Deck 3: Culture

Question 1

Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy categories that included appearance (such as bodily adornment and hairstyles),activities (such as sports,dancing,games,joking,and visiting),social institutions (such as family,law,and religion),and customary practices (such as cooking,folklore,gift giving,and hospitality).These are all examples of:

A) symbols
B) beliefs
C) cultural universals
D) norms

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ is/are a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.

A) Beliefs
B) Values
C) Language
D) Norms

Answer 2

C

Question 3

__________ consist(s) of customs and practices that occur across all societies.

A) Ideologies
B) Beliefs
C) Cultural universals
D) Material culture

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding cultural universals is FALSE?

A) Cultural universals include appearance, activities, social institutions, and customary practices.
B) Some customs and practices are found in all cultures in different forms.
C) The specific forms of cultural universals vary from one group to another and from one time to another within the same group.
D) Sociologists are in agreement that cultural universals are the result of functional necessity.

Question 5

Spiders do not learn to build webs.They build webs because of __________ that are triggered by basic biological needs such as protection and reproduction.

A) instincts
B) impulses
C) reflexes
D) drives

Question 6

__________ is the knowledge,language,values,customs,and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

A) Technology
B) Society
C) Culture
D) Social organization

Question 7

According to the ____________,language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.

A) Helmicki-Kendall theorem
B) Thompson-Murdock principle
C) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
D) Smith-Wesson law

Question 8

__________ consist(s) of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make,use,and share.

A) Technology
B) Nonmaterial culture
C) Cultural universals
D) Material culture

Question 9

Human behavior is often explained from a nature versus nurture argument.___________ refers to influences on individuals from the social environment.

A) Nature
B) Nurture
C) Reflex
D) Instinct

Question 10

This part of our culture can transmit emotion.For example,it can stand for love (a heart on a valentine),peace (a dove),or hate (a Nazi swastika).

A) language
B) symbols
C) technology
D) innovations

Question 11

Sneezing after breathing pepper through the nose is an example of a(n) __________,which is an unlearned,biologically determined,and involuntary response to some physical stimuli.

A) instinct
B) reflex
C) drive
D) impulse

Question 12

In Argentina,rotating one's index finger around the front of the ear means "you have a telephone call",but in the United States it usually means that you are suggesting that a person is "crazy".Both of these gestures exemplify:

A) symbols
B) technology
C) language
D) values

Question 13

Verbal (spoken) language and __________ help us describe reality by sharing our experiences,feelings,and knowledge with others.

A) nonverbal (written or gestured) language
B) nonmaterial culture
C) technology
D) innovation

Question 14

__________ are unlearned,biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satisfy needs such as sleep,food,water,and sexual gratification.

A) Instincts
B) Drives
C) Reflexes
D) Reactions

Question 15

Culture is essential for our individual survival and our communication with other people.It is also fundamental for the survival of societies because it makes the actions of individuals intelligible to the group.This makes the culture and society:

A) in conflict with one another
B) independent
C) contrasting
D) interdependent

Question 16

A __________ is a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

A) country
B) society
C) nation
D) culture

Question 17

__________ consist(s) of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior.

A) Material culture
B) Technology
C) Nonmaterial culture
D) Cultural universals

Question 18

Sociologists define __________ as the knowledge,techniques,and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms,and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

A) industrialization
B) technology
C) material culture
D) cybernetics

Question 19

According to sociologist Ann Swidler,__________ is/are a "tool kit of symbols,stories,rituals,and world views that people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems."

A) instincts
B) society
C) reflexes
D) culture

Question 20

Language,beliefs,values,rules of behavior,family patterns,and political systems are examples of:

A) nonmaterial culture
B) symbolic culture
C) material culture
D) cultural universals

Question 21

Recent data gathered by the U.S.Census Bureau indicate that approximately __________ percent of the people in this country speak a language other than English at home.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 30

Question 22

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005,many people in the United States were more willing to make generous contributions to help the survivors of this natural disaster than they were to help the long-term homeless and disadvantaged throughout the United States.This is an example of:

A) value contradiction
B) value practicality
C) moral conflict
D) ideal culture

Question 23

__________ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong,good or bad,and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

A) Beliefs
B) Norms
C) Values
D) Assumptions

Question 24

Eric is attending classes at the local college.He believes in the idea of success,but he does not spend as much time as he could studying to achieve a higher grade point average.His behavior is an example of __________ culture.

A) ideal
B) real
C) material
D) universal

Question 25

According to sociologist Robin Williams,__________ is an American core value that emphasizes helpfulness,personal kindness,aid in mass disasters,and organized philanthropy.

A) equality
B) achievement and success
C) progress and material comfort
D) morality and humanitarianism

Question 26

Not all norms are of equal importance; __________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators.Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.

A) informal norms
B) real norms
C) formal norms
D) ideal norms

Question 27

____________ refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow.

A) Ideal culture
B) Real culture
C) Material culture
D) Universal culture

Question 28

Children learn about their cultural heritage and develop a sense of personal identity in relationship to their group through __________.

A) nonverbal communication
B) osmosis
C) language
D) innovation

Question 29

According to sociologist Robin Williams,a belief in the idea that "the American way of life" is best illustrates the core value of ____________.

