Deck 12: Lifespan Development

Question 1

The phase of the life-span characterized by the most rapid growth in development of the nervous system and the body is the __________ phase.

A) childhood
B) adolescent
C) prenatal
D) adulthood
E) infancy

Answer 1

prenatal

Question 2

The phase of the life-span that is characterized by an increasing ability to think logically and reason abstractly is the __________ phase.

A) childhood
B) adolescent
C) preadult
D) adulthood
E) infancy

Answer 2

childhood

Question 3

The method of research used in developmental psychology in which individuals of the same age are compared at the same time is termed __________ research.

A) longitudinal
B) epigenetic
C) correlational
D) experimental
E) cross-sectional

Answer 3

cross-sectional

Question 4

The method of research used in developmental psychology in which observations of the same group of individuals are compared at different times during their lives is termed __________ research.

A) longitudinal
B) epigenetic
C) correlational
D) experimental
E) cross-sectional

Question 5

If we took a group of university students and measured their intelligence every 10 years from aged 20 to 60 year, the method of study would be __________.

A) longitudinal
B) epigenetic
C) correlational
D) experimental
E) cross-sectional

Question 6

A developmental researcher investigates the effect of age on reaction time, using a sample consisting of twenty-five individuals from each of the following age groups: 20-, 30-, 40-, 50- and 60-year-olds. Over a one week period, he measures their speed in responding to the appearance of an image. The researcher is using the __________ method.

A) longitudinal
B) epigenetic
C) correlational
D) experimental
E) cross-sectional

Question 7

The two major factors that determine development during the prenatal period according to the text are

A) the impact of androgens and teratogens.
B) genetic contribution from ovum and sperm, and epigenetic modification.
C) maternal nourishment and maternal diseases.
D) X chromosome inactivation and Y chromosome stimulation.
E) genetic contribution from ovum and sperm, and the presence of androgens.

Question 8

X-chromosome inactivation is a form of

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) birth defect.
C) epigenetic modification.
D) teratogen.
E) growth deficit.

Question 9

The internal organs of the fetus begin to form during the __________ stage of prenatal development.

A) ovulatory
B) zygote
C) embryonic
D) fetal
E) pregnancy

Question 10

Prenatal development begins at

A) conception.
B) birth.
C) about 1 months after birth.
D) about 6 months after birth.
E) about 10 months after birth.

Question 11

The stage of prenatal development during which the fetus is most susceptible to teratogens is the __________ stage.

A) ovulatory
B) zygote
C) embryonic
D) fetal
E) pregnancy

Question 12

Drugs or other substances that can cause birth defects are known as

A) toxins.
B) carcinogens.
C) tricyclics.
D) teratogens.
E) pregnancy.

Question 13

The heart of the human fetus begins to beat __________ conception.

A) at
B) within 24 hours after
C) within a week after
D) within a month after
E) within 6 months after

Question 14

During prenatal development, the testes of the male fetus begin secreting a class of hormones called

A) androgens.
B) estrogens.
C) progesterones.
D) follicle-stimulating hormones.
E) teratogens.

Question 15

In the absence of __________ the fetus becomes a female.

A) teratogens
B) androgens
C) estrogens
D) norepinephrine
E) progesterones

Question 16

At what month of prenatal development does a fetus have the best chance of surviving a premature birth?

A) month 3
B) month 4
C) month 5
D) month 6
E) month 7

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of prenatal development?

A) ovulatory
B) zygotic
C) embryonic
D) fetal
E) All of the above are stages of prenatal development.

Question 18

Cocaine use during pregnancy increases the risk of __________ in the newborn child.

A) cleft palate
B) smaller than normal head circumference
C) bone irregularities
D) tooth discolouration
E) lowered arousal levels

Question 19

One of the negative side effects of a woman smoking during her pregnancy is that the fetus may be

A) born with a cleft palate.
B) born severely mentally retarded.
C) born with a limited respiration capacity.
D) aborted or born prematurely.
E) born with a limited circulatory capacity.

Question 20

All of the following are possible negative effects on the newborn of a woman smoking during pregnancy EXCEPT

A) low birth weight.
B) premature birth.
C) lowered arousal levels.
D) cleft palate.
E) smaller head circumference.

