Deck 18: Health, Health Care, and Disability

Question 1

In relation to social epidemiology,__________ take(s) into account demographic factors (age,sex,and race/ethnicity),physical condition,habits and customs,and lifestyle.

A) the human host
B) disease agents
C) health coefficients
D) the environment

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The __________ is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A) child mortality rate
B) infant mortality rate
C) first year of life rate
D) baby mortality

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Although it is estimated that only __________ percent of U.S.citizens will die prior to age 60,health experts estimate that more than __________ billion people around the world will die prior to the age of 60.

A) 5; 5
B) 10; 1
C) 13; 1.5
D) 19; 2

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In relation to social epidemiology,__________ include(s) biological agents such as insects,bacteria,and viruses that carry or cause disease; nutrient agents such as fats and carbohydrates; chemical agents such as gases and pollutants in the air; and physical agents such as temperature,humidity,and radiation.

A) the human host
B) the environment
C) disease agents
D) health coefficients

Question 5

The infant mortality rate in some low-income nations is staggering.In fact,some analysts estimate that __________ of these infants die during the first month of life.

A) half
B) two-thirds
C) one-third
D) one-quarter

Question 6

The Census Bureau projects that about __________ percent of the U.S.population will be at least 65 by the year 2050.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 7

The Census Bureau projects the population of persons over 85 will __________ by the year 2050.

A) remain the same
B) decrease substantially
C) double
D) triple

Question 8

__________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health,disease,and impairment throughout a population.

A) Sociology of medicine
B) Social epidemiology
C) Social health
D) Social medicine

Question 9

__________ are illnesses that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death.

A) Epidemics
B) Acute diseases
C) Disabilities
D) Chronic diseases

Question 10

There are many reasons for differences in life expectancy and infant mortality rates in low-income countries as compared to high-income countries.Which of the following is NOT an aspect of health care in low-income countries?

A) insufficient or contaminated food
B) lack of access to pure, safe water
C) lack of adequate sewage and refuse disposal
D) ample qualified physicians and health care facilities

Question 11

Many low-income nations have astounding infant mortality rates.For
Example in Angola,__________ infants under one year of age die per
1,000 births.

A) 50
B) 111
C) 150
D) 176

Question 12

Older people are more likely to have __________ diseases.

A) acute
B) epidemic
C) chronic
D) infectious

Question 13

In comparing health care expenditures and the overall physical well-being of a people,which of the following is TRUE?

A) There does not appear to be a direct relationship between the two.
B) Sweden spends less on health care but has a higher infant mortality rate.
C) Sweden has a shorter life expectancy.
D) The more money spent on health care, the better the health of the people.

Question 14

Over the past 20 years,life expectancy at birth has risen to more than 70 years in 146 countries,up from only 55 countries in 1990.An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been the development of:

A) better doctor care
B) a safe water supply
C) healthier diets
D) a good exercise program

Question 15

__________ are illnesses that are long-term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth.

A) Disabilities
B) Acute diseases
C) Epidemics
D) Chronic diseases

Question 16

In relation to social epidemiology,__________ include(s) the physical (geography and climate),biological (presence or absence of known disease agents),and social (socioeconomic status,occupation,and location of home).

A) health coefficients
B) disease agents
C) the human host
D) the environment

Question 17

Younger people are more likely to have __________ diseases.

A) acute
B) epidemic
C) chronic
D) disabling

Question 18

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a(n):

A) state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
B) absence of disease
C) absence of sickness, viruses, and physical pains
D) state of equilibrium, with all the parts in balance

Question 19

__________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health.

A) Holistic medicine
B) Healing
C) Medicine
D) Health care

Question 20

__________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of illness.

A) Health care
B) Medicine
C) Scientific medicine
D) Holistic medicine

Question 21

A person taking an aspirin for reducing a fever is an example of __________ drug use.

A) recreational
B) chronic
C) pleasure
D) therapeutic

Question 22

A __________ is any substance other than food and water that,when taken into the body,alters its function in some way.