A) equality
B) freedom and liberty
C) progress and material comfort
D) racism and group superiority

Question 30

____________ refers to the values and standards of behavior that people in society profess to hold.

A) Ideal culture
B) Real culture
C) Material culture
D) Universal culture

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT an example of a way in which language may create and reinforce negative perceptions about race and ethnicity?

A) Words may have more than one meaning and create and reinforce negative images.
B) Overtly derogatory terms are "popularized" in movies, music, and other forms of popular culture.
C) The "voice" of verbs may overemphasize the importance of the activities and achievements of people of color.
D) Adjectives that typically have positive connotations-such as "qualified"-can have entirely different meanings when applied to people of color as compared with whites.

Question 32

According to sociologist Robin Williams,we cherish the core value of _________,which is conveyed by the idea that Americans believe that people are responsible for their own success or failure.

A) individualism
B) progress and material comfort
C) efficiency and practicality
D) morality and humanitarianism

Question 33

An example of the discrepancy between ideal cultural values and people's actual behavior was conducted at the University of Arizona.This study is known as the:

A) Tearoom Trade
B) Tuskegee Experiment
C) Garbage Project
D) Cactus Initiative

Question 34

Values provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave.__________ are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

A) Mores
B) Folkways
C) Sanctions
D) Norms

Question 35

__________ state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable.Laws that prohibit us from driving over the speed limit and "good manners" that preclude you from reading a newspaper during class are examples.

A) Proscriptive norms
B) Nonstandard norms
C) Prescriptive norms
D) Subscriptive norms

Question 36

The belief that shared values are essential for societies to survive would be representative of what theoretical perspective?

A) conflict
B) functionalist
C) symbolic interactionist
D) postmodern

Question 37

The view that language is a source of power and social control and that it perpetuates inequalities between people and between groups because words are used to "keep people in their place" is representative of what theoretical perspective?

A) symbolic interactionist
B) functionalist
C) postmodern
D) conflict

Question 38

Many Latinos/as in New Mexico and South Texas employ __________ (proverbs or sayings that are unique to the Spanish language) as a means of expressing themselves and as a reflection of their cultural heritage.

A) dichos
B) machos
C) notas
D) memos

Question 39

The English language ignores women by using the masculine form:

A) to refer to all professions
B) to refer to automobiles and ships
C) in referencing low paying jobs categories
D) to refer to human beings in general

Question 40

__________ norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable.For example,persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.

A) Standard
B) Prescriptive
C) Regular
D) Proscriptive

Question 41

__________ deals with disputes among persons or groups.Persons who lose these types of law suits may encounter negative sanctions,such as having to pay compensation to the other party or being ordered to stop certain conduct.

A) Civil law
B) Formal law
C) Criminal law
D) Informal law

Question 42

All parts of culture do not change at the same pace.Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________,a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions.

A) cultural leveling
B) cultural division
C) cultural lag
D) cultural diffusion

Question 43

In the United States,__________ include using underarm deodorant,brushing our teeth,and wearing appropriate clothing for a specific occasion.

A) formal norms
B) folkways
C) mores
D) laws

Question 44

__________ are formal,standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions.

A) Folkways
B) Mores
C) Laws
D) Legislative mandates

Question 45

A college has a student handbook that has rules and regulations.There are written consequences for not following these rules.This would be an example of:

A) folkways
B) conventions
C) taboos
D) formal norms

Question 46

__________ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized.Historically,it involved unearthing natural elements or existing realties,such as fire or the true shape of the earth.

A) Invention
B) Diffusion
C) Discovery
D) Cultural advancement

Question 47

After having successfully negotiated an important business contract with a major client,Joyce's boss congratulated her and promised her a significant pay raise.In this situation,Joyce has received what sociologists call a:

A) positive folkway
B) positive sanction
C) positive mores
D) positive value

Question 48

__________ deals with public safety and well-being.When these types of law are violated,fines and prison sentences are the most likely negative sanctions,although in some states the death penalty is handed down for certain major offenses.

A) Deviant law
B) Civil law
C) Formal law
D) Criminal law

Question 49

Jeffery was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for this offense.He also practiced cannibalism on his victims.In this situation,the act of murder could be described as the violation of a __________,while cannibalism could be described as the violation of a __________.

A) value; belief
B) folkway; mores
C) more; taboo
D) more; folkway

Question 50

As you are rushing from one class to the next,you absentmindedly forget to hold the door open for the person coming through behind you.The consequence is that the person has the door slammed in his/her face.Which of the following cultural components has been violated as a result of your behavior?

A) taboo
B) folkway
C) sanction
D) mores

Question 51

Norms are also classified according to their relative social importance.__________ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.

A) Mores
B) Folkways
C) Sanctions
D) Taboos

Question 52

Today,discovery most often results from __________.For example,a
Future discovery of a cure for cancer or the common cold could result in
Longer and more productive lives for many people.