Question 21

Sanchez-Pena and colleagues (2004) found chromosome structure damage in the sperm of Mexican agricultural workers who had been exposed to

A) cigarette smoking.
B) pesticides.
C) alcohol consumption.
D) cocaine use.
E) malnutrition.

Question 22

Any relatively stable change in thought, behaviour, or physical growth that is due to the aging process, but not to experience, is referred to as

A) development.
B) maturation.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.
E) nurturance.

Question 23

The two key factors in the development of motor skills are

A) environmental stimulation and diet.
B) a responsive environment and proper physical growth.
C) maturation of the nervous system and practice.
D) diet and a responsive environment.
E) diet and proper physical growth.

Question 24

The __________ response is a reflex that is caused by lightly touching a baby's cheek.

A) cuddling
B) cooing
C) sucking
D) rooting
E) swallowing

Question 25

Which of the following sensory/perceptual abilities is NOT present at birth?

A) the ability to hear sounds
B) the ability to feel touch
C) the sense of balance
D) the ability to distinguish shapes
E) the ability to see light

Question 26

If shown a figure, a newborn will tend to scan the __________ of the figure while a 2-month-old baby will tend to scan the __________ of the figure.

A) top; bottom and sides
B) edges; interior
C) bottom; top and sides
D) interior; edges
E) top and sides; edges

Question 27

At what age do babies show clear indications of being able to recognize patterns?

A) 1 month
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 10 months
E) 12 months

Question 28

A 3-month-old baby shows preferences for viewing stimuli that resemble his or her

A) face.
B) mother's face.
C) doctor's face.
D) father's face.
E) all of the above

Question 29

The fact that most babies who can crawl will not venture over the "cliff"in a visual cliff suggests that infants can

A) see.
B) perceive depth.
C) sense danger and experience fear.
D) engage in purposive behaviour that benefits both motor and perceptual development.
E) all of the above

Question 30

A specific time during development in which a certain experience must occur in order for the organism to develop normally is called a __________ period.

A) necessary
B) sensitive
C) key
D) critical
E) developmental

Question 31

One ability whose development is subject to a critical period is

A) scanning.
B) visual cliff.
C) swallowing.
D) detecting odours.
E) stereopsis.

Question 32

One of the initial steps in cognitive development is learning that

A) one has the ability to solve simple problems.
B) events in the world are based on logic.
C) behaviour can effect the environment.
D) the home is a safe, supportive environment.
E) sensory experiences are randomly occurring events.

Question 33

A period of time during which certain experiences have more of an effect on development than they would have if they occurred at another time is termed a(n)

A) sensitive period.
B) critical period.
C) necessary period.
D) prenatal period.
E) developmental period.

Question 34

Watson and Ramey's study in which infants were able to move a mobile when they turned their heads, demonstrated the importance of __________ in cognitive development.

A) parental interaction
B) education
C) social interaction
D) contingent control
E) accommodation

Question 35

Children who are raised in unresponsive, unstimulating environments may show retarded __________ development.

A) language
B) motor
C) cognitive
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 36

According to Piaget an important aspect of development is whether a child is able to use particular __________: That is, logical rules that transform objects or concepts.

A) assimilations
B) adjustments
C) accommodations
D) schemata
E) operations

Question 37

Piaget studied cognitive development mainly by

A) conducting longitudinal research studies.
B) borrowing concepts from psychoanalysis.
C) observing children as they solved problems.
D) observing the interactions between children and their caregivers.
E) observing the behaviour of his siblings.

Question 38

According to Piaget, a __________ is a mental representation that is first described in terms of objects and actions, then later becomes the basis for concepts.

A) concept
B) schema
C) cognition
D) hypothesis
E) script

Question 39

Jay looked up in the sky and saw a plane. He then said, "Look at that bird!"This is an example of

A) schematic knowledge.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) concept formation.
E) adaptation.

Question 40

Assimilation is to __________ as accommodation is to __________.

A) concrete; formal
B) sensorimotor; preoperational
C) incorporation; modification
D) conservation; object permanence
E) preoperational; sensorimotor

Question 41

The process by which schemata are changed by experience is called

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) adaptation.
D) adjustment.
E) concept formation.

