Deck 1: The Sociological Perspective

Question 1

The world's __________ countries are primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

A) high-income
B) middle-income
C) subordinate-income
D) low-income

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The awareness that helps us understand that there is a connection between losing our job and the high unemployment rate in the region in which we live is an example of:

A) common sense
B) a myth
C) false consciousness
D) the sociological imagination

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Sociology is defined as:

A) the systematic study of human society and social interaction
B) the methodological analysis of groups and individuals
C) the scientific analysis of premodern people
D) the academic discipline that examines individual human behavior

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Widespread unemployment and massive,nationwide consumer debt are examples of:

A) personal troubles
B) public issues
C) non-public issues
D) psychological difficulties

Question 5

This term refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin.

A) race
B) religion
C) ethnicity
D) creed

Question 6

Many of the nations of Africa and Asia,particularly India and the People's Republic of China where people typically work the land,are examples of __________ countries.

A) subordinate-income
B) low-income
C) middle-income
D) high-income

Question 7

__________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Biology
D) Sociobiology

Question 8

The United States,Canada,Australia,New Zealand,Japan,and the countries of Western Europe are examples of __________ countries.

A) middle-income
B) subordinate-income
C) low-income
D) high-income

Question 9

One person being addicted,unemployed,or running up a high credit card debt could be identified as a:

A) non-public issue
B) societal issue
C) personal trouble
D) public issue

Question 10

__________ is the relative location of a person or group within the larger society,based on wealth,power,prestige,or other valued resources.

A) Caste
B) Class
C) Economic position
D) Social location

Question 11

This is a term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics.

A) race
B) creed
C) ethnicity
D) heritage

Question 12

The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society is referred to as:

A) conflict perception
B) the sociological imagination
C) reality perception
D) the symbolic interaction approach

Question 13

The world's __________ countries are nations with industrializing economies,particularly in urban areas,and moderate levels of national and personal income.

A) high-income
B) middle-income
C) low-income
D) subordinate-income

Question 14

The world's __________ countries are nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial,administrative,and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income.

A) high-income
B) middle-income
C) low-income
D) subordinate-income

Question 15

This concept refers to the meanings,beliefs,and practices associated with the sex differences,which are referred to as femininity and masculinity.

A) sex
B) gender
C) biology
D) sociobiology

Question 16

Personal troubles are solved at the individual level and within one's own immediate social settings.Which of the following would be an example of an individual solution to student credit card debt?

A) legislation to regulate credit card companies
B) national forums on student debt
C) second job to pay down debt
D) required educational courses on finance

Question 17

The example of a college student using credit cards to finance vacations and eat out is an illustration of what type of society?

A) conflict society
B) class society
C) consumer society
D) international society

Question 18

The nations of Eastern Europe and many Latin American countries are examples of __________ countries.

A) subordinate-income
B) high-income
C) middle-income
D) low-income

Question 19

A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

A) culture
B) society
C) nation
D) country

Question 20

Between 2000 and 2010,credit card debt __________ in the United States while savings __________.

A) decreased; increased
B) increased; decreased
C) quintupled; doubled
D) decreased; leveled

Question 21

In describing the law of the three stages,Auguste Comte believed that knowledge moved to the __________,where explanations were based on abstract philosophical speculations,and the state becomes the prominent social unit.

A) positive stage
B) theological stage
C) metaphysical stage
D) scientific stage

Question 22

Emphasis on the individual's possession of critical reasoning and experience is associated with the origins of sociological thinking and with __________.

A) the Age of Enlightenment
B) Industrial Revolution
C) the end of the Dark Ages
D) the liberal arts

Question 23

In France,the Enlightenment was dominated by a group of thinkers referred to collectively as the philosophes.For the most part,these men were optimistic about the future,believing that human society could be improved through:

A) aristocracy
B) religion
C) scientific discoveries
D) political leadership

Question 24

__________ is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.

A) Horticultural revolution
B) Technological revolution
C) Urbanization
D) Industrialization

Question 25

According to Auguste Comte,societies contain __________,which are forces for conflict and change.

A) social statics
B) social functions
C) social dynamics
D) social choices

Question 26

A community that comes together to build a barn for one of its members after it has been destroyed by fire would be characteristic of a preindustrial society.Durkheim would conclude their members have:

A) anomie
B) social disorganization
C) shared moral beliefs and values
D) cultural conflict

Question 27

According to Auguste Comte,societies contain __________,which are forces for social order and stability.

A) social statics
B) social dynamics
C) social choices
D) social functions

Question 28

The "founder of sociology" is:

A) Max Weber
B) Karl Marx
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Auguste Comte

Question 29

_____________ are patterned ways of acting,thinking,and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.

A) Social networks
B) Social gatherings
C) Social bondings
D) Social facts

Question 30

French philosopher __________ is credited with having coined the term sociology to describe a new science that would engage in the study of society.