A) scientific research
B) unearthing natural elements
C) uncovering existing realities
D) diffusion

Question 53

The strongest mores are referred to as __________.They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

A) sanctions
B) folkways
C) laws
D) taboos

Question 54

Luke has just received a stern lecture from his mother about his lack of motivation.This is an example of a:

A) value reinforcement
B) positive sanction
C) norm violation
D) negative sanction

Question 55

During a sermon in church,a parishioner begins to talk to the person sitting next to her in an audible tone of voice.A man in another pew turns around,frowns at her,and says "Shhhhhhhh." This illustrates a(n):

A) informal sanction
B) formal sanction
C) taboo
D) core value

Question 56

__________ is the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form.Guns,video games,and airplanes are examples that positively or negatively affect our lives today.

A) Discovery
B) Invention
C) Diffusion
D) Diversity

Question 57

__________ are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.

A) Folkways
B) Mores
C) Sanctions
D) Taboos

Question 58

__________ are a particular culture's strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences.

A) Folkways
B) Informal norms
C) Negative sanctions
D) Mores

Question 59

__________ is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as exploration,military endeavors,the media,tourism,and immigration.

A) Discovery
B) Diffusion
C) Functional reorganization
D) Rediscovery

Question 60

Pushing someone's book bags off their desk and then pushing them out of their seat because you want their desk in a college classroom would be violating a __________.

A) sanction
B) more
C) folkway
D) taboo

Question 61

The growing popularity of fast food restaurants throughout many parts of the world is an example of:

A) cultural discovery
B) cultural lag
C) cultural diffusion
D) cultural diversity

Question 62

According to sociologists,__________ is the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture.It is based on the assumption that one's own way of life is superior to all others.

A) authoritarianism
B) ethnocentrism
C) cultural relativism
D) self-centeredness

Question 63

Examples of __________ include the beatniks of the 1950s,the flower children of the 1960s,the drug enthusiasts of the 1970s,and members of nonmainstream religious sects or cults.

A) contracultures
B) secondary cultures
C) countercultures
D) subcultures

Question 64

Because they may have less invested in the existing culture,____________ people are most likely to join subcultural groups.

A) young
B) middle-aged
C) retired
D) elderly

Question 65

Irish Americans,Italian Americans,and Polish Americans are an example of which of the following categories?

A) racial
B) religious
C) White ethnics
D) postmodern ethnics

Question 66

According to the text,__________,located in cities such as San Francisco,Los Angeles,and New York,are one of the more visible ethnic subcultures in the United States.

A) Chinatowns
B) Irish enclaves
C) Italian enclaves
D) Latino/a barrios

Question 67

When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomamo tribe of South America,he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment.Chagnon experienced:

A) subcultural shame
B) societal disbelief
C) culture shock
D) personal anomie

Question 68

The __________ are aware that they share distinctive values and look
Different from other people; these differences provide them with a collective identity and make them feel close to one another.

A) Scientologists
B) Amish
C) Mormons
D) Italians

Question 69

A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes,beliefs,values,and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.

A) contraculture
B) counterculture
C) subculture
D) primary culture

Question 70

The Old Order Amish are considered a subculture because:

A) they practice their religious beliefs
B) they remain in a relatively closed social network
C) its members share values and norms that differ significantly from those of people who primarily identify with the dominant culture
D) its members have a strong value system

Question 71

Some nations,such as the United States,are referred to as __________,meaning that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion,income,or race/ethnicity.

A) subculture societies
B) homogeneous societies
C) counterculture societies
D) heterogeneous societies

Question 72

Some people have unique shared behaviors linked to a common racial,language,or nationality background in which members will identify themselves.This is an example of a(n):

A) counterculture
B) main culture
C) ethnic subculture
D) dominant group

Question 73

__________ is the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

A) Culture shock
B) Societal disbelief
C) National shame
D) Group anomie

Question 74

In a six square-block tract of downtown Boston,it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese,dine on raw fish in a sushi bar,or grab a slice of pizza from a street vendor.This variety of food choices illustrates the process of:

A) cultural initiative
B) cultural relativism
C) cultural transformation
D) cultural diffusion

Question 75

During the Olympic Games,the spirits of nationalism and patriotism encourage people to think of their own nation as "the best." This illustrates the principle of:

A) cultural relativism
B) self-centeredness
C) authoritarianism
D) ethnocentrism

Question 76

The joy of work,the primacy of the home,faithfulness,thriftiness,tradition,and humility are examples of ___________ that are part of the Old Order of Amish culture.

A) folkways
B) American values
C) core values
D) subculture

Question 77

__________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations.It may be the result of natural circumstances (such as climate and geography) or social circumstances (such as level of technology and composition of the population).

A) Cultural relativism
B) Cultural diversity
C) Cultural diffusion
D) Cultural transformation

Question 78

Some nations,such as Sweden,are referred to as __________,meaning that they include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social,religious,political,and economic backgrounds.

A) homogeneous societies
B) subculture societies
C) heterogeneous societies
D) diffused societies

Question 79

A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.

A) subculture
B) counterculture
C) contraculture
D) secondary culture

Question 80

In the month of December,many Jewish families celebrate "Chanukah" (the Festival of Light),during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith.In this context,members of the Jewish faith would represent a:

A) rival culture
B) counterculture
C) contraculture
D) subculture