Deck 11: Intelligence and Thinking

Question 1

__________ is the term used to refer to a person's ability to learn, remember information, to recognize concepts and their relations and to apply this information in adaptive ways.

A) Intellect
B) Creativity
C) Intelligence
D) Pragmatism
E) Deduction

Answer 1

Intelligence

Question 2

The __________ approach attempts to devise tests that identify and measure individual differences in people's knowledge and abilities to solve problems.

A) differential
B) developmental
C) information-processing
D) empirical
E) analytical

Answer 2

differential

Question 3

The __________ approach attempts to understand intelligence by studying the kinds of skills people use to think and solve problems.

A) differential
B) developmental
C) information-processing
D) empirical
E) analytical

Answer 3

information-processing

Question 4

The __________ approach attempts to study the way that infants and children learn to perceive, manipulate and think about the world.

A) differential
B) developmental
C) information-processing
D) empirical
E) analytical

Question 5

If educators devise a test to distinguish different levels of student performance and ability, they are taking the __________ approach to intelligence.

A) information-processing
B) developmental
C) analytical
D) empirical
E) differential

Question 6

The differential approach is to __________ as the developmental approach is to __________.

A) cognition; testing
B) children; cognition
C) testing; children
D) cognition; children
E) testing; cognition

Question 7

Most colleges require applicants to submit their scores on standardized tests that assess intellectual abilities. Which approach to the study of intelligence would be in the MOST agreement with using such tests as requirements for admission?

A) differential
B) developmental
C) information-processing
D) empirical
E) analytical

Question 8

Spearman proposed that intelligence is determined by __________ factors.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5
E) 6

Question 9

Spearman described the g factor as being made up of

A) qualitative principles of cognition.
B) specific primary components.
C) eduction of experience.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 10

To solve the analogy "hockey:puck::curling: ", a subject must use which of the following qualitative principles of cognition?

A) eduction of correlates
B) eduction of relations
C) apprehension of experience
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 11

"Eduction of correlates"refers to people's ability to

A) perceive and understand reality.
B) apply a rule inferred from one case to a similar case.
C) perceive the relation among similar variables.
D) deduce a specific conclusion from a general set of premises.
E) none of the above

Question 12

A statistical procedure for identifying common factors among a group of tests is called

A) the Q-sort test.
B) the NEO-PI.
C) analysis of variance.
D) factor analysis.
E) component analysis.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive principles that are involved in Spearman's g factor?

A) eduction of reasoning
B) eduction of relations
C) eduction of correlates
D) apprehension of experience
E) none of the above

Question 14

Spearman's theory of intelligence proposed that

A) a person's performance on an intelligence test is determined by two factors.
B) intelligence is made up of independent abilities; thus performance is always determined by the nature of the task.
C) how well you perform on any given task is largely determined by your specific abilities.
D) performance on a given task can be attributed solely to a general intelligence factor.
E) a person's performance on an intelligence test is determined by five factors.

Question 15

In Spearman's 2-Factor theory the ability to see the relationship between two items is eduction of __________.

A) experience
B) relations
C) correlates
D) apprehension
E) comprehension

Question 16

In Spearman's 2-Factor theory the ability to perceive and understand what happens to you is

A) eduction of reasoning.
B) eduction of relationships.
C) eduction of correlates.
D) apprehension of experience.
E) comprehension of events.

Question 17

__________ is a statistical test that is used to identify common factors among groups of tests.

A) Factor analysis
B) The CAT
C) Analysis of variance
D) The Wechsler test
E) Component analysis

Question 18

Factor loadings

A) are found primarily in the Wechsler tests.
B) were first developed by Thurstone and Cattell.
C) are the result of complex statistical tests of inference and homogeneity.
D) express the degree to which a particular test is related to a particular factor.
E) are found primarily in the TAT test.

Question 19

A shortcoming of factor analysis is that it

A) does not provide objective and consistent names for factors.
B) is only as meaningful as the tests on which it is performed.
C) does not take into account the many definitions that could exist for intelligence.
D) involves a degree of subjectivity in interpretation of factors.
E) all of the above

Question 20

Thurstone argued that intelligence involved __________ factors.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 7
E) 10

Question 21

Fluid intelligence is to __________ as crystallized intelligence is to __________.