A) Max Weber
B) Herbert Spencer
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Auguste Comte

Question 31

In Society in America,__________ examined religion,politics,child rearing,slavery,and immigration to the United States,paying special attention to social distinctions based on class,race,and gender.

A) Jane Addams
B) Auguste Comte
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Harriet Martineau

Question 32

In describing the law of the three stages,Auguste Comte believed that knowledge would reach the __________,where explanations were based on systematic observation,experimentation,comparison,and historical analysis; and industry became the prominent structural unit in society.

A) metaphysical stage
B) scientific stage
C) theological stage
D) biological stage

Question 33

According to __________ Theory of General Evolution,society,like a biological organism,has various interdependent parts (such as the family,the economy,and the government) that work to ensure the stability and survival of the entire society.

A) Auguste Comte's
B) Emile Durkheim's
C) Charles Darwin's
D) Herbert Spencer's

Question 34

According to British social theorist __________,societies developed through a process of "struggle" (for existence) and "fitness" (for survival),which he referred to as the "survival of the fittest."

A) Talcott Parsons
B) Auguste Comte
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Emile Durkheim

Question 35

__________ defines a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.

A) Social disorganization
B) Social dysfunctionalism
C) Cultural breakdown
D) Anomie

Question 36

__________ is the belief that those species of animals,including human beings,best adapted to their environment survive and prosper,whereas those poorly adapted die out.

A) Social Darwinism
B) Social eugenics
C) Social statics
D) Social facts

Question 37

In describing the law of the three stages,Auguste Comte believed that knowledge began in the _________,where explanations were based on religion and the supernatural,and kinship was the most prominent unit of society.

A) theological stage
B) metaphysical stage
C) scientific stage
D) positive stage

Question 38

A note left at the scene of a suicide expressed the victim's concern that he felt little sense of moral guidance.He indicated that he was uncertain about what was right or wrong in today's world.Using Emile Durkheim's theory,sociologists might conclude that the suicide victim was feeling:

A) anomie
B) alienation
C) altruism
D) assimilation

Question 39

__________ is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.

A) Suburbanization
B) Urbanization
C) Industrialization
D) Future shock

Question 40

Although the women of that day were categorically excluded from much of public life in France,some women strongly influenced the philosophes and their thinking through their participation in the _________-an open house held to stimulate discussion and intellectual debate.

A) forum
B) town meeting
C) salon
D) gallery

Question 41

The theory that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces was developed by:

A) Frederick Schmidt
B) Karl Marx
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Max Weber

Question 42

Robert works on the assembly line at the local automobile factory and trades his labor for wages.Robert is a __________ because he does not own the factory.

A) capitalist
B) zeitgeist
C) bourgeoisie
D) proletariat

Question 43

Sociologists refer to a theoretical framework as a(n) ___________-an overall approach to or viewpoint on some subject.

A) theory
B) perspective
C) hypothesis
D) experiment

Question 44

Chicago School sociologist __________ is credited with the founding of Hull House,one of the most famous settlement houses in an impoverished area of Chicago.

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Mary Wollstonecraft
C) Ernest Burgess
D) Jane Addams

Question 45

_________ is demonstrated by scorecards that allow lenders to score potential borrowers based on prior statistics of other people's performance in paying their bills.

A) Efficiency
B) Technical alienation
C) Calculability
D) Predictability

Question 46

According to the text,one reason why more people are not actively protesting our current economic plight may be their feeling of ____________-an individual's feeling of powerlessness and estrangement.

A) class conflict
B) alienation
C) future shock
D) the bourgeoisie syndrome

Question 47

In the Marxian framework,the __________ comprise(s) those who own and control the means of production.

A) bourgeoisie
B) working class
C) proletariat
D) bureaucrats

Question 48

W.E.B.Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color,i.e.,an identity conflict of being a black and an American.Du Bois referred to this duality as:

A) double-consciousness
B) the dual-labor market
C) the double bind
D) functional conflict

Question 49

The ___________ of credit cards means that if the cardholder is current on paying bills and the merchant accepts that kind of card,the cardholder will not be turned down on a purchase.

A) efficiency
B) technical alienation
C) calculability
D) predictability

Question 50

__________ is/are defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe,explain,and (occasionally) predict social events.

A) Hypotheses
B) Hunches
C) Theory
D) Perspectives

Question 51

Karl Marx coined the phrase the "fetishism of commodities" to describe the situation wherein:

A) workers recognize that their labor give the commodity its value
B) workers recognize that they control the production of the commodity
C) workers fail to recognize the value of the owner's cost of producing a commodity
D) workers fail to recognize that their labor gives the commodity its value

Question 52

The first department of sociology in the United States was established at __________,where the faculty was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association).

A) Harvard University
B) the University of California at Berkeley
C) the University of Chicago
D) Yale University

Question 53

From Marx's viewpoint,the __________ is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood.

A) bourgeoisie
B) lower class
C) proletariat
D) none of the above

Question 54

This sociologist is described as the founding figure of the functionalist theoretical tradition.