Question 42

Through accommodation, infants

A) compensate for their lack of experience in communicating their needs to others.
B) modify existing schemata to fit new information.
C) transform new knowledge to fit existing schemata.
D) apply existing information to new information.
E) learn that objects do not disappear even though they are out of sight.

Question 43

One day Shaun realized that a horse was not really a "big doggie"but an animal called a "horse."This is an example of

A) schematic knowledge.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) concept formation.
E) adaptation.

Question 44

Children begin to think symbolically by the end of which stage of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
E) cognitive

Question 45

At key points in a child's life their schemata are radically reorganized in a process termed __________ by Piaget.

A) equilibration
B) accommodation
C) assimilation
D) operation
E) incorporation

Question 46

The process of __________ in Piaget's theory radically reorganizes a child's schemata and provides the key points that divide cognitive development into four periods.

A) incorporation
B) accommodation
C) assimilation
D) operation
E) equilibration

Question 47

The idea that things do not disappear when they are moved out of sight is called

A) accommodation.
B) egocentrism.
C) concrete operational thinking.
D) object permanence.
E) assimilation.

Question 48

The idea that things have substance and are external to ourselves is called

A) object stability.
B) externalism.
C) symbolic reasoning.
D) object permanence.
E) assimilation.

Question 49

If an object is completely hidden from view after a 12-16-month-old infant has observed it, the infant will

A) lose interest in the object.
B) continue to stare at the spot at which the object disappeared.
C) begin crying and screaming.
D) search for the object in the last place that he or she saw it hidden.
E) retrieve a similar object to play with.

Question 50

The sensorimotor period is to __________ as the concrete operational period is to __________.

A) egocentrism; object permanence
B) conservation; object permanence
C) object permanence; egocentrism
D) object permanence; conservation
E) conservation; categorization

Question 51

The __________ period of cognitive development is marked by rapid development of language usage and of the ability to represent objects symbolically.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
E) cognitive

Question 52

Sammi is just learning how to count and use numbers. Sammi is most likely to be in which of the following stages of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
E) cognitive

Question 53

Children who are in the early phases of the preoperational stage cannot master which of the following?

A) object permanence
B) conservation
C) deferred imitation
D) very simple symbolic reasoning
E) simple language development

Question 54

Connie pours the same amount of apple juice into two glasses. However, one of the glasses is taller and skinnier than the other. Kyle and Cale both want the taller glass because they think it contains more juice. Apparently, Cale and Kyle are still in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A) early preoperational
B) late preoperational
C) early concrete operational
D) late concrete operational
E) early formal operational

Question 55

The ability to understand specific properties of objects despite changes in their physical appearance is called

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) egocentrism.
D) conservation.
E) object permanence.

Question 56

Connie pours the same amount of apple juice into two glasses. However, one of the glasses is taller and skinnier than the other. Kyle and Cale both want the taller glass because they think it contains more juice. Apparently, neither Cale nor Kyle

A) can reason symbolically.
B) understands the concept of object permanence.
C) is developing an ability for deferred imitation.
D) has yet mastered the principle of conservation.
E) is able to use the cognitive structures of accommodation.

Question 57

The preoperational child's self-centred focus is called

A) egocentrism.
B) conservation.
C) selfishness.
D) immaturity.
E) narcissism.

Question 58

Your 3-year-old niece is playing hide-and-seek with you. When it is her turn to hide, she goes into the corner, turns her back on you and closes her eyes, believing that now you cannot see her. She is demonstrating __________, typical of children in the __________ stage.

A) object permanence; sensorimotor
B) conservation; preoperational
C) egocentrism; preoperational
D) hypothetical thinking; formal operational
E) abstract thinking; concrete operational

Question 59

The end of the __________ period of cognitive development coincides with the beginning of adolescence.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
E) conservation

Question 60

A child who is in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development can do all of the following EXCEPT

A) conserve number.
B) reason symbolically.
C) conserve volume.
D) reason hypothetically.
E) understand categorization.

Question 61

Children are NOT capable of thinking hypothetically during all of the following periods of cognitive development EXCEPT the __________ period.

A) formal operational
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
E) post-operational

Question 62

Kelly, who is sighted, is asked "What do you think it would be like to be blind?"She has no difficulty imagining the greater difficulty she might have moving around in her house or neighbourhood. Kelly is in which period of Piaget's theory.