A) drink
B) juice
C) drug
D) vitamin

Question 23

__________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state.

A) Recreational
B) Chronic
C) Therapeutic
D) Acute

Question 24

Sociologist Ingrid Waldron notes that gender roles and gender socialization contribute to the differences in life expectancy.Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Young males are more likely than young females to be socialized to engage in risky behavior.
B) Men are more likely to be employed in hazardous situations.
C) Men are more reluctant to consult doctors than women.
D) Women are less likely than men to use the health care system and have early testing for potential health problems.

Question 25

Regarding gonorrhea and syphilis,all of the following are true EXCEPT that:

A) both can cause cardiovascular problems
B) both can cause brain damage
C) both can result in nutritional deficiencies
D) both can cause death

Question 26

People drinking alcoholic beverages together at the local pub is an example of __________ drug use.

A) therapeutic
B) chronic
C) acute
D) recreational

Question 27

Cocaine is a widely used illegal drug.About __________ million people
Over the age of 12 in the United States report that they have used cocaine
At least once.

A) 13
B) 35.3
C) 22.6
D) 43

Question 28

Compared with non-users,individuals who use cocaine over an extended period of time have:

A) higher rates of infection
B) heart problems
C) internal bleeding
D) all of the above health problems

Question 29

__________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for a specific purpose.

A) Pleasure
B) Therapeutic
C) Chronic
D) Recreational

Question 30

As a dependency-producing psychoactive drug,__________ is more addictive than __________.

A) heroin; alcohol
B) heroin; tobacco (nicotine)
C) alcohol; tobacco (nicotine)
D) tobacco (nicotine); heroin

Question 31

Although most people find sexual activity enjoyable,it can result in transmission of certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).All of the following are prevalent STDs in the United States EXCEPT:

A) genital herpes
B) gonorrhea
C) fever blisters
D) syphilis

Question 32

Alcoholic cirrhosis is the __________ most frequent cause of death in the United States.

A) third
B) fifth
C) seventh
D) ninth

Question 33

Recent research tends to suggest that both physical and mental health effects from __________,which is defined as a sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance,are important concerns.

A) upheaval
B) social catastrophe
C) disaster
D) terrorism

Question 34

Tobacco (nicotine) is classified as a(n) __________ because it excites central nervous system receptors and activates them to release adrenaline,which raises blood pressure,speeds up the heartbeat,and gives the user a temporary sense of alertness.

A) depressant
B) hallucinogen
C) stimulant
D) inhalant

Question 35

Although the overall population has declined somewhat since the 1964 Surgeon General warning that smoking is linked to cancer and other serious diseases,tobacco is still responsible for about __________ of the deaths in the United States.

A) one-third
B) one-fifth
C) three-fourths
D) two-thirds

Question 36

__________ is a progressive development of scar tissue that chokes off blood vessels in the liver and destroys liver cells by interfering with their own use of oxygen.

A) Alcoholic cirrhosis
B) Cardiovascular deficiencies
C) Alcoholic deficiencies
D) Cardiovascular cirrhosis

Question 37

__________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.

A) Tobacco
B) Marijuana
C) Heroin
D) Alcohol

Question 38

Which of the following is TRUE when comparing gonorrhea and syphilis to genital herpes?

A) All of these can be cured through the use of penicillin.
B) Genital herpes cannot be cured
C) All of these are life-threatening.
D) All of these create a painful rash on the genitals.

Question 39

Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke:

A) affects smokers more so than nonsmokers
B) affects female smokers more than it does male smokers
C) is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work in confined spaces with heavy smokers
D) is not as dangerous as once assumed

Question 40

Most marijuana smokers are between the ages of:

A) 12 and 16
B) 17 and 20
C) 18 and 25
D) 26 and 30

Question 41

All of the following are effects of fee-for-service medicine EXCEPT that:

A) it has created a two-tier system of medicine
B) it is available for those who can afford it
C) it has contributed to remarkable advances in medicine
D) private insurers pick up large portions of doctor bills

Question 42

AIDS is caused by the:

A) human immunity virus
B) human immunodeficiency virus
C) high level immunity virus
D) acquired human virus

Question 43

Which of the following was NOT a reason eventually leading to the reduction of the number of medical schools at the end of the eighteenth century?

