Deck 19: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

Question 1

What was the attitude of the Mongols to the religions they encountered?

A) They despised Islam but converted to Christianity.
B) They banned all religions.
C) They tolerated most religions.
D) They merged Hinduism and Islam to create a new state religion.

Answer 1

They tolerated most religions.

Question 2

In most ways, the Mongols epitomized what type of society and culture?

A) Nomadic
B) Sedentary agricultural
C) Hunting and gathering
D) Urban

Answer 2

Nomadic

Question 3

The Mongol herds consisted primarily of

A) sheep and goats.
B) camels.
C) cattle.
D) horses.

Answer 3

sheep and goats.

Question 4

What was the basic unit of Mongol society?

A) The nuclear family
B) The tribe
C) The guild
D) The city-state

Question 5

Which of the following statements concerning leadership in Mongol society is most correct?

A) The Mongols recognized two royal families, and all leaders were the oldest males of the lineages.
B) Mongols often recognized the leadership of females who traced their descent from female deities.
C) Mongol leadership was based on patrilineal descent from the Kuriltai tribe.
D) Leaders were elected by free males.

Question 6

In the early 12th century, the Qin kingdom of northern China was defeated by a Mongol confederation under the leadership of Chinggis Khan?s great grandfather,

A) Ogedei.
B) Kabul Khan.
C) Muhammad II Shah.
D) Batu.

Question 7

Which of the following statements concerning Chinggis Khan?s early life is most accurate?

A) He succeeded to the kingship of the Mongols at an early age as the only heir of his grandfather.
B) Following the death of his father, he immediately enjoyed military success over rival clans.
C) Following his father?s death, he was abandoned by many followers and captured by a rival tribe.
D) He fled following his father?s death to the Chinese, who provided him with military support.

Question 8

Chinggis Khan was elected khagan (supreme ruler) of the Mongol tribes in what year?

A) 1154
B) 1189
C) 1206
D) 1312

Question 9

The Mongol military forces were

A) composed of a mixture of infantry and cavalry.
B) entirely cavalry.
C) entirely infantry.
D) technologically inferior to most of their opponents.

Question 10

Mongol armies were divided into units called

A) kuriltai.
B) tobruk.
C) karakorum.
D) tumens.

Question 11

Which of the following weapons was NOT part of the arsenal of the Mongol army under Chinggis Khan?

A) Bows and arrows
B) Chain mail
C) Bronze cannon
D) Iron maces

Question 12

Chinggis Khan?s first campaigns were directed against

A) Russia.
B) Baghdad and the Islamic heartland.
C) India.
D) the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia and the Qin kingdom of northern China.

Question 13

In 1219 Chinggis Khan directed his troop against the Islamic territory of

A) Khwarazm.
B) Kubilai.
C) Karakorum.
D) Samarkand.

Question 14

What tactic on the field of battle was employed most frequently by Chinggis Khan?s forces?

A) Frontal assault by massed cavalry
B) Massed artillery barrage followed by infantry attacks on the flanks
C) Trench warfare
D) Pretended flight to draw the enemy out followed by heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks

Question 15

Where was the capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan?

A) Samarkand
B) Karakorum
C) Tatu
D) Khwarazm

Question 16

When did Chinggis Khan die?

A) 1027
B) 1127
C) 1227
D) 1327

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT one of the positive aspects of Chinggis Khan?s imperial rule?

A) He promulgated a legal code to end divisions and quarrels among the Mongol clans.
B) He brought peace to much of Asia.
C) He promoted the growth of trade and commerce.
D) He ordered the creation of huge pastures in northern China for the use of the Mongol clans.

Question 18

Following the death of Chinggis Khan, who succeeded him as khagan of the Mongols?

A) Kubilai
B) Batu
C) Berke
D) Ogedei

Question 19

Following Chinggis Khan?s death, what was the provision for the administration of the empire?

A) It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons.
B) It was centralized with a Mongol bureaucracy located at the Chinese capital of Tatu.
C) The empire immediately fragmented into its constituent tribes and clans.
D) It passed as a single government with its capital at Karakorum to Chinggis Khan?s oldest son.

Question 20

Which of the khanates undertook the task of conquering Russia?

A) The Ilkhan khanate
B) The Karakorum khanate
C) The Chinese khanate
D) The Golden Horde

Question 21

Which of the khanates undertook the invasion of the Muslim heartland?

