Deck 4: Biology of Behaviour

Question 1

In the prologue of Chapter 4, the case of Miss S. is described. Her "unilateral neglect"as a result of a stroke meant that she

A) neglected her family and friends.
B) was unable to speak but could understand others.
C) neglected to pay attention to one side of her body and visual field.
D) neglected her own welfare but was concerned for the welfare of other.
E) could no longer experience emotion.

Answer 1

neglected to pay attention to one side of her body and visual field.

Question 2

Donald Hebb's major contribution to our understanding of the brain and its functions was his insight into

A) the different functions carried out by different regions of the brain.
B) the chemical processes within a single nerve cell.
C) the independent working of clusters of nerve cells.
D) the relation between individual nerve cells, larger networks and higher processes.
E) the physical location of memory, cognition and decision-making in the structures of the brain.

Answer 2

the relation between individual nerve cells, larger networks and higher processes.

Question 3

Clusters of nerve cells that communicate with each other are called

A) neurons.
B) nerve bundles.
C) synapses.
D) modules.
E) axons.

Answer 3

modules.

Question 4

The central nervous system communicates with the rest of the body through __________ which are bundles of fibres.

A) neurons
B) nerves
C) synapses
D) modules
E) spinal reflexes

Question 5

The major parts of the human brain are the

A) central nervous system, the brain stem, and the cerebral hemispheres
B) central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the cortex.
C) brain stem, the spinal cord, and the cerebellum.
D) brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebral hemispheres.
E) brain stem, cortex, and cerebellum.

Question 6

__________ protect the spinal cord and __________ protect the brain.

A) Cerebrospinal fluid; myelin sheaths
B) Ventricles; blood-brain barriers
C) Meninges; vertebrae
D) Blood-brain barriers; vertebrae
E) Vertebrae; meninges

Question 7

Vertebrae protect the __________ and the meninges protect the __________.

A) brain stem; cerebellum
B) cerebellum; spinal cord
C) spinal cord; brain
D) brain; brain stem
E) brain; spinal cord

Question 8

The brain stem consists of

A) the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
B) the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum.
C) the meninges, white matter, and grey matter.
D) the brain and the spinal cord.
E) the cerebellum, the midbrain, and the spinal cord.

Question 9

Walking and running are physical movements that are controlled and coordinated primarily by the

A) brain stem.
B) cerebellum.
C) cerebral hemisphere.
D) cerebral cortex.
E) limbic system.

Question 10

The three-layered set of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord is called the

A) meninges.
B) vertebrae.
C) cortex.
D) CSF.
E) peripheral nervous system.

Question 11

The space between the layers of the meninges is filled with

A) neurotransmitters.
B) potassium ions.
C) sodium ions.
D) cerebrospinal fluid.
E) a clear liquid high in protein.

Question 12

Cerebrospinal fluid

A) is found mainly along the spinal cord.
B) protects the brain and spinal cord from the bones that surround them.
C) is located between the meninges and vertebrae.
D) is a clear liquid that separates the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord.
E) is found in the bones of the spinal cord.

Question 13

The surface of the cerebral hemispheres is covered by the

A) cerebrum.
B) cerebellum.
C) myelin sheath.
D) cerebral cortex.
E) peripheral nervous system.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebral cortex?

A) the formulation of plans
B) the storage of memories
C) the formation of perceptions
D) the formation of emotion
E) the execution of plans

Question 15

Animals with the largest and most complex brains have the most fissures and gyri and, therefore, have the largest

A) brain stem.
B) limbic system.
C) cerebellum.
D) cerebral cortex.
E) the medulla.

Question 16

The more gyri and fissures found on the cerebral cortex, the

A) smoother the appearance of the surface of the brain.
B) more nerve cells it contains.
C) larger the organism.
D) simpler the brain and nervous system.
E) less nerve cells it contains.

Question 17

The white matter of the central nervous system derives its colour from the __________ of neurons.

