Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

According to Sigmund Freud,the newborn child's personality is all __________,and from birth the child finds that urges for self-gratification-such as wanting to be held,fed,or changed-are not going to be satisfied immediately.

A) ego
B) libido
C) superego
D) id

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Sigmund Freud,the __________ is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Psychologist Jean Piaget believed that,in each stage of human development (from birth to adolescence),children's activities are governed by their:

A) individual psyches
B) perception of the world around them
C) socialization
D) interactions with others

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Laura would really like to have a second piece of chocolate cake for dessert.After thinking about it,Laura eats the second piece of cake even though she knows this is what she wants and not what she needs.According to psychologist Sigmund Freud's theory of personality,which level of the personality is in control?

A) libido
B) ego
C) id
D) superego

Question 5

According to Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget,there are __________ stages of childhood development.

A) two
B) four
C) eighth
D) twelve

Question 6

According to Jean Piaget,in the __________ stage (birth to age two),children understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action; they cannot engage in symbolic thought or use language.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Question 7

According to Sigmund Freud,the __________ is first expressed as the recognition of parental control and eventually matures as the child learns that parental control is a reflection of the values and moral demands of the larger society.

A) superego
B) id
C) ego
D) libido

Question 8

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna,a child who was kept in an attic-like room in her grandfather's house,because:

A) he was studying parental attitudes of young, unmarried mothers
B) he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
C) he was attempting to determine how children develop a generalized other
D) he was examining the relationship between sexual motives and human behavior

Question 9

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection,warmth,and closeness see the world:

A) as a non-trustworthy and abusive place
B) with suspicion and fear
C) as a safe and comfortable place
D) as a hostile place

Question 10

__________ occurs when children's basic needs-including emotional warmth and security,adequate shelter,food,health care,education,clothing,and protection-are not met,regardless of cause.

A) Child neglect
B) Infant maladaptiveness
C) Child mistreatment
D) Toddler maladjustment

Question 11

__________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature is a major factor.

A) Psychophysiology
B) Genetic analysis
C) Sociobiology
D) Cybernation

Question 12

Socialization is essential for the ___________ because it enables us to develop our human potential and learn the ways of thinking,talking,and acting that are necessary for social living.

A) nation
B) society
C) group
D) individual

Question 13

Psychologist Jean Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development.Which of the following is the correct sequence?

A) preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational
B) concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational, and sensorimotor
C) preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and sensorimotor
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 14

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud,human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality.The __________,or conscience,consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 15

In a series of laboratory experiments,psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to:

A) demonstrate the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
B) demonstrate that human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality
C) demonstrate how conflicts that coincide with major changes in a person's social environment can be resolved in a positive manner
D) demonstrate that cognitive development occurs in stages and children's activities are governed by their perception of the world around them

Question 16

____________ often involves acts of omission (where parents or caregivers fail to provide adequate physical or emotional care for children) rather than acts of commission (such as physical or sexual abuse).

A) Maltreatment
B) Abuse
C) Neglect
D) Maladaptiveness

Question 17

The case of Anna,a child that was given just enough care to keep her alive illustrates the effects of __________.

A) sexual abuse
B) cognitive abuse
C) socialization
D) social isolation

Question 18

__________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical,mental,and social skills needed for survival in society.

A) Acculturation
B) Socialization
C) Reification
D) Self-representation

Question 19

The case of Genie,an isolated child,illustrates that:

A) with proper therapy, children who have been isolated can become a part of the mainstream
B) children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood
C) children who experience social isolation and neglect may be defined as "retarded" when they reach adulthood
D) isolated children actually can recover quickly from any physical or psychological damages

Question 20

According to Sigmund Freud,the __________ is the rational,reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of individuals.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 21

__________ is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.

A) Personality
B) Psyche
C) Self-concept
D) Individual orientation

Question 22

Tyler is very concerned with how his friends view his behavior.This would be representative of Kohlberg's ____________ stage of moral development.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) subconventional

Question 23

Lawrence Kohlberg elaborated on Piaget's theories of cognitive reasoning by conducting a series of studies in which people were presented with __________ that took the form of stories.

A) moral dilemmas
B) ethical principles
C) philosophical problems
D) tautology

Question 24

According to sociologist Irving Goffman,inmates entering prison are required to strip,shower,and wear assigned institutional clothing.In this process,they are searched,weighed,fingerprinted,photographed,and given no privacy even in showers and restrooms.This depersonalization process is referred to as a:

A) total institution
B) resocialization ritual
C) rite of passage
D) degradation ceremony

Question 25

Children who are capable of understanding that placing their hand on a hot stove will hurt,without actually placing their hand on the stove,would be an example of Piaget's __________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Question 26

According to Carol Gilligan,the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's work is that it:

A) underestimates human potential for immorality
B) was based on only male subjects
C) ignores key social psychological insights
D) overemphasizes the subconscious mind

Question 27

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,in the __________ level (age 10 through adulthood),people are most concerned with how they are perceived by their peers and on how one conforms to rules.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) subconventional

Question 28

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,in the __________ level (few adults reach this stage),people view morality in terms of individual rights; "moral conduct" is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.

A) subconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 29

In Jean Piaget's theory,by the __________ stage (age twelve through adolescence),the individual is able to engage in highly abstract thought,can think about the future,and can evaluate different options or courses of action.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 30

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,during the __________ level (age seven to ten),children's perceptions are based on punishment and obedience.

A) conventional
B) subconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 31

Babies and toddlers experience their world through touch and sound.This is an example of Jean Piaget's ____________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Question 32

According to Jean Piaget,in the __________ stage (age two to seven),children are limited in their ability to use logic to solve problems or to realize that physical objects may change in shape or appearance but still retain their physical properties.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 33

Children and adults who are able to read and hear about places and ideas they have not experienced,yet still understand them,would be considered to be in Piaget's __________ cognitive stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 34

According to psychologist Jean Piaget,toward the end of the second year of life,children comprehend __________; that is,they start to realize that objects continue to exist even when the items are placed out of their sight.

A) egocentricity
B) object permanence
C) human interactions
D) psychological insight

Question 35

Evil behavior is that which is likely to be punished; good conduct is based on obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.This thinking is representative of which of Kohlberg's moral levels?

A) conventional
B) subconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 36

Which of the following is a viewpoint expressed by psychologist Carol Gilligan?

A) Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development reflect the ways many women think about moral problems.
B) Men are socialized to make moral decisions based on their desires to do the greatest good for both themselves and others.
C) Women are socialized to make moral decisions based on abstract principles of justice.
D) Women are socialized to make moral decisions based on their desires to do the greatest good for both themselves and others.

Question 37

Jean Piaget showed children two identical beakers filled with the same amount of water.After the children agreed that both beakers held the same amount of water,Piaget poured the water from one beaker into a taller,narrower beaker and then asked them about the amounts of water in each beaker.Children in what stage would be unable to distinguish the fact that the beakers held the same amount of water?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 38

Viewing morality in terms of human rights rather than in terms of government and laws is representative of Kohlberg's ___________ moral level.

A) subconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 39

In Jean Piaget's theory,during the __________ stage (age seven to eleven),children think in terms of tangible objects and actual events.They begin to take the role of others and start to empathize with the viewpoints of others.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Question 40

Which of the following is a criticism of Jean Piaget's developmental
Theory?

A) It ignores children's individual differences.
B) It ignores gender differences.
C) It ignores cultural differences of children.
D) All of the above.

Question 41

According to Charles Horton Cooley,the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

A) human psyche
B) looking-glass self
C) process of role-taking
D) significant others

Question 42

Four components make up our self-concept.The psychological self is best reflected in which of the following?

A) "I am nice to others."
B) "I am good at soccer."
C) "I am tall."
D) "I believe in world peace."

Question 43

According to George Herbert Mead,__________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

A) role exploration
B) role assumption
C) role-taking
D) role-searching

Question 44

Sheila is playing softball with a group of her friends.Recently,she has been thinking about how her team members need to work as a team when a line drive is hit to center field.In doing this,Sheila is developing an awareness of what sociologist George Herbert Mead termed:

A) significant others
B) the generalized other
C) the looking-glass self
D) the authoritarian personality

Question 45

Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me."

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Erik Erikson
C) Neil Smelser
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 46

According to George Herbert Mead,in the __________ stage of self-development (up to age three),interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

A) play
B) preparatory
C) game
D) generalized

Question 47

Four components make up our self-concept.The active self is best reflected in which of the following?

A) "I believe in world peace."
B) "I am tall."
C) "I am good at soccer."
D) "I am nice to others."

Question 48

According to George Herbert Mead,in the __________ stage of self-development (from about age three to five),children learn to use language and other symbols,thus enabling them to pretend to take the roles of specific people.

A) preparatory
B) game
C) play
D) generalized

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a step in the looking-glass self process?

A) We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people.
B) We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present.
C) We develop a self-concept.
D) We refuse to scrutinize the reactions of others.

Question 50

Four components make up our self-concept.The physical self is best reflected in which of the following?

A) "I am tall."
B) "I am good at soccer."
C) "I am nice to others."
D) "I believe in world peace."

Question 51

According to George Herbert Mead,when children between the ages of three and five play "doctor" or "superhero," they are in the ________ stage of self-development.

A) preparatory
B) preconventional
C) play
D) game

Question 52

According to George Herbert Mead,during the __________ stage of self-development (early school years),children understand not only their own social position but also the positions of others around them.

A) preparatory
B) play
C) generalized
D) game

Question 53

According to sociologist Anne Kaspar,George H.Mead's ideas about the social self:

A) may be more applicable to women than men
B) do not take into account that women experience inherent conflicts between the meanings they derive from their personal experience and those they take from the culture
C) are too conflict-oriented
D) rely too heavily on psychoanalytic theory

Question 54

Four components make up our self-concept.The social self is best reflected in which of the following?