A) potential; accomplishment
B) experience; capacity
C) achievement; experience
D) learning; genetic inheritance
E) accomplishment; experience

Question 22

Cattell conceptualized __________ intelligence as a person's endowed capacity for intellectual performance.

A) componential
B) crystallized
C) eductive
D) fluid
E) general

Question 23

Tests that load heavily on crystallized intelligence do NOT include tests involving

A) use of language.
B) word analogies.
C) general information.
D) memory span.
E) none of the above.

Question 24

Information that people acquire through learning and experience is called __________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) eductive
D) general
E) componential

Question 25

The extent to which a person possesses crystallized intelligence depends on his or her

A) experiences.
B) level of fluid intelligence.
C) intellectual environment.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 26

Analytic, creative, and practical intelligence contribute to what Sternberg termed

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) factorial intelligence.
D) g factor.
E) successful intelligence.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of analytic intelligence as described by Sternberg?

A) adaptation component
B) knowledge acquisition component
C) performance component
D) metacomponent
E) all of the above

Question 28

According to Sternberg, the ability to deal effectively with new situations and to solve problems automatically is called __________ intelligence.

A) contextual
B) componential
C) performance
D) creative
E) adaptive

Question 29

According to Sternberg, the novel tasks component of creative intelligence is similar to __________ whereas the automated tasks component is similar to __________.

A) shaping; selection
B) s-factor; g-factor
C) formal reasoning; general reasoning
D) linguistic intelligence; logical-mathematical intelligence
E) fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence

Question 30

The decision to spend a large or small amount of time reading a passage as a function of the level of information you need from it, is controlled by the __________ component of __________ intelligence in Sternberg's theory.

A) metacomponent; analytic
B) selection; practical
C) novel task; analytic
D) performance; practical
E) shaping; creative

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a form that is assumed by practical intelligence?

A) adaptation
B) fitness
C) selection
D) shaping
E) none of the above

Question 32

The kind of intelligence that reflects the behaviours of our species that have been subject to natural selection is called __________ intelligence.

A) experiential
B) crystallized
C) componential
D) practical
E) creative

Question 33

Sternberg would likely describe the Inuit creation of the igloo as an example of __________ intelligence.

A) experiential
B) crystallized
C) componential
D) practical
E) creative

Question 34

People who sustain damage to their frontal lobes are often unable to form plans but can still perform quite well on standard intelligence tests. This provides support for the importance of the __________ component of Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

A) analytic intelligence
B) creative intelligence
C) practical intelligence
D) knowledge
E) successful intelligence

Question 35

You move to a new city in order to attend university. One of your first tasks is to find a suitable place to live. You are using in the __________ form of __________ intelligence according to Sternberg.

A) metacomponent; creative
B) selection; practical
C) novel task; analytic
D) performance; analytic
E) shaping; creative

Question 36

Gardner's theory of intelligence is considered to be a __________ theory.

A) biological
B) information-processing
C) psychological
D) neuropsychological
E) physiological

Question 37

Gardner has proposed that intelligence is made up of __________ categories.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 9
E) 2

Question 38

Gardner's theory of intelligence

A) is based on the neuropsychological realities of brain-behaviour functioning.
B) defines several mental abilities not included in traditional approaches to intelligence.
C) accommodates some of the views of intelligence held by non-Western cultures.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 39

Gardner would likely suggest that a person who has excellent social skills is high in __________ intelligence.

A) verbal-linguistic
B) interpersonal
C) intrapersonal
D) contextual
E) experiential

Question 40

If Gardner added a ninth category to his model of intelligence it would most likely be

A) artistic.
B) manipulative.
C) philosophical.
D) intergroup.
E) existential.

Question 41

Which of the following types of intelligence in Gardner's theory is NOT one that had already been identified by previous theorists?

A) visual-spatial intelligence
B) logical-mathematical intelligence
C) verbal-linguistic intelligence
D) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
E) practical intelligence

Question 42

The adaptation form of practical intelligence in the triarchic theory overlaps with which type of intelligence in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence?