A) cell bodies
B) dendrites
C) terminal buttons
D) axons
E) myelin covering

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

A) to control the activities of muscles
B) to protect the immune system
C) to form protective sheaths around neurons
D) to hold neurons in place
E) to guide developing neurons

Question 19

One function of the soma is to

A) secrete transmitter substances.
B) receive messages from neurons.
C) carry messages to the dendrites.
D) transmit messages toward the cell body.
E) speed up the transmission of neural messages.

Question 20

The axon carries messages toward the

A) soma.
B) terminal buttons.
C) dendrites.
D) mitochondria.
E) other axons.

Question 21

Dendritic spines are

A) protuberances on the surface of dendrites.
B) located at the end of the axons.
C) made of myelin.
D) branch-like structures that receive information from other neurons.
E) nerve fibres that carry information from the soma to the terminal buttons.

Question 22

The firing of an axon is also known as a(n) __________ potential.

A) resting
B) efferent
C) action
D) receptive
E) afferent

Question 23

Synapses can occur

A) between the soma and the axon.
B) on the smooth surface of a dendrite.
C) only where there is myelin.
D) on dendritic spines.
E) both on the smooth surface of dendrites and on dendritic spines.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true regarding neurotransmitters?

A) They travel across the synapse before contacting the neurotransmitter receptor.
B) They are chemicals that either excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons.
C) They are released whenever an action potential travels down the axon.
D) They are released from the terminal buttons of the dendrites.
E) They affect the activity in dendrites of nearby cells.

Question 25

One of the functions of the myelin sheath is to

A) insulate neurons from each other.
B) receive messages from other neurons.
C) slow down the rate of action potentials.
D) speed up or enhance the reuptake of transmitter substance.
E) transmit messages from the cell body to the axon.

Question 26

Multiple sclerosis involves the deterioration of the __________ of the neuron.

A) terminal buttons
B) myelin sheath
C) soma
D) dendrites
E) axons

Question 27

Multiple sclerosis is caused by

A) the immune system attacking a protein found in the myelin sheath.
B) malfunctions in cell metabolism regulated by the soma.
C) understimulation of the dendrites.
D) overstimulation of the dendrites.
E) overreactiveness of the terminal buttons.

Question 28

Karen has __________, a debilitating condition caused by the immune system attacking a protein found in the myelin sheath.

A) Huntington's disease
B) multiple sclerosis
C) Down syndrome
D) Balint's syndrome
E) hemophilia

Question 29

When the axon is resting, the outside of it is charged at __________ millivolts relative to the inside of it.

A) -70
B) +50
C) -50
D) +70
E) +10

Question 30

During the action potential,

A) the inside of the axon becomes negatively charged relative to the outside of the axon.
B) there is no change in the electrical charge of the axon.
C) the inside of the axon becomes positively charged relative to the outside of the axon.
D) there is a gradual, moderately long-term reversal in the electrical charge of the axon.
E) positively charged ions are pumped out of the inside of the axon.

Question 31

The membrane that surrounds the axon may be said to be

A) permeable.
B) semipermeable.
C) not permeable.
D) permeable, but only to transmitter substances.
E) permeable, but only to positively charged ions.

Question 32

The mechanism in the membrane of the axon that actively pumps ions in and out of the axon is called an ion

A) channel.
B) transporter.
C) stabilizer.
D) sheath.
E) regulator.

Question 33

The reason that the inside of the axon is more negatively charged relative to the outside of the axon when in a resting state is because the

A) transmitter substances in the terminal button are negatively charged.
B) myelin sheath that surrounds the axon contains negative proteins.
C) ion transporters are negatively charged.
D) axon contains more negatively charged ions and fewer positively charged ions.
E) cell body transmits negatively charged ions to the axon.

Question 34

During an action potential the ion channels open, allowing __________ ions to enter the axon.