A) Herbert Spencer
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Karl Marx
D) Max Weber

Question 55

According to Karl Marx's ideas,he believed that class conflict is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society.Specifically,which of the following social forces was most important to create social change?

A) religious
B) familial
C) political
D) economic

Question 56

German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value-free,i.e.,research should be conducted in a scientific manner and should exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Herbert Spencer

Question 57

Max Weber stressed that sociologists should employ __________ (understanding or insight) to gain the ability to see the world as others
See it.

A) verstehen
B) positivism
C) social facts
D) social dynamics

Question 58

According to Max Weber,__________ is the process by which the modern world has come to be increasingly dominated by structures devoted to efficiency,calculability,predictability,and technological control.

A) industrialization
B) urbanization
C) rationalization
D) social revolution

Question 59

__________ is regarded as the founder of the symbolic interaction perspective.

A) Robert Park
B) Ernest Burgess
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Charles Horton Cooley

Question 60

The __________ are the tools,land,factories,and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society.

A) means of production
B) instruments of capitalism
C) trappings of the bourgeoisie
D) factory system

Question 61

The perpetuation of gender,racial-ethnic,and class inequalities in the education system in the United States is an example of Merton's concept of:

A) dysfunctions
B) latent functions
C) prerequisite functions
D) manifest functions

Question 62

C.Wright Mills used the term "__________" in referring to a small clique composed of the top corporate,political,and military officials.

A) top of the heap
B) military-industrial complex
C) oligarchy
D) power elite

Question 63

David is employed by one of the state senators.The senator has asked David to determine the age groups in the constituency that are most likely to vote in the upcoming election.David is most likely to contact a(n) __________ to acquire this information.

A) political scientist
B) economist
C) psychologist
D) anthropologist

Question 64

The __________ approach directs attention to women's experiences and the importance of gender as an element of social structure.

A) feminist
B) conflict
C) postmodern
D) symbolic interactionist

Question 65

According to Robert K.Merton,__________ are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit.

A) dysfunctions
B) latent functions
C) prerequisite functions
D) manifest functions

Question 66

According to Max Weber,__________ is the ability of a person within a social relationship to carry out his or her own will despite resistance from others.

A) authority
B) power
C) obedience
D) compliance

Question 67

According to the __________ perspective,groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

A) functionalist
B) interactionist
C) conflict
D) developmental

Question 68

According to feminists,we live in a(n) __________,a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."

A) patriarchy
B) autarchy
C) matriarchy
D) monarchy

Question 69

According to the functionalist perspective,a society is composed of interrelated parts.If there is an adverse effect in one institution such as the economy,there will be:

A) no reaction in the other parts or institutions
B) an adverse reaction at the individual level only
C) an adverse reaction in all other institutions
D) a positive reaction in the other institutions

Question 70

Social scientist Thorstein Veblen described early wealthy U.S.industrialists as engaging in __________-the continuous public display of one's wealth and status through purchases such as expensive houses,clothing,motor vehicles,and other consumer goods.

A) massive consumption
B) representative consumption
C) random consumption
D) conspicuous consumption

Question 71

The transmission of knowledge and skills from one generation to the next is a __________ of education.

A) dysfunction
B) latent function
C) prerequisite function
D) manifest function

Question 72

__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable,orderly system.

A) Functionalist
B) Conflict
C) Interactionist
D) Developmental

Question 73

Which of the following theoretical perspectives would argue that a booming economy benefits other social institutions,including the family,religion,and education?

A) functionalism
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionism
D) postmodernism

Question 74

According to Robert K.Merton,__________ are the undesirable consequences of any element of a society.

A) dysfunctions
B) latent functions
C) prerequisite functions
D) manifest functions

Question 75

This sociologist suggested that a division of labor (distinct,specialized functions) between husband and wife is essential for family stability and social order.

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Peter Berger
C) Charles Horton Cooley
D) Talcott Parsons

Question 76

According to the functionalist perspective,society develops ___________ to remain orderly and stable.Examples would be religion,economy,family,and government.

A) dysfunctions
B) anomic structures
C) institutions
D) social dynamics

Question 77

From a functionalist perspective,the wife/mother is responsible for the __________ tasks,including housework,caring for the children,and providing emotional support for the entire family.

A) expressive
B) instrumental
C) compatible
D) independent

Question 78

Many teens "hang out" with friends and eat lunch at the food court of a shopping mall.According to the functionalist perspective,this is an example of a __________ of shopping and consumption.

A) dysfunction
B) latent function
C) prerequisite function
D) manifest function

Question 79

According to Robert K.Merton,__________ are unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants.

A) dysfunctions
B) latent functions
C) prerequisite functions
D) manifest functions

Question 80

From a functionalist perspective,the husband/father performs the __________ tasks,which involve leadership and decision-making responsibilities in the home and employment outside the home to support the family.

A) expressive
B) instrumental
C) contradictory
D) interdependent