A) verbal-linguistic
B) interpersonal
C) intrapersonal
D) logical-mathematical
E) naturalist

Question 43

A(n) __________ is a tool for measuring deductive logic consisting of a major and minor premises.

A) s factor
B) intelligence test
C) syllogism
D) ratio IQ
E) Wechsler scale

Question 44

The kind of intelligence observed among traditional tribal peoples is

A) inferior to that of Western cultures.
B) absent of logical reasoning.
C) essentially the same as the intelligence observed among people living in Western cultures.
D) based on the application of logic to facts gained through direct experience.
E) superior to that of Western cultures.

Question 45

The most important early investigator of individual differences in ability was

A) Spearman.
B) Sternberg.
C) Darwin.
D) Galton.
E) Gardner.

Question 46

Galton argued that tests of __________ were valid measures of intelligence.

A) sensory discrimination
B) verbal ability
C) mathematical reasoning
D) memory
E) spatial ability

Question 47

Galton's contributions to science included

A) his observation that the distribution of most human traits approximates the normal curve.
B) the development of the basic procedures used in artificial selection.
C) the development of the first practical intelligence test.
D) devising the procedure for estimating mental age.
E) his development of factor analysis.

Question 48

Galton is credited with outlining the fundamentals of which of the following statistical procedures?

A) analysis of variance
B) standard deviation
C) correlation
D) variability
E) factor analysis

Question 49

Modern intelligence testing originated in __________ with the work of __________.

A) England; Galton
B) France; Binet
C) the United States; Terman
D) Germany; Wechsler
E) Canada; Gardner

Question 50

Binet disagreed with Galton over the usefulness of __________ as an adequate measure of intelligence.

A) sensory discrimination
B) judgment of visual space
C) memory for specific stimuli
D) a test of imagination
E) none of the above

Question 51

The first intelligence measure developed by Binet and Simon (1905) was intended to

A) establish intellectual norms for the French population.
B) identify children who could benefit from special academic instruction.
C) measure the intelligence of preschoolers.
D) identify gifted children.
E) measure the intelligence of criminals.

Question 52

The first intelligence test was devised by __________ in order to identify children who would not benefit from regular educational practices.

A) Binet
B) Stanford
C) Terman
D) Wechsler
E) Galton

Question 53

To assess a child's intellectual ability, Binet and Simon (1905),

A) administered several sensory discrimination tests to children of various ages.
B) devised an overall point rating system ranging from below average to above average.
C) formulated the IQ.
D) compared the child's performance relative to an established age-determined average.
E) all of the above

Question 54

Data from comparison groups that permit the score of an individual to be assessed relative to the scores of his or her peers are called

A) correlations.
B) comparison scores.
C) control scores.
D) norms.
E) criterion scores.

Question 55

Binet and Simon revised their 1905 test to also include the intellectual assessment of

A) adults.
B) mentally retarded children.
C) normal children and those with learning problems.
D) adolescents.
E) criminals.

Question 56

According to Binet's reasoning, a 6-year-old child who scores the equivalent to an average 4-year-old on an intelligence test has the mental age of __________.

A) 4
B) 1.5
C) .66
D) 10
E) 5

Question 57

According to Binet's reasoning, an 8-year-old child who scores as well as an average 12-year-old on an intelligence test, has a mental age of __________.

A) 8
B) 12
C) .75
D) 1.50
E) 10

Question 58

According to Binet, a 12-year-old child who scores as well as an average 12-year-old on an intelligence test would have a(n) __________ of 12.

A) IQ
B) mental quotient
C) mental age
D) basal age
E) chronological age

Question 59

__________ revised the Binet-Simon scale for use in the United States.

A) Stanford
B) Wechsler
C) Sternberg
D) Terman
E) Galton

Question 60

A __________ IQ score is expressed as the quotient of mental age and chronological age.

A) deviation
B) ratio
C) standard
D) typical
E) calculated

Question 61

Jerrald is 7 and has a mental age of 10. What is his ratio IQ?

A) 70
B) 96
C) 134
D) 143
E) 162

Question 62

Corrina is 10 and has a mental age of 8. What is her ratio IQ?

