Deck 16: Education

Question 1

In preliterate societies,parents and other members of the group provide information about how to gather food,find shelter,make weapons and tools,and get along with others.This is accomplished through direct __________ education.

A) informal
B) manifest
C) formal
D) latent

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to sociologist __________,education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society.Education is the "influence exercised by adult generations on those that are not yet ready for social life." In other words,we can learn from what others have already experienced.

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Robert Merton
C) Max Weber
D) Karl Marx

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During the __________,the focus of education shifted to the importance of developing well?rounded and liberally educated people.

A) Middle Ages
B) Renaissance
C) Industrial Revolution
D) Great Depression

Answer 3

B

Question 4

__________ is defined as the learning that takes place within an academic setting such as a school,which has a planned instructional process and teachers who convey specific knowledge,skills,and thinking processes to students.

A) Formal education
B) Latent education
C) Informal education
D) Manifest education

Question 5

During the Middle Ages,the first colleges and universities were developed under the auspices of:

A) the government
B) the military
C) the Catholic church
D) the political organizations

Question 6

__________ is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge,skills,and cultural values within a formally organized structure.

A) Religion
B) Political science
C) Education
D) Sociology

Question 7

Education serves an important purpose in all societies.At the __________,people must acquire the basic knowledge and skills they need to survive in society.

A) mesolevel
B) macrolevel
C) tertiary level
D) microlevel

Question 8

__________ is the process by which children and recent immigrants become acquainted with the dominant cultural beliefs,values,norms,and accumulated knowledge of a society.

A) Cultural discovery
B) Cultural transmission
C) Cultural diffusion
D) Cultural absorption

Question 9

Storytelling and ritualistic ceremonies that convey cultural messages and provide behavioral norms are an example of:

A) formal education
B) latent education
C) informal education
D) manifest education

Question 10

Education serves an important purpose in all societies.At the __________,the social institution of education is an essential component in maintaining and perpetuating the culture of a society across generations.

A) macrolevel
B) tertiary level
C) microlevel
D) mesolevel

Question 11

__________ theorists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility.They view education as one of the most important components of society.

A) Symbolic interactionist
B) Conflict
C) Postmodernist
D) Functionalist

Question 12

In the United States,the free public school movement was started in 1848 by __________,who stated that education should be the "great equalizer."

A) Thomas Jefferson
B) John Adams
C) Horace Mann
D) Noah Webster

Question 13

Durkheim asserted that moral values are the foundation of a cohesive social order and that __________ are responsible for teaching a commitment to the common morality.

A) religious institutions
B) families
C) schools
D) social facts

Question 14

__________ is defined as learning that occurs in a spontaneous,unplanned way.

A) Informal education
B) Manifest education
C) Formal education
D) Latent education

Question 15

__________ refers to providing free,public schooling for wide segments of a nation's population.

A) Mass education
B) Formal education
C) State education
D) National education

Question 16

__________ societies existed before the invention of reading and writing.These societies have no written language and are characterized by very basic technology and a simple division of labor.The earliest forms of education are survival-oriented.

A) Preindustrial
B) Industrial
C) Postindustrial
D) Preliterate

Question 17

Some purposes of education are ___________-open,stated,and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

A) latent functions
B) intrinsic functions
C) extrinsic functions
D) manifest functions

Question 18

With the rapid growth of capitalism and factories during the __________,it became necessary for workers to have basic skills in reading,writing,and arithmetic.

A) Great Depression
B) Middle Ages
C) Renaissance
D) Industrial Revolution

Question 19

Perhaps the earliest __________ occurred in ancient Greece and Rome,where philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle taught elite males the skills required to become thinkers and orators who could engage in the art of persuasion.

A) manifest education
B) institutional education
C) primary education
D) formal education

Question 20

Although __________ societies have a written language,few people know how to read and write,and formal education is often reserved for the privileged.

A) preliterate
B) preindustrial
C) industrial
D) postindustrial

Question 21

All social institutions,including education,have some __________-hidden,unstated,and sometimes unintended consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

A) intrinsic functions
B) latent functions
C) extrinsic functions
D) manifest functions

Question 22

Early in the twentieth century,all states passed __________ laws that require children to attend school until they reach a specified age (usually age sixteen) or complete a minimum level of formal education (generally the eighth grade).

