) Italy
B) Holland
C) England
D) Spain

Answer 1

Italy

Question 2

Which of the following sequences lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence?

A) Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment
B) Absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation
C) Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment
D) Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy

Answer 2

Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate?

A) The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles.
B) The Renaissance sketched brasher spirit that may have helped create a new Western interest in exploring.
C) The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization.
D) The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy.

Answer 3

The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization.

Question 4

Which of the following was NOT a participant in the 15th century Italian Renaissance?

A) Michelangelo
B) Leonardo da Vinci
C) Niccolo Machiavelli
D) Giotto

Question 5

Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate?

A) Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.
B) Humanists attacked Christianity as rife with superstition and witchcraft.
C) Humanists carved out new literary styles without reference to classical or medieval models.
D) Humanists emphasized the corporate and communal aspects of human society.

Question 6

Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Renaissance on politics and commerce?

A) Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more capitalist.
B) Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent.
C) City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified their authority on the basis of what they could do to advance the general well -being.
D) The city-states introduced the regular exchange of ambassadors and the exercise of diplomacy.

Question 7

Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance ca. 1500?

A) Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade.
B) The creation of a single nation-state in northern Italy sapped the vitality of artistic patronage.
C) French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence.
D) Much of Italy was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

Question 8

What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances?

A) The Northern Renaissance occurred a century earlier than the Italian Renaissance.
B) Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts.
C) There were no major literary figures in the Northern Renaissance.
D) The Northern Renaissance did not make use of the classical languages typical of the Italian Renaissance.

Question 9

Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for

A) the unification of the Holy Roman Empire in 1537.
B) the construction of Wittenberg cathedral during the 15th century.
C) the defeat of the Catholic forces during the Thirty Years War.
D) the invention of movable type in the West.

Question 10

What was the European-style family pattern that emerged in the 15th century?

A) Extended families, early marriage ages
B) Nuclear families, early marriage ages
C) Extended families, late marriage ages
D) Nuclear families, late marriage ages

Question 11

What determined the age of marriage for many people in Europe?

A) The occupation of the husband
B) Access to real property
C) The approval of the church
D) Securing license to marry from the government

Question 12

By the 16th century, at what age did most Europeans marry?

A) Early teens
B) Early 20s
C) Mid 20s
D) Late 20s

Question 13

Who is generally credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation in 1517?

A) Jean Calvin
B) Henry VIII
C) Ignatius Loyola
D) Martin Luther

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther?

A) Sale of indulgence, or grants of salvation, for money was wrong
B) Only faith could gain salvation
C) Monasticism was wrong
D) Priests should practice celibacy

Question 15

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason why Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite?

A) Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany.
B) Luther?s support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman Emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism.
C) German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories.
D) Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman Emperor instead of the pope.

Question 16

Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation?

A) Luther advocated the overthrow of the authority of the German princes.
B) Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism.
C) Luther?s reforms meant that indulgences and other ecclesiastical means of salvation would become less expensive and more readily available to the poor.
D) Luther advocated redistribution of land and property throughout Germany.

Question 17

What was the church established by Henry VIII in England?

A) Lutheran
B) Calvinism
C) Jesuit
D) Anglican

Question 18

The theological foundation of Jean Calvin?s Protestantism was

A) the doctrine of penance.
B) iconodulism.
C) predestination.
D) solipsism.

Question 19

What was the political impact of Calvinism?

A) Due to the location of the center of Calvinism in Switzerland, most governments that accepted the new religion were city-states.
B) Because of the insistence of Calvinism of the acceptance of a single ecclesiastical authority, Calvinism spread rapidly among the absolute monarchies.
C) Calvinism was regarded as so potentially revolutionary that it failed to find a foothold outside of Germany.
D) Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which had the political implications of encouraging the idea of a wider access to government.

Question 20

Which of the following areas was NOT successfully defended by the Catholic Reformation?

A) The Netherlands
B) Poland
C) Southern Europe
D) Hungary

Question 21

What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation?

A) Benedictines
B) Jesuits
C) Calvinists
D) Cistercians

Question 22

The Edict of Nantes, issued in France in 1598,

A) granted tolerance to Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion.
B) established Calvinism as the state religion of France.
C) decreed the abolition of Protestantism in France.
D) declared war against the Lutheran princes of Germany.

Question 23

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Thirty Years War?

A) It reduced German prosperity and power for a full century
B) The treaty that ended the war established Spain as the principal power of western Europe
C) The treaty that ended the war granted political independence to the Protestant Netherlands
D) Some princely states in Germany chose one religion, some another

Question 24

The religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to

A) the restoration of Catholic unity.
B) the establishment of Protestant dominance.
C) a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism.
D) the end of the involvement of the state in religion.

Question 25

Which of the following states fell back from European ascendancy following the religious wars?

A) The Netherlands
B) Spain
C) Britain
D) France

Question 26

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

A) Protestants were more likely to credit miracles or divine interruptions in nature?s course.
B) Protestant churches, as physical structures, were more closely connected to market activities in the cities, encouraging the idea that religion and daily life were related.
C) Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust.
D) Religious change tended to discourage the growth of literacy in the era following the Protestant Reformation.