A) 80
B) 90
C) 100
D) 125
E) 150

Question 63

Gisele's deviation IQ score is one standard deviation above the mean for children her age. Therefore, given that deviation IQs are normally distributed we would estimate that __________% of children her age have a lower IQ than Gisele's.

A) 84
B) 34
C) 16
D) 98
E) 50

Question 64

If a child's IQ score falls exactly two deviations above the mean for children in his or her age range, then his or her deviation IQ score is

A) 68.
B) 84.
C) 116.
D) 132.
E) 148.

Question 65

Jamie's IQ falls one and a half standard deviations below the mean for children his age. Given this information, Jamie's deviation IQ score is:

A) 68.
B) 76.
C) 84.
D) 92.
E) 124.

Question 66

A deviation IQ score of 164 falls how many standard deviations above the mean for this kind of IQ score?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 67

When he developed his intelligence tests David Wechsler's goal was not to

A) limit the test to a single performance index.
B) base it on only verbal content.
C) allow cultural bias to intrude.
D) allow linguistic bias.
E) all of the above

Question 68

The intelligence tests devised by Wechsler may be used for testing

A) preschoolers.
B) children.
C) adults.
D) adults from different cultural backgrounds.
E) all of the above.

Question 69

Jan took an IQ test two years ago and scored 126. She took the same IQ test a week ago and scored 128. Apparently, this IQ test has a high degree of

A) validity.
B) accuracy.
C) reliability.
D) generality.
E) standardization.

Question 70

When the validity of an intelligence test is assessed, researchers correlate the test scores with

A) the health scores of subjects.
B) a criterion.
C) with test scores of the same subjects from an earlier testing.
D) those of subjects tested under different conditions.
E) each other.

Question 71

In research attempting to establish the validity of self-reports of own intelligence, the criterion is

A) their school performance.
B) whether others who know them agree.
C) their scores on intelligence tests.
D) an objective assessment by their teachers.
E) self-reports of intelligence assessed at an earlier time.

Question 72

When researchers compared university students' self-reports of own intelligence with actual intelligence test scores, they found that

A) students were moderately accurate.
B) self-reports were valid "proxies" for IQ scores.
C) others who knew the student were more accurate than the student.
D) correlations did not reach .30.
E) teachers of the students were more accurate than the students.

Question 73

When the criterion used to test the validity of IQ scores is school performance, the correlation is about

A) .10.
B).20.
C) .50.
D) .75.
E) .87.

Question 74

An important criticism of intelligence testing is that intelligence tests

A) measure achievement.
B) may be culturally biased.
C) can be used unfairly to deny people access to certain opportunities.
D) may be biased against those who are educationally disadvantaged.
E) all of the above

Question 75

If a person from a non-Western culture were given an intelligence test composed of questions based on Western cultural beliefs and knowledge, the test might be said to be __________ relative to the non-Western culture.

A) invalid
B) culturally biased
C) unfair
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 76

If a teacher learns that a child has a low intelligence test score, the teacher's expectations may influence the child to perform below his or her capabilities. This describes the effects of

A) mental retardation.
B) cognitive disability.
C) a culture bias.
D) quality of instruction.
E) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 77

If an 8-year-old boy's intelligence test scores become known, a self-fulfilling prophecy could occur through the expectations of

A) the boy himself.
B) the boy's teachers.
C) the boy's parents.
D) the boy's friends.
E) all of the above.

Question 78

Tests of intellectual abilities would appear to be useful for

A) identifying specific types of learning disabilities in otherwise capable children.
B) the prevention of mislabeling of learning problems and the people who have them.
C) providing a basis for remedial action for specific kinds of learning problems.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 79

Jarmane is mentally retarded. However, he is able to live on his own and has a job in his community. Jarmane would most likely be classified as being __________ retarded.

A) mildly
B) profoundly
C) borderline
D) severely
E) noticeably

Question 80

__________ is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which the observed variability in a given trait is the direct result of genetic variability.

A) Factor analysis
B) Trait variability
C) Heritability
D) K-selection
E) genetic propensity