A) compulsory education
B) mandatory education
C) required education
D) minimum education

Question 23

Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline,respect,obedience,punctuality,and perseverance.Schools teach conformity by encouraging young people to be good students,conscientious future workers,and law-abiding citizens.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A) socialization
B) transmission of culture
C) social control
D) social placement

Question 24

Functionalists acknowledge that education has certain __________ that are evident by lagging test scores.
A) dysfunctions
A) contributions

A) functions
C) operations

Question 25

All of the following are examples of latent functions EXCEPT:

A) the restriction of some activities
B) the creation of a generation gap
C) matchmaking and the production of social networks
D) change and innovation

Question 26

Middle- and upper-income parents endow their children with more __________ than do working-class and poverty level parents.

A) cultural capital
B) proper social grace
C) accumulated social wisdom
D) cultural mystique

Question 27

All of the following are manifest functions of education EXCEPT:

A) socialization
B) transmission of culture
C) restriction of some activities
D) social control

Question 28

According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu,students from diverse backgrounds come to school with different amounts of __________,which refers to social assets that include values,beliefs,attitudes,and competencies in language and culture.

A) cultural capital
B) proper social grace
C) accumulated social wisdom
D) cultural baggage

Question 29

Overall,__________ typically advocate the importance of establishing a more rigorous academic environment in which students are required to learn the basics that will make them competitive in school and job markets.

A) symbolic interactionists
B) functionalists
C) conflict theorists
D) postmodernists

Question 30

__________ involves "proper" attitudes toward education,socially approved dress and manners,and knowledge about books,art,music,and other forms of high and popular culture.

A) Cultural mystique
B) Proper social grace
C) Accumulated social wisdom
D) Cultural capital

Question 31

Schools promote awareness of and appreciation for cultural differences so that students can work and compete successfully in a diverse society and a global economy.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A) socialization
B) transmission of culture
C) multicultural education
D) change and innovation

Question 32

In kindergarten,children learn the appropriate attitudes and behavior for the student role.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A) socialization
B) transmission of culture
C) social placement
D) change and innovation

Question 33

Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion.Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children.This illustrates which latent function of education?

A) social placement
B) matchmaking and production of social networks
C) restriction of some activities
D) creation of a generation gap

Question 34

Schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions in society.As a result,students are channeled into programs based on individual ability and academic achievement.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A) change and innovation
B) transmission of culture
C) social control
D) social placement

Question 35

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years,thus helping keep unemployment within reasonable bounds.This illustrates which latent function of education?

A) restriction of some activities
B) matchmaking and the production of social networks
C) creation of a generation gap
D) social placement

Question 36

Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation,whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values,attitudes,and behavior so that they can be productive members of society.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A) socialization
B) transmission of culture
C) social control
D) change and innovation

Question 37

As student populations diversify over time,new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs.For example,sex education,drug education,and multicultural studies have been implemented in some schools to help students learn about pressing social issues.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A) socialization
B) transmission of culture
C) change and innovation
D) social placement

Question 38

__________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather,they believe that schools often perpetuate class,racial/ethnic,and gender inequalities as some groups seek to maintain their privileged position at the expense of others.

A) Functionalist
B) Symbolic interactionist
C) Conflict
D) Postmodernist

Question 39

Because schools bring together people of similar ages,social class,and race/ethnicity,young people often meet future marriage partners.This illustrates which latent function of education?

A) creation of a generation gap
B) transmission of culture
C) matchmaking and the production of social networks
D) restriction of some activities

Question 40

__________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores,previous grades,or other criteria.

A) Age grading
B) Intelligence grouping
C) Tracking
D) Ability segregation

Question 41

The ___________ is the transmission of cultural values and attitudes,such as conformity and obedience to authority,through implied demands found in rules,routines,and regulations of schools.

A) tracking system
B) hidden curriculum
C) latent function of education
D) educational indoctrination

Question 42

The __________ focus on the process of labeling and how it is directly related to the power and status of those persons who do the labeling and those who are being labeled.

A) conflict theorists
B) functionalists
C) symbolic interactionists
D) postmodernists

Question 43

In elementary schools,tracking is often referred to as ___________ and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

A) age grading
B) ability grouping
C) intelligence grouping
D) ability segregation

Question 44

Looking at the future of education,experts say that __________ is here to stay.This will include both the export of students from countries such as India and China to other countries to study,and the development of top-tier research universities in countries,including China,Singapore,and Saudi Arabia,where students may study without living abroad.