A) positively charged potassium
B) positively charged sodium
C) negatively charged potassium
D) negatively charged sodium
E) both negatively and positively charged sodium

Question 35

As soon as an action potential at one point along the axon occurs, there is a brief reversal of the membrane's electrical charge. Now the inside of the axon is positive relative to the outside of the axon. This reversal of charges is due to the flow of __________ ions into the axon.

A) positively charged potassium
B) negatively charged potassium
C) positively charged sodium
D) negatively charged sodium
E) both negatively and positively charged sodium

Question 36

The mechanism in the axon that allows the brief outflow of __________ ions allows the axon to return to its resting state.

A) positively charged potassium
B) negatively charged potassium
C) positively charged sodium
D) negatively charged sodium
E) both negatively and positively charged sodium

Question 37

The all-or-none law

A) is the fact that a synapse is either excited or inhibited.
B) is the fact that an action potential either happens or it doesn't.
C) applies only to sensory neurons.
D) applies only to motor neurons.
E) is the fact that neurons are either sensory or motor.

Question 38

An action potential either happens or it doesn't and when it occurs it does so without getting smaller or larger in a given axon. This defines the principle of

A) excitatory synapses.
B) the all-in-one syndrome.
C) inhibitory synapses.
D) the all-or-none law.
E) constant state firing.

Question 39

A neuron that excites or inhibits another neuron by releasing a transmitter substance is called a __________ neuron.

A) synaptic
B) receiving
C) presynaptic
D) postsynaptic
E) efferent

Question 40

The neuron that is excited or inhibited by the transmitter substances released by another neuron is called the __________ neuron.

A) synaptic
B) receiving
C) presynaptic
D) postsynaptic
E) efferent

Question 41

A motor neuron is a neuron that

A) synapses with the neurons in the cerebellum that control motor movements.
B) sends messages from the muscles, glands, and organs to the brain.
C) synapses with muscles and regulates their contractions.
D) sends messages from the brain and spinal cord to the endocrine system.
E) synapses with all neurons except muscles and glands.

Question 42

A sensory neuron is a neuron that

A) sends information about external or internal changes towards the central nervous system.
B) synapses with the neurons in the cerebellum that control motor movements.
C) synapses with all neurons except muscles and glands.
D) sends messages from the brain and spinal cord to the endocrine system.
E) synapses with muscles and regulates their contractions.

Question 43

The strength of a muscular contraction is governed by the

A) number of neurons that control it..
B) rate of firing of the neurons that control it.
C) size of the neurons that control it.
D) type of transmitter substance that is released by the neurons that control it.
E) amount of myelin surrounding the presynaptic neuron.

Question 44

When the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron release a transmitter substance that causes the postsynaptic neuron to fire, the synapse formed is called a(n) __________ synapse.

A) inhibited
B) excitatory
C) stimulatory
D) activating
E) disinhibiting

Question 45

Inhibitory synapses __________ the firing of a postsynaptic neuron, whereas excitatory synapses __________ the firing of a postsynaptic neuron.

A) ensure; prevent
B) prevent; ensure
C) raise the probability of; lower the probability of
D) lower the probability of; raise the probability of
E) raise the rate of; lower the rate of

Question 46

The type of neuron that relays messages to the spinal cord is called a(n)

A) sensory neuron.
B) motor neuron.
C) interneuron.
D) interpretative neuron.
E) efferent neuron.

Question 47

The fluid-filled gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes is called the

A) synaptic cleft.
B) synapse.
C) synaptic space.
D) synaptic junction.
E) synaptic membrane.

Question 48

Neurons A, B, C, D, and E synapse with Neuron F. Neurons A, C, and E are inhibitory, and neurons B and D are excitatory. If neurons B and D are activated but neurons A, C, and E are not, what is most likely to happen to Neuron F?

A) It will fire because Neurons B and D will release transmitter substances that will excite its postsynaptic membrane.
B) It will not fire, because it is inhibited by Neurons A, C, and E.
C) It will remain at rest because all neurons need to be stimulated by at least three other neurons in order to fire.
D) It will fire because activation of Neurons B and D will cause the ion channels in it to open and let in positively charged potassium ions.
E) It will not fire because all neurons, both inhibitory and excitatory, must be activated in order for a synapse to occur.

