Deck 12: The Developmental-Behavioral Approach

Question 1

Developmental/behavioral changes range from simple to complex.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Changing behaviors of infants and toddlers in early childhood programs is dependent upon the quality of the program.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Healthy development can occur without changes in a child's behavior.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Reinforcement procedures can be both positive and negative.

Question 5

Punishment is a behavioral change method.

Question 6

Gesell and Erikson believed that environment and experience develop behaviors.

Question 7

Teachers and parents need to push their children with disabilities to learn.

Question 8

Responsive teachers must serve as instructors of knowledge.

Question 9

Successful child-environment interactions are those initiated and directed by children.

Question 10

The essence of the behavioral approach is to start below the child's level and then build slowly.

Question 11

An effective way to stop a harmful behavior is to:

A) use corporal punishment.
B) redirect the child after a short, specific, verbal statement.
C) place the child in time-out.
D) ignore it completely.

Question 12

Children are most successful in learning when:

A) the environment is controlled.
B) teachers structure tasks and teach to the average.
C) teachers provide play and learning materials slightly beyond children's skill level.
D) they become self-managed.

Question 13

A developmental-behavioral blend of education includes:

A) a prepared learning environment to match children's current skill levels.
B) materials and activities placed in containers in the closet for special days.
C) responsive teachers who plan instruction carefully.
D) a balance between fine-motor and gross-motor activities.

Question 14

The basic reinforcement procedures come from research related to:

A) operant conditioning, behavior modification, and consequences.
B) behavior modification, withdrawal, and imitation.
C) learning theory, antecedents, and punishments.
D) behavior modification, operant conditioning, and learning theory.

Question 15

The mother opens the refrigerator, the child watches and says "milk," and the mother reaches in and gets the milk. What is the antecedent?

A) The child saying "milk"
B) The mother opening the refrigerator
C) The mother reaching in the refrigerator
D) The mother getting the milk

Question 16

An example of negative reinforcement is when:

A) the baby is crying and is ignored.
B) the toddler throws food on the floor, and you fuss at the child.
C) the toddler whines to be picked up and stops whining when picked up.
D) the four-year-old hits another child, and you place both in time-out.

Question 17

Incompatible behaviors are:

A) two or more responses that can be reinforced.
B) walking and running at the same time.
C) those that can be extinguished by negative reinforcement.
D) two or more responses that cannot occur together.

Question 18

An important teaching methodology for children with developmental disabilities is:

A) step-by-step learning called task analysis.
B) rote drill and flashcards.
C) prompting by doing some of the task.
D) modeling then doing for the child.

Question 19

The most effective way for adults to promote children's independence when learning a new skill is:

A) decreasing manual prompting.
B) helping them accomplish the task.
C) watching and waiting, giving children time to finish the task.
D) removing yourself completely.

Question 20

An example of observational learning is:

A) learning to tie a shoe in a step-by-step process.
B) sitting in a chair with hands folded during lunchtime.
C) watching the child then moving away.
D) repeating the alphabet over and over.

Question 21

The behavioral approach to early intervention consists of arranging the _____ and implementing teaching strategies to enhance learning.

A) environment
B) curriculum
C) parent-teacher conferences
D) additional tutoring services

Question 22

The _____ are what the teacher does before expecting the child to respond.

A) antecedents
B) teachable moments
C) behavioral approaches
D) imitations

Question 23

Adult social reinforcement usually _____ a behavior.

A) decreases
B) equalizes
C) increases
D) neutralizes

Question 24

When a teacher ignores a behavior or removes materials or equipment, they are _____ reinforcers.
?

A) enabling
B) withholding
C) encouraging
D) denying

Question 25

When a child is engaged in misbehavior, _____ can stop the behavior for that moment but not change the behavior.

A) discipline
B) teachable moments
C) punishment
D) imitation

Question 26

An extreme form of withdrawing behavior is _____.

A) reminders
B) sit and watch
C) redirection
D) time-out

Question 27

Events, external or internal, that can lead to increases or decreases in behavior can be described by which of the following sequences?

A) Reinforcer, Behavior, Consequence
B) Antecedent, Behavior, Reinforcer
C) Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
D) Cueing, Behavior, Antecedent

Question 28

Sound learning that combines developmental and behavioral principles includes which of the following?

A) Activities and materials presented in large chunks
B) A learning environment matched to the child's abilities
C) Emphasis on academic activities and progress
D) Learning through daily repetition of the same tasks

Question 29

Abby is being taught how to count to five. The teacher has selected a puzzle as a consequence for correct responses. Abby counts to five the first time she is asked, and the teacher hands her the puzzle. The next several times, Abby responds incorrectly. In this example, the puzzle is serving as a reinforcer.

Question 30

A student did not bring in their writing assignment from last night's homework. Which of the following would be a logical consequence?