A) Medical school graduates were frustrated.
B) There were too many doctors in the profession.
C) There were too many "poor student" graduates.
D) The federal government began to provide too many funds for medical schools and students.

Question 44

Until recently __________ was/were the only high-income nations without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens.

A) New Zealand
B) the United States
C) the United States and Japan
D) the United States and Switzerland

Question 45

Regarding the transmission of HIV,which of the following is FALSE?

A) HIV is transmitted through unprotected or inadequately protected sex with an infected partner.
B) HIV is transmitted through sharing a hypodermic needle with someone who is infected with HIV.
C) An infected mother can pass the virus on to her child through breastfeeding the child.
D) HIV can be transmitted through casual contact, such as shaking hands.

Question 46

AIDS was first identified in:

A) 1972
B) 1978
C) 1981
D) 1985

Question 47

More than two-thirds of the people with HIV/AIDS live in:

A) the United States
B) Southeast Asia
C) sub-Saharan Africa
D) Canada

Question 48

The __________ became the catalyst for modern medical education.

A) Coleman Report
B) Landsteiner Report
C) Ford Foundation
D) Flexner Report

Question 49

In a third-party fee-for-service health care system:

A) patients have an incentive to limit their visits to doctors, but not hospitals
B) patients usually seek a second opinion on recommended medical procedure
C) patients usually pay for their own service
D) patients have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits

Question 50

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Flexner report?

A) All but two of the African American medical schools were closed.
B) Only one of the medical schools for women survived.
C) White women and people of color were heavily recruited to attend private medical schools.
D) White upper-middle class males became the American model of medical students and physicians.

Question 51

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor.

A) Medicaid
B) Medicare
C) Social Security
D) Social Supplementary Income

Question 52

__________ means that patients are billed individually for each service that they receive,including treatment by doctors,laboratory work,hospital visits,prescriptions,and other health-related expenses.

A) Third-party provider
B) Fee-for-service basis
C) Health maintenance organization
D) Managed care basis

Question 53

The annual number of new HIV infections worldwide:

A) declined from 3 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2007
B) increased from 3 million in 2001 to 5 million in 2007
C) declined from 3 million in 2001 to 1 million in 2007
D) increased from 3 million in 2001 to 7 million in 2007

Question 54

With professionalization,__________ gained control over the entire medical establishment.

A) the American Medical Association
B) licensed medical doctors
C) insurance companies
D) medical schools

Question 55

The National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that currently,there are a total of __________ people that have HIV/AIDS in the United States.

A) 1.9 million
B) 2.7 million
C) 3.3 million
D) 1.1 million

Question 56

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.

A) Medicaid
B) AARP
C) Medicare
D) Social Supplementary Income

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT part of the 2010 health care reform law?

A) The federal government would provide additional money for primary-care services.
B) Households with incomes below $250,000 would be subject to pay higher taxes to help pay for health care reform.
C) Most people would be required to buy health insurance or pay a penalty for not having it.
D) Insurance companies and plan administrators would pay a 40-percent excise tax on all family plans costing more than $27,500 a year.

Question 58

To make medicine in the United States more scientific,the __________ commissioned an official study of medical education.

A) Rockefeller Foundation
B) American Medical Association
C) Carnegie Foundation
D) American Psychiatric Association

Question 59

Throughout its history in the United States,medical care has been on a:

A) fee-for-service basis
B) third-party provider basis
C) health maintenance organization basis
D) managed care basis

Question 60

A major health care reform bill was signed into law in 2010,one of the central tenets was the creation of:

A) a fee-for-service program
B) a new insurance marketplace of individuals and families without insurance
C) a health maintenance organization program
D) a managed care program

Question 61

In most __________ programs,patients choose a primary care physician from a list of participating doctors.

A) fee-for-service
B) health maintenance organizations
C) managed care
D) third-party provider

Question 62

Canada has a __________ system,which is a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues.