A) concrete operational
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
E) post-operational

Question 63

Formal school seems necessary for the development of __________ which occurs only during the __________ period of cognitive development.

A) empathy; concrete operational
B) hypothetical reasoning; formal operational
C) symbolic reasoning; preoperational
D) deferred imitation; preoperational
E) language; preoperational

Question 64

Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been criticized on the grounds that it

A) lacks clear operational definitions of important terms.
B) underestimates the child's capacity for seeing the world from another's point of view.
C) underestimates the child's capacity for conservation.
D) is not supported by research with proper experimental controls.
E) all of the above

Question 65

Although Piaget's theory has proven to be a useful one, it has been most criticized on the grounds that

A) not all formal operational adolescents can reason abstractly.
B) it overlooks Case's work on information processing in children.
C) it underestimates the intellectual sophistication of children and adolescents.
D) concrete operational children can actually master object permanence.
E) the stages of cognitive development were not clearly outlined.

Question 66

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development stresses the importance of __________ in cognitive development.

A) information processing
B) cultural variables
C) brain maturation
D) the expansion of a child's mental space
E) genetics

Question 67

According to Vygotsky, a cultural variable of paramount importance to a child's cognitive development is

A) attachment.
B) geographic location.
C) language.
D) parenting style.
E) the presence of the father.

Question 68

A child talking to herself as she draws a picture would be interpreted by Piaget as a sign of __________ but by Vygotsky as a sign of __________.

A) abstract thinking; inner speech
B) concrete thinking; cultural influence
C) egocentrism; her cognitive developmental process
D) an inability to conserve; failure to produce inner speech
E) egocentrism; information processing

Question 69

Vygotsky used the term __________ to represent the internalization and mental manipulation of words used by children after about age 7.

A) inner speech
B) egocentrism
C) maturational language
D) language abstraction
E) symbolic reasoning

Question 70

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory he distinguished between the __________ developmental level a child has reached and the child's potential if given guided help, termed the __________.

A) symbolic; zone of concrete development
B) actual; zone of proximal development
C) symbolic; zone of formal development
D) actual; zone of guided development
E) symbolic; zone of proximal development

Question 71

In Vygotsky's developmental theory the stage of cognitive development reached by a child, as demonstrated by unassisted problem solving, is termed the __________ developmental level.

A) symbolic
B) operational
C) actual
D) proximal
E) potential

Question 72

In Vygotsky's developmental theory the increased cognitive potential that a child would have if expert help were provided is termed the zone of __________ development.

A) symbolic
B) operational
C) actual
D) proximal
E) potential

Question 73

A key element in Case's information-processing theory of cognitive development is

A) language development.
B) optimal level of skill performance.
C) the capacity of M-space.
D) sociocultural influences
E) attachment.

Question 74

Rovee-Collier (1999) demonstrated that infants of 18 months had a maximum duration of memory for a toy train of

A) one month.
B) 6 months.
C) 9 months.
D) 11 months.
E) 13 months.

Question 75

The response of __________ was used by Baillargeon and colleagues to measure "violation-of-expectation"in infants.

A) dishabituation of looking
B) sucking frequency
C) habituation of looking
D) anger
E) laughter

Question 76

Baillargeon's work on violation-of-expectation challenged Piaget's assertion of the age at which __________ is developed.

A) conservation
B) M-space
C) object permanence
D) symbolic thinking
E) egocentrism

Question 77

Three-year-olds have a limited __________ in that they do not understand that other people can have experiences and understanding of events that differs from their own.

A) egocentrism
B) theory of mind
C) naive conceptualization
D) symbolic logic
E) conservation

Question 78

A person's expectations about how experience affects the mental states and beliefs of other people is termed

A) egocentrism.
B) theory of mind.
C) naive conceptualization.
D) symbolic logic.
E) conservation.

Question 79

A social and emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver, that spans both time and space is called

A) attachment.
B) love.
C) bonding.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 80

Which theorist argued that attachment is present in many species and is part of their native endowment?

A) Piaget
B) Ainsworth
C) Bowlby
D) Kohlberg
E) Harlow