A) the urbanization of education
B) McUniversity
C) university globalization
D) the diversification of education

Question 45

In the early 1990s,the AAUW highlighted inequalities in women's education and started a national debate on gender equity.Which of the following has NOT taken place since that time?

A) Females have attended and graduated high school at a higher rate than males.
B) Females have graduated from college at a higher rate than males.
C) Boys' scores have suffered as a consequence of the improvements in girls performance.
D) More females than males have enrolled in advanced-placement or honor courses.

Question 46

The process whereby others identify a person as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern or behavior is referred to as:

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) a defeating perception
C) categorization
D) labeling

Question 47

Through the __________,schools for middle-class students stress the processes (such as figuring and decision making) involved in getting the right answer.

A) latent function of education
B) educational indoctrination
C) tracking system
D) hidden curriculum

Question 48

__________ theorists believe that tracking seriously affects many students' educational performances and their overall academic accomplishments.In elementary schools,tracking is often referred to as ability grouping and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

A) Functionalist
B) Conflict
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Postmodernist

Question 49

__________ is a social system in which status is acquired through individual ability and efforts.

A) Tracking
B) Credentialism
C) Meritocracy
D) Educational bureaucracy

Question 50

__________ is a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications.

A) Credentialism
B) Tracking
C) The hidden curriculum
D) Ability grouping

Question 51

One study,cited in the text,of five elementary schools in different communities found significant differences in how knowledge was transmitted to students.Which of the following observations was NOT
Found?

A) Schools for working-class students emphasize procedures and rote memorization without much decision making, choice, or explanation of why something is done a particular way.
B) Schools for affluent students focus on creative activities in which students express their own ideas and apply them to the subject under consideration.
C) Schools for middle-class students emphasize procedures and rote memorization without much decision-making, choice, or explanation of why something is done a particular way.
D) Schools for students from elite families work to develop students' analytical powers and critical thinking skills, applying abstract principles to problem solving.

Question 52

In 2010,the Obama administration issued __________ in an effort to reauthorize the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

A) "A Blueprint for Reform"
B) "No Child Left Behind Addendum"
C) "American Graduation Initiative"
D) "A Call to Action for Education"

Question 53

The hidden curriculum affects ____________ students more than it does students from middle- and upper-income families.

A) working-class
B) low-income
C) upper class
D) middle class

Question 54

A __________ is an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) learning disability
C) defeating perception
D) fallacy of reasoning

Question 55

Race,class,language,gender,and many other social categories may determine the placement of children in elementary __________ systems as much as or more than their actual abilities and interests.

A) mutuality activities
B) intelligence grouping
C) tracking
D) collective activities

Question 56

__________ theorists examine educational practices that undermine female students' self-esteem and discourage them from taking certain courses,such as math and science,which were usually dominated by male teachers and students.

A) Conflict
B) Postmodernist
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Functionalist

Question 57

One goal of Obama's blueprint for education is to increase the role of __________ in raising standards for all students and providing them with a well-rounded education so that they can contribute as citizens to the process of democracy and learn to thrive in a global economy.

A) families
B) government
C) religions institutions
D) teachers

Question 58

The __________ movement has influenced some schools and teachers,stressing that students should be deliberately placed in classes of mixed ability.

A) tracking
B) detracking
C) ability grouping
D) desegregation of tracking

Question 59

According to __________ theorists,gender bias and the hidden curriculum are embedded in schools.For many years,reading materials,classroom activities,and treatment by teachers and peers contributed to a feeling among many girls and young women that they were less important than male students.

A) symbolic interactionist
B) functionalist
C) postmodernist
D) conflict

Question 60

Detracking is a major concern to parents of __________ students because they believe they should have classes that maximize their potential,rather than hold them back with less-able or less-talented students.

A) lower performing
B) high-achieving
C) average-achieving
D) lowest performing

Question 61

In many areas of the United States,schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed.In 1954,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.

A) Frager v. the Board of Education of Houston, Texas
B) Jordan v. the Board of Education of Montgomery, Alabama
C) Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
D) Bollinger v. the Board of Education of Lansing, Michigan

Question 62

President Obama's 2009 American __________ was established to create a community-college challenge fund to allow opportunities for people to complete two-year or certificate programs to provide them with specific credentials for middle-skill jobs.