Question 49

The protein molecule that is located in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron that allows the neuron to be excited or inhibited by presynaptic neurons is called a

A) neuromodulator.
B) transmitter substance.
C) ion transporter.
D) neurotransmitter receptor.
E) synaptic cleft.

Question 50

Molecules of a neurotransmitter attach to

A) presynaptic neurons.
B) neurotransmitter receptors.
C) ion transporters.
D) other molecules of neurotransmitter.
E) the synaptic cleft.

Question 51

Most of the ion channels found at excitatory synapses allow

A) sodium to enter the neuron.
B) neurotransmitters to enter the neuron.
C) sodium to leave the neuron.
D) potassium to enter the neuron.
E) neurotransmitters to leave the neuron.

Question 52

Most of the ion channels found at inhibitory synapses allow

A) sodium to enter the neuron.
B) neurotransmitters to enter the neuron.
C) sodium to leave the neuron.
D) potassium to leave the neuron.
E) neurotransmitters to leave the neuron.

Question 53

Which kinds of ions, when they leave the postsynaptic neuron, are associated with inhibition?

A) sodium
B) positively charged
C) potassium
D) radiating
E) chlorine

Question 54

At most synapses, the effects of neurotransmitters are terminated by

A) enzymes.
B) inhibition of neurotransmitter receptors.
C) reuptake.
D) closure of the ion channel in the postsynaptic neuron.
E) reversal of polarization in the presynaptic neuron.

Question 55

Reuptake is a process by which molecules of neurotransmitter are retrieved by the

A) ion transporters.
B) terminal buttons.
C) neurotransmitter receptors.
D) synaptic cleft.
E) postsynaptic neuron.

Question 56

If a drug increases the rate of reuptake this will

A) prolong the effects of the neurotransmitter.
B) strengthen the effects of the neurotransmitter.
C) diminish the effects of the neurotransmitter.
D) have no impact on effects of the neurotransmitter.
E) decrease the likelihood of a synapse.

Question 57

All of the following are means by which drugs can influence synaptic transmission EXCEPT

A) interfering with reuptake.
B) destroying specific synapses on immediate contact with them.
C) mimicking the effects of neurotransmitters on receptor molecules.
D) preventing the release of neurotransmitters.
E) blocking postsynaptic receptors.

Question 58

Inhibiting the reuptake of a neurotransmitter substance has the result of

A) increasing the effects of that neurotransmitter.
B) inhibiting the effects of that neurotransmitter.
C) blocking receptor molecules sensitive to that neurotransmitter.
D) producing sedation throughout the nervous system.
E) breaking down enzymes in the synapse.

Question 59

John has consumed a drug that retards the rate of reuptake. This will have the effect of

A) prolonging the effects of the neurotransmitter.
B) diminishing the effects of the neurotransmitter.
C) closing the ion channels.
D) blocking the neurotransmitter receptors of the postsynaptic neuron.
E) decreasing the likelihood of successive synapses.

Question 60

If a drug blocks postsynaptic receptors, this will have the effect of

A) decreasing the likelihood of successive synapses.
B) prolonging the effects of the neurotransmitter.
C) diminishing the effects of the neurotransmitter.
D) inhibiting reuptake and allowing enzymes to deactivate the neurotransmitter.
E) closing the ion channels.

Question 61

__________ depress brain activity by increasing the sensitivity of receptors to GABA.

A) Cannabinoids
B) Amphetamines
C) Opioids
D) Naloxones
E) Barbiturates

Question 62

When the text says that the effects of barbiturates and alcohol are additive, it means that

A) one drug diminishes the effect of the other.
B) both drugs together have no effect on behaviour.
C) their combined effect is stronger than either drug alone.
D) they combine to improved the performance of individuals who take them.
E) the drugs need to be combined in order to prevent behavioural problems.