A) The Ilkhan khanate
B) The Karakorum khanate
C) The Chinese khanate
D) The Golden Horde

Question 22

What was the political organization of Russia at the time of the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century?

A) Russia was united under the rule of Kiev.
B) Russia was united under the rule of the prince of Novgorod.
C) Russia was united under the rule of the prince of Moscovy.
D) Russia was divided into numerous petty kingdoms centered on trading cities.

Question 23

What was the nature of the Russian resistance to the Mongol invasion?

A) The Russian cities allied rapidly to confront the Mongols with a united force.
B) As the leading commercial centers of Russia, Kiev and Novgorod allied to create a substantial military force that saved those cities from destruction.
C) The Russians appealed to the Byzantine Empire to provide them with military assistance against the Mongols.
D) The princes of Russia refused to cooperate and were routed individually.

Question 24

What was the social impact of the Mongol conquest on Russia?

A) The Russian nobility was exterminated giving rise to a society largely composed of free peasants.
B) Due to the crushing burden of tribute paid to Mongols and princes, the Russian peasantry was reduced to serfdom.
C) The cessation of trade destroyed the commercial and artisan classes of Russia.
D) Russian women were elevated to new levels of social prominence.

Question 25

What Russian city profited most from the Mongol invasion?

A) Novgorod
B) Kiev
C) Moscow
D) Petrograd

Question 26

What accounts for the growing political dominance of Moscow under Mongol rule?

A) Moscow was the only Russian city that was not destroyed during the invasion.
B) As the city located farthest south in Russia, Moscow was better able to benefit from renewed trade under the Mongols.
C) Moscow became the capital of the Golden Horde.
D) The princes of Moscow collected tribute for the Mongol khans and became the seat of the Metropolitan of the Orthodox Church.

Question 27

The prince of Muscovy in alliance with other Russian princes, defeated the Golden Horde in 1380 at the battle of

A) Bratislava.
B) Cracow.
C) Kulikova.
D) Ain Jalut.

Question 28

What was the most significant impact of the period of the Mongol rule on Russia?

A) The period of Mongol rule reinforced the isolation of Russia from western Europe and the developments of the Renaissance and Reformation.
B) The Mongols aided the Russians in gaining political dominance over the peoples of the Asiatic steppes.
C) The period of Mongol rule introduced many Islamic people into the region of Russia.
D) The Mongol domination resulted in the destruction of Eastern Orthodoxy and the rise of Nestorian Christianity.

Question 29

Why did the Mongols not pursue the conquest of western Europe?

A) They were defeated at the battle of Bratislava by King Bela of Hungary and allied knights of eastern Europe.
B) Attacks by Timur-i Lang on the southern limits of the territories belonging to the Golden Horde interrupted the Mongol assault.
C) The death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession involving the khan of the Golden Horde.
D) The Mongols had no interest in western Europe.

Question 30

The ruler of the Ikhan horde was

A) Berke.
B) Kubilai.
C) Batu.
D) Hulegu.

Question 31

In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic heartland?

A) The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of Islamic civilization.
B) The successful assault on the east African city-states weakened the international trading system of Islam.
C) Shi?ism was eliminated as a major factor within Islam.
D) Much of the population of the Islamic heartland was converted to the animism common among the Mongolian nomads.

Question 32

The Mongols were defeated in 1260 at Ain Jalut by the

A) crusader states and their Assassin allies.
B) Mamluk dynasty of Egypt.
C) Ottoman Turks.
D) forces of the Byzantine Empire.

Question 33

In addition to the Mamluk power in Egypt, why did the khan of the Ilkhan horde not follow up on the conquest of the Islamic heartland?

A) The forces of the Christian crusader states were likely to bring the powerful armies of western Europe into the struggle against the Mongols.
B) The khan died, leaving a minor as the ruler of the Ilkhan horde.
C) The successor of Batu as ruler of the Golden Horde, Berke, had converted to Islam and was a potential ally of the Mameluks.
D) The Ilkhan horde dissipated into rival clan groups following their defeat at the hands of the Mameluks.

Question 34

Many in western Europe believed that the Mongol khan was

A) Prester Bob.
B) Prester John.
C) Jesus Christ.
D) Muhammad.

Question 35

The Mongol commander in the 13th-century campaigns against the Song was Chinggis Khan?s grandson,

A) Ogedei.
B) Kubilai Khan.
C) Batu.
D) Berke.