A) College Act
B) Community College Initiative
C) Education Recovery Act
D) Graduation Initiative

Question 63

According to the text's discussion of unequal funding as a source of inequality in education,which of the following is TRUE?

A) Of the small proportion of school funding that comes from the federal government, most funds are earmarked for special programs that specifically target disadvantaged students or students with disabilities.
B) Most educational funds are derived from state and federal income taxes.
C) The property tax base for central city schools has continued to grow in most regions.
D) Recent redistribution of funds has made many schools' resources more equitable than in the past.

Question 64

The lifetime earning gap between those individuals that earn a high school diploma or an alternative credential such as a GED and those that drop out of school is:

A) $12,000
B) $23,000
C) $42,000
D) $630,000

Question 65

From the __________ perspective,there is an emphasis in higher education on how to make colleges and universities more efficient and how to bring these institutions into the service of business and industry.

A) conflict
B) postmodernist
C) functionalist
D) symbolic interactionist

Question 66

___________ programs are designed to mainstream children with disabilities.This is accomplished by taking the special education program curriculum and integrating it with the regular education program; each child receives an individualized education plan that provides annual educational goals.

A) Mainstreaming
B) Special education
C) Inclusion
D) Individualized

Question 67

In regards to status dropout rates,which of the following statistics is NOT correct?

A) Males have a higher dropout rate as compared to females.
B) Hispanic dropout rates are higher as compared to African Americans.
C) African American dropout rates are higher as compared to whites.
D) The South has the lowest dropout rates in the United States.

Question 68

In Maryland,Alabama,Mississippi,Tennessee,Georgia,and Texas,approximately 30 percent of African American public school students attend schools that have at least a __________ percent black/African American population.

A) 50
B) 95
C) 30
D) 33

Question 69

The implementation of specific action to change the racial-ethnic and/or class composition of the student body is referred to as:

A) tracking
B) desegregation
C) segregation
D) integration

Question 70

__________ is the abolition of legally sanctioned racial-ethnic segregation.

A) Tracking
B) Desegregation
C) Segregation
D) Integration

Question 71

___________ allows children with disabilities to work with a wide variety of people,including a regular education teacher,a special education teacher,a speech therapist,an occupational therapist,a physical therapist,and a resource therapist.
A) Disabilities segregation

A) Exclusion
B) Inclusion
C) Individualization

Question 72

The percentage of people in a specific age range who are not currently enrolled in high school and who do not have a high school degree or its equivalent is referred to as the:

A) status dropout rate
B) event dropout rate
C) absolute rate
D) relative drop rate

Question 73

In their controversial book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life,Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray argue that intelligence is:

A) strictly an environmental phenomenon
B) genetically inherited
C) not related to a person's racial-ethnic group "intelligence genes"
D) not something that can be measured accurately

Question 74

How segregated are schools today? _________ of all African American public school students in Illinois,Michigan and New York State attend predominantly black schools.

A) More than a third
B) Less than half
C) Less than a quarter
D) More than half

Question 75

One concern in education has been how to provide better educational opportunities for __________,which involves any physical and/or mental conditional that limits students' access to,or full involvement in,school life.

A) students with a disability
B) students performing below national standards
C) low performing students
D) students with special skills

Question 76

The ___________ programs are programs in which public funds (tax dollars) are provided to parents so they can pay their child's tuition at a private school of their choice.

A) magnet school
B) school voucher
C) coupon school
D) substitute school

Question 77

Special programs for students who are disadvantaged (such as the Head Start program) or have disabilities are funded by:

A) local property taxes
B) state legislative appropriations
C) the federal government
D) special revenue programs such as a state lottery

Question 78

___________ are primary or secondary schools that receive public money but are free from some of the day-to-day bureaucracy of a larger school district that may limit classroom performance.

A) Managed schools
B) High tier schools
C) Magnet schools
D) Charter schools

Question 79

According to sociologist George Ritzer,__________ can be thought of as a means of mass educational consumption that allows students to consume educational services and eventually obtain "goods" such as degrees and credentials.

A) digital divide
B) "consumerism"
C) "McUniversity"
D) "massism"

Question 80

What measure estimates the percentage of both public and private high school students who left high school between the beginning of one school year and the beginning of the next without earning a high school diploma or an alternative credential such as a GED?

A) status dropout rate
B) event dropout rate
C) absolute rate
D) relative drop rate