A) universal health care
B) health maintenance organizations
C) fee-for-service medical care
D) socialized medicine

Question 63

According to sociologist Talcott Parsons,the "sick role" has four primary characteristics.Which of the following is NOT one of these characteristics?

A) People who get sick are responsible for their condition.
B) People who assume the sick role are temporarily exempt from their normal roles and obligations.
C) People who are sick must want to get well.
D) People who are sick must seek competent help from a medical professional to hasten their recovery.

Question 64

Critics of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) charge that:

A) some HMOs deliberately overcharge patients
B) some HMOs whose physicians are paid on a capitation basis (fixed amount per patient) in effect encourage doctors to undertreat patients
C) some HMOs require their physicians to refer their patients to other physicians and hospitals when the medical treatment is not necessary.
D) some HMOs require their patients to seek a second opinion, resulting in a delay of treatment and payment.

Question 65

__________ provide,for a set monthly fee,total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.

A) Managed care programs
B) Fee-for-service programs
C) Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
D) Third-party servers

Question 66

If all forms of alternative medicine (including chiropractic,massage,and spiritual) are taken into account,people spend __________ money on unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations.

A) much less
B) about the same amount of
C) less
D) more

Question 67

After the communist takeover in China,the government attempted to educate their large public regarding health care and to provide for the treatment of illness and disease.One policy was to develop a large number of __________,who had little medical training,but worked under the supervision of trained physicians.

A) physician extenders
B) physician assistants
C) proletariat physicians
D) medical technicians

Question 68

A __________ is a document stating the person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated.

A) living will
B) medical contract
C) personal pact
D) living covenant

Question 69

In 1946,Great Britain passed the National Health Service Act.The government sets health care policies,raises funds,and controls the medical care budget,owns health care facilities,and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel.Great Britain exemplifies a:

A) universal health care system
B) fee-for-service health care system
C) socialized medicine system
D) health maintenance organization system

Question 70

The type of medicine that takes an active approach to health,promoting a
Healthy lifestyle and self-image,as well as treating illness,is known as:

A) traditional medicine
B) conventional medicine
C) holistic medicine
D) preventive medicine

Question 71

__________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians.

A) Universal health care
B) Health Maintenance Organizations
C) A fee-for-service system
D) Socialized medicine

Question 72

Healing practices inconsistent with dominant medical practice taking a holistic approach to health is known as:

A) alternative medicine
B) conventional medicine
C) faith healing
D) preventive medicine

Question 73

According to the __________ approach,if society is to operate as a stable system,it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society.Consequently,sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society.

A) conflict
B) symbolic interactionist
C) functionalist
D) postmodernist

Question 74

Which of the following is a weakness of sociologist Talcott Parson's model of the "sick role"?

A) It does not emphasize the major role of physicians.
B) It does not explain society's role in defining sickness.
C) It does not take into account racial/ethnic, class, and gender variations.
D) It provides for a societal explanation of illness-related behavior.

Question 75

An estimated 50.7 million people in the United States had no health insurance in 2009,and children made up __________ million of the uninsured.

A) 7.5
B) 15.9
C) 19.3
D) 22.7

Question 76

__________ is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person-body and mind-rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur.

A) Traditional medicine
B) Preventive medicine
C) Conventional medicine
D) Holistic medicine

Question 77

Non-professionally trained individuals who attempted to educate the large population in urban areas of China about health and health care,and also provided treatment of illness and disease,were referred to as:

A) physician assistants
B) street doctors
C) proletariat physicians
D) nurse practitioners

Question 78

In China,it is necessary to adopt innovative strategies in order to improve the health of its populace.One such policy involves developing a large number of physician extenders.In urban areas,these doctors are referred to as street doctors,while in the countryside,they are known as:

A) physician assistants
B) nurse practitioners
C) barefoot doctors
D) proletariat doctors

Question 79

Despite public and private insurance programs,about __________ of all U.S.citizens are without health insurance or had difficulty getting or paying for medical care at some time in the last year.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-fifth
D) one-half

Question 80

__________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures,diagnostic tests,and other services that should be provided to patients.

A) Fee-for-service programs
B) Health maintenance organizations
C) Third-party providers
D) Managed care