Question 63

Which of the following substances does NOT interfer with transmission in neurons that are stimulated by acetylcholine?

A) nicotine
B) botulinum toxin
C) curare
D) benzodiazepines
E) neostigmine

Question 64

What kind of psychological disorder may be treated with benzodiazepines?

A) anxiety disorders
B) schizophrenia
C) depression
D) addictive disorders
E) autistic disorders

Question 65

Suppose that you are psychiatrist treating a patient who suffers from severe anxiety. One form of drug treatment for this person would be to give this person a prescription for

A) LSD.
B) amphetamine.
C) benzodiazepine.
D) thorazine.
E) naloxone.

Question 66

Which of the following substances does NOT affect the functioning of acetylcholine neurons?

A) botulinum toxin
B) curare
C) naloxone
D) blackwidow spider venom
E) nicotine

Question 67

Which of the following substances functions to prevent an enzyme deactivating the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

A) botulinum toxin
B) curare
C) neostigmine
D) nicotine
E) blackwidow spider venom

Question 68

One consequence of being bitten by a black widow spider is an increase in the release of __________, which causes __________.

A) acetylcholine; hallucinations
B) acetylcholine; muscle cramping
C) serotonin; extreme excitability and agitation
D) dopamine; lapses in thinking and remembering
E) acetylcholine; lapses in memory

Question 69

__________ increases the activity and __________ decreases the activity of neurons that respond to acetylcholine.

A) Nicotine; black widow spider venom
B) Curare; black widow spider venom
C) Black widow spider venom; nicotine
D) Botulinum toxin; nicotine
E) Nicotine; botulinum toxin

Question 70

At low doses, nicotine produces pleasurable (and addictive) effects by stimulating __________ receptors in the brain.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) opioid
E) GABA

Question 71

Although she doesn't know this, the reason Annie enjoys smoking cigarettes is because low doses of nicotine produce pleasurable effects by stimulating __________ receptors in the brain.

A) opioid
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) acetylcholine
E) GABA

Question 72

__________ blocks receptor molecules for acetylcholine

A) Nicotine
B) Botulinum toxin
C) Curare
D) Black widow spider venom
E) Cocaine

Question 73

Which two drugs can cause death by suffocation by interfering with neurons secreting acetylcholine?

A) botulism toxin and peptides
B) curare and amphetamine
C) amphetamine and diazepam
D) botulism toxin and curare
E) curare and diazepam

Question 74

__________ is a monoamine; __________ is a cannabinoid.

A) Dopamine; Naloxone
B) Norepinephrine; Anandamide
C) Neostigmine; Dopamine
D) Botulinum; THC
E) Serotonin; Nicotine

Question 75

Some drugs that alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia do so by

A) inhibiting reuptake of serotonin.
B) stimulating the release of acetylcholine.
C) stimulating reuptake of dopamine.
D) blocking receptors normally stimulated by dopamine.
E) stimulating receptor molecules stimulated by dopamine.

Question 76

Thorazine and clozaril alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia by

A) inhibiting reuptake of serotonin.
B) blocking receptors normally stimulated by dopamine.
C) stimulating reuptake of dopamine.
D) stimulating the release of acetylcholine.
E) stimulating receptor molecules stimulated by dopamine.

Question 77

Which of the following drugs prevents reuptake of dopamine?

A) curare
B) cocaine
C) Valium
D) THC
E) LSD

Question 78

Cocaine and amphetamine exert their effects on the brain and nervous system by

A) blocking receptors for acetylcholine.
B) mimicking the effects of serotonin.
C) inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine.
D) stimulating the release of serotonin.
E) blocking receptors normally stimulated by dopamine.

Question 79

A monoamine that appears to be affected by the consumption of several hallucinogenic drugs is

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) GABA
E) epinephrine.

Question 80

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter substance that plays an important role in the control of

A) reinforcement.
B) sleeping.
C) respiration.
D) analgesia.
E) motor movements.