A) Their parent drops it off at the school on the way to a meeting.
B) Their teacher has them rewrite the assignment while the rest of the class has "choice time."
C) The teacher has them write a letter explaining how they will never do this again.
D) The teacher asks them to complete two additional assignments for the next evening.

Question 31

Negative reinforcement is often confused with which of the following?

A) Punishment
B) Intrinsic reinforcement
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Prompting

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of incompatible behaviors?

A) Talking out of turn and listening
B) Crying and yelling
C) Scribbling on a piece of paper and using a red crayon
D) Doodling on a worksheet while listening to the teacher

Question 33

Punishment is the least desirable and least effective of the child management strategies.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of effective descriptive praise?

A) I like the way you sorted the blocks by color.
B) Way to go. Give me a high five.
C) Wow, you tied your shoes all by yourself.
D) Great job on your homework.

Question 35

Which of the following are examples of teaching a task via task analysis and shaping?

A) Asking a child to write upper case letters A-Z
B) Placing a child's hand on their coat zipper and letting them zip the zipper
C) Telling the child to tidy up their area
D) Requiring a child with a limited vocabulary to answer questions using full sentences

Question 36

Gabe does not consistently follow his teacher's group instructions. Rather than repeating the instruction again, the teacher asks Gabe to look at what his peers are doing. By doing this, the teacher is encouraging Gabe to learn to follow instructions through imitation.

Question 37

Who argued that development was not independent of external influences and that learning was dependent on a good match between each child's developmental level and the experiences available to the child?

A) Hunt
B) Gesell
C) Piaget
D) Froebel

Question 38

When deciding what to teach, effective early childhood teachers rely on which of the following principles?

A) Reinforcement and punishment
B) Developmental
C) Developmental and behavioral
D) Behavioral

Question 39

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is a result of an external reward such as praise or grades.

Question 40

The behavioral approach to early intervention consists of enhancing children's learning by doing which of the following?

A) Punishing inappropriate behaviors
B) Letting the child arrange the environment
C) Implementing teaching strategies
D) Neither restricting nor pushing the child

Question 41

The behavioral view of learning emphasizes that if a child does not learn, something is lacking in the teaching situation rather than with the child.

Question 42

Which of the following is the term for the strengthening of a behavior by the removal of an unpleasant condition?

A) Punishment
B) Intrinsic reinforcement
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Negative reinforcement

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of an antecedent to a child's behavior?

A) A teacher asks a question.
B) A child stops crying.
C) A parent asks a child to stop yelling.
D) A teacher takes a toy that a child is not using correctly.

Question 44

Arranging the environment in ways that promote children's appropriate behavior and forestal behaviors teachers consider inappropriate is called:

A) proactive intervention.
B) preventive discipline.
C) a teachable moment.
D) redirection.

Question 45

When preventive discipline is not enough, which of the following are listed in the text as appropriate options available for teachers to use as consequences?

A) Shouting at the child
B) Redirection
C) Ignoring the child
D) Repeated reprimands

Question 46

Which disciplinary practice teaches the child that overstepping the boundaries results in consequence and provides a learning opportunity for the child to observe the appropriate play of others?

A) Reminders
B) Reprimands
C) Redirection
D) Sit and watch

Question 47

Which of the following is the term for dividing a learning task into small steps and teaching it systematically?

A) Shaping
B) Chaining
C) Task analysis
D) Prompting

Question 48

Fading of prompts and cues is critical so the child learns to do which of the following?

A) Learn from brief instructions
B) Adapt to a changing curriculum
C) Respond to the natural conditions of the environment
D) Generalize the skill to other teachers

Question 49

A child has difficulty taking turns with a preferred toy. The teacher structures a game in which the child must take turns with the toy by handing it to a classmate and waiting for a count of ten. The amount of time the child is required to wait is slowly increased to a count of thirty over a period of several weeks. This is an example of:

A) cueing.
B) task analysis.
C) shaping.
D) fading.

Question 50

All children are able to learn through imitation of adults and peers.

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of learning by imitation?

A) A child watches their older sibling reading aloud, opens a book, and turns the pages.
B) A child sits quietly raising his hand as he watches his classmate yell out the answer to the teacher's question.
C) A group of first graders place cardboard dividers around their work area before beginning a spelling test.
D) A child accurately traces the letters of their name after being prompted by the teacher.

Question 52

List the five principles for developmental changes.

Question 53

What are the ABCs of behavior modification?

Question 54

Explain some ways that withholding attention and other reinforcers can be used with a negative behavior rather than punishment.

Question 55

Explain task analysis.

Question 56

Explain why statements such as "Good work" are of little value.

Question 57

What are four early education practices common to both developmental and behavioral theory?

Question 58

What are three possible sources of intrinsic reinforcement?

Question 59

What are five types of teacher behaviors that are likely to be positively reinforcing for most young children?

Question 60

What are five pairs of behaviors that are incompatible with each other?

Question 61

List three possible negative effects of frequent punishment on young children