Question 36

Which of the following statements concerning the Mongol conquest of Song China is most accurate?

A) The Mongols were unable to establish political control over the Song dynasty.
B) Song China, because of its relative weakness, capitulated within two years after the initiation of the Mongol conquest.
C) The campaigns against the Song were interrupted by power struggles among the Mongols, but took slightly more than five years.
D) Song China proved one of the toughest areas for the Mongols to conquer, taking from 1235 to 1279 to subdue.

Question 37

In 1271, Kubilai Khan changed the name of the Mongol dynasty in China to

A) Qin.
B) Chin.
C) Yuan.
D) Ming.

Question 38

Which of the following statements concerning the Yuan social order is most accurate?

A) Beneath the Mongols in the Yuan social system were the ethnic Chinese.
B) Below the Mongols were Japanese artisans in the Yuan social scheme.
C) Muslims and central Asian allies ranked right below the Mongols but above the Chinese.
D) The Mongols ranked all other ethnic groups in a single cohort of subordinates.

Question 39

Which of the following was NOT a method employed by Kubilai Khan to maintain the separation of Mongols and Chinese?

A) Chinese were forbidden to serve at any level of the Mongol administration.
B) Chinese scholars were forbidden to learn the Mongol script.
C) Mongols were forbidden to marry ethnic Chinese.
D) Only women from nomadic families were selected for the imperial harem.

Question 40

Which of the following was a major change in the administration of China under the Mongols?

A) The central bureaucracy was dismissed and the Mongol dynasty ruled with a military elite.
B) The Mongols discontinued the use of the examination system to keep the scholar-gentry from gaining too much power.
C) The Mongols divided all of China into four great khanates under separate and independent rulers.
D) Confucianism was suppressed and Daoism became the state religion of China.

Question 41

What was the status of Mongolian women during the Yuan dynasty of China?

A) Mongolian women lost status as they fell under the social apparatus of the Confucian ideology.
B) Mongolian women suffered social and political isolation as Mongol men adopted the preference for women who had undergone footbinding.
C) Mongol women were increasingly prevented from participating in hunting and martial activities, although they retained some influence in the household.
D) Mongol women remained relatively independent, refused to adopt the practice of footbinding, and retained their rights in property.

Question 42

What was the Yuan policy with respect to religion during the Mongol occupation of China?

A) Like the Chinese dynasties, over time the Yuan adopted Confucianism as the primary ideology of the state.
B) Because it was closer to the animism practiced by the Mongols on the steppes, the Yuan adopted Daoism as the state religion.
C) Despite their desire to remain separate, the Yuan emperors were converted to Buddhism under the influence of Chabi, Kubilai Khan?s wife.
D) The Yuan, like their ancestors, insisted on religious toleration.

Question 43

What two social groups that suffered low status under the Confucian social system benefited most from the Yuan administration?

A) Peasants and aristocracy
B) Scholar-gentry and aristocracy
C) Merchants and artisans
D) Military elite and scholar-gentry

Question 44

What caused a decline in the military reputation of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China?

A) The failure of expeditions against the Japanese
B) The demolition of the Great Wall
C) The defeat of the Yuan at the hands of the Golden Horde
D) The invasion of northern China by the Korean Koryo dynasty

Question 45

The founder of the Ming dynasty, Ju Yuanzhang, came from what social class in China?

A) Aristocracy
B) Scholar-gentry
C) Merchants
D) Peasantry

Question 46

Who was the Turkic nomadic leader who began a period of conquest beginning in the 1360s?

A) Muhamman Shah
B) Ibn Pasha
C) Timur-i Lang
D) Ibn Khaldun

Question 47

Which of the following areas was not exposed to the Turkic expansion of the 1360s?

A) Persia
B) China
C) India
D) Southern Russia

Question 48

What was the common name for the plague that the Mongol armies unknowingly spread?

A) The Black Death
B) The White Death
C) The Nomadic Death
D) The Mongol Death

Question 49

Why did sedentary civilizations progressively dominate nomadic societies after the 15th century?

Question 50

Define the territorial extent of the Mongol Empire at its largest. How did this affect inter-cultural exchange?

Question 51

In what way was the political impact of the Mongol conquests of Russia and the Islamic heartland similar?

Question 52

In what ways did the Mongol dynasty of China (the Yuan) attempt to alter the traditional Chinese social structure?

Question 53

What can be said to have been the positive aspects of the Mongol conquests?