Question 27

Which of the following was not typical of the commercial revolution of the 16th century?

A) Substantial imports of American bullion
B) Formation of great trading companies
C) Stimulation of manufacturing
D) Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending

Question 28

The average western peasant or artisan owned about how many times more ?things? than his or her counterpart in southeastern Europe?

A) 10
B) five
C) eight
D) three

Question 29

Inflation and commercialization in the West produced a group of people without access to producing property called the

A) bourgeoisie.
B) sans culottes.
C) proletariat.
D) Proven?ales.

Question 30

Which of the following was NOT a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century?

A) A more caring attitude toward the problems of the poor
B) A more elaborate family life including greater material wealth
C) A wave of popular protest resulting in risings caused by massive dislocation
D) Greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature

Question 31

Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe?

A) Galileo
B) Copernicus
C) Vesalius
D) Francis Bacon

Question 32

William Harvey was responsible for what discovery during the Scientific Revolution?

A) Oxygen
B) The mathematical formulae for gravity
C) The mathematical calculus
D) The circular movement of blood in animals

Question 33

What was Isaac Newton?s work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a framework of natural laws?

A) Analects
B) Principia
C) Analogica Pedagogica
D) Ars Mystica

Question 34

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists?

A) While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion.
B) God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral.
C) The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction.
D) The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state.

Question 35

How did the Western view of science compare with that of other civilizations?

A) The West was the only civilization to develop scientific and technological expertise.
B) In China, science was based on practical, empirical advances.
C) The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life.
D) Islam remained vastly ahead of the West in terms of scientific knowledge, despite the clear advances made during the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Question 36

All of the following were typical of 16th century absolute monarchy EXCEPT

A) a professionalized army.
B) the cessation of parliamentary government.
C) a growing bureaucracy.
D) the destruction of provincial councils.

Question 37

The monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was

A) Charles I of England.
B) Frederick William of Prussia.
C) William of Orange of the Netherlands.
D) Louis XIV of France.

Question 38

Which country did Louis XIV rule?

A) Spain
B) France
C) England
D) Belgium

Question 39

Where was the basic structure of absolute monarchy developed outside of France?

A) The Netherlands
B) Britain
C) Italy
D) Prussia

Question 40

Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime?

A) France
B) Britain
C) Spain
D) Austria-Hungary

Question 41

What monarch is associated with the establishment of enlightened despotism in Prussia in the middle of the 18th century?

A) Joseph II
B) Maria Teresa
C) William III
D) Frederick the Great

Question 42

The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the 18th century called the

A) Renaissance.
B) Enlightenment.
C) Great Awakening.
D) Risorgimento.

Question 43

Adam Smith?s economic theory advocated

A) government intervention in order to control the flow of bullion through extensive tariff systems.
B) the use of a controlled money supply as a means of limiting inflation.
C) that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces.
D) the institution of state-controlled guilds to fix standards of production and wages.

Question 44

Which of the following was NOT a basic principle of the Enlightenment?

A) Society?s goals should center on improvements in material and social life.
B) Religions that relied on faith or refused to tolerate diversity were wrong.
C) If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable.
D) Human beings are naturally good and can be educated to be better.

Question 45

Which of the following changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the Enlightenment?

A) Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children.
B) Physical discipline of children to encourage their development became more common.
C) Swaddling of infants continued as a means of protecting infants from injury.
D) Childhood was no longer perceived as a stage for learning and growth.

Question 46

How did agriculture change in the late 17th century?

A) Western Europe continued to rely largely on the methods and techniques characteristic of the Middle Ages.
B) Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas and rapidly became a major food source in western Europe.
C) The practice of fallowing was introduced to restore fertility of fields.
D) New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity.

Question 47

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later 18th century?

A) The factory system was well established since the commercial revolution of the 16th century and continued to develop during this period.
B) By the 18th century the economic growth typical of the 16th century had halted, and manufacturing suffered from the withdrawal of capital.
C) The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture.
D) The lack of new technology caused a bottleneck in the manufacturing processes and led to stagnation in European productivity.

Question 48

Which of the following statements concerning mid-18th century Western society is most accurate?

A) Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West.
B) Radical changes in the nature of government resulted in the creation of essentially new political forms.
C) As a result of the Enlightenment, established churches no longer were forces to be reckoned with in Western society.
D) The spread of domestic manufacturing destroyed the traditional habits and family patterns of earlier Europe.

Question 49

By 1750, the strands of commercial, cultural, and political change had been combined to create

A) an unstable political environment that would eventually regress backwards.
B) proof of the innate superiority of Western civilization.
C) rapid adaptation not found in other civilizations.
D) an unusual version of an agricultural civilization.

Question 50

In 1733, James Kay of England introduced

A) double-entry bookkeeping to Western Europe.
B) the flying shuttle to automate weaving.
C) the steam engine.
D) the potato to European agriculture.

Question 51

In what ways was Western Europe in 1750 different from the medieval West?

Question 52

Compare and contrast the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution.

Question 53

In what ways did the commercial revolution of the 16th century change the social structure of the West?

Question 54

How was the absolute monarchy of the 17th century different from the political forms of the Middle Ages?

Question 55

How did the Enlightenment effect changes in popular outlook?