A) "I am good at soccer."
B) "I am nice to others."
C) "I am tall."
D) "I believe in world peace."

Question 55

George Herbert Mead's concept of the __________ refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.

A) generalized other
B) perceived other
C) secondary other
D) significant other

Question 56

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

A) subjective
B) objective
C) imaginary
D) neutral

Question 57

Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George H.Mead can best be classified as:

A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) symbolic interactionists
D) postmodernists

Question 58

Our __________ is our perception about what kind of person we are,which is developed through our interaction with others.

A) mind
B) physical self
C) socialization
D) self-identity

Question 59

George Herbert Mead stated that __________ are those persons whose care,affection,and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

A) significant others
B) perceived others
C) generalized others
D) primary others

Question 60

The "me" is the __________ element of the self,which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.

A) imaginary
B) subjective
C) objective
D) neutral

Question 61

__________ theorists stress that socialization contributes to false consciousness-a lack of awareness and a distorted perception of the reality of class as it affects all aspects of social life.Socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.

A) Conflict
B) Postmodern
C) Functionalist
D) Symbolic interactionist

Question 62

According to sociologists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis,much of what happens in school amounts to teaching a(n) __________ in which children learn to be neat,on time,quiet,wait their turn,and remain attentive to their work.

A) discipline scenario
B) authoritarian agenda
C) hidden curriculum
D) media program

Question 63

__________ are the persons,groups,or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

A) Interaction forums
B) Agents of socialization
C) Sources of social reference
D) Role sets

Question 64

To a large extent,the family is where we acquire our ____________ because it is where we acquire specific racial,ethnic,class,religious,and regional subgrouping.

A) education
B) social position
C) economic background
D) exosystem

Question 65

Sociologists argue that the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.

A) school
B) peer group
C) family
D) mass media

Question 66

A __________ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who are in charge.Examples include military boot camps,jails and prisons,and concentration camps.

A) resocializing institution
B) deviant behavior modifier
C) total institution
D) complete institution

Question 67

__________ theorists assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class,their racial/ethnic background,the neighborhood in which they live,and their sex/gender.

A) Postmodern
B) Conflict
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Functionalist

Question 68

A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests,equal social position,and (usually) similar age.

A) reference group
B) peer group
C) social group
D) primary group

Question 69

Corsaro states that ___________ is a stable set of activities or routines,artifacts,values,and concerns that children produce and share.

A) social group
B) peer culture
C) gang
D) juvenile group

Question 70

According to sociologist Melvin Kohn,__________ is one of the strongest influences on what and how parents teach their children.

A) race and ethnic background
B) social class (parental occupation)
C) religion
D) the media (particularly television)

Question 71

Generally,studies have found that quality day-care and preschool programs have a:

A) negative effect on the overall learning curve of children
B) negative effect on the overall socialization of children
C) positive effect on the marriage of the parents
D) positive effect on the overall socialization of children

Question 72

In kindergarten,teachers typically have a "naptime" when children are expected to get their blankets,lie down,and rest.Some children might respond that they aren't sleepy,but are told that "naptime" takes place at a certain time and all members of the class are expected to respond appropriately.This exemplifies the:

A) authoritarian agenda
B) bureaucratic rule system
C) discipline scenario
D) hidden curriculum

Question 73

It is from this institution that we first learn cultural and social values,language,attitudes,beliefs,and norms.

A) education
B) religion
C) economy
D) family

Question 74

According to the work of Melvin Kohn,__________ parents,who have more freedom and flexibility at work,tend to give their children more freedom to make their own decisions and to be more creative.

A) middle and professional classes
B) lower class
C) upper class
D) working class

Question 75

Which of the following agents of socialization teach specific knowledge and skills but also have a profound effect on children's self-image,beliefs,and values?

A) media
B) sports
C) peers
D) school

Question 76

The __________ approach emphasizes that socialization is a collective process in which children are active and creative agents,not just passive recipients of the socialization process.From this view,childhood is a socially constructed category.

A) postmodernist
B) functionalist
C) symbolic interactionist
D) conflict

Question 77

Theorists using a __________ perspective emphasize that families serve important duties in society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children.

A) conflict
B) symbolic interactionist
C) postmodern
D) functionalist

Question 78

Currently,about __________ percent of all U.S.preschool children are in day care,either in private homes or institutional settings,and this percentage continues to climb.

A) 10
B) 33
C) 60
D) 75

Question 79

Children in low-income families may be unintentionally socialized to believe that acquiring an education and aspiring to lofty ambitions are pointless because of existing economic conditions in the family.This is an example of which theoretical perspective's view of family?

A) conflict
B) postmodern
C) functionalist
D) symbolic interactionist

Question 80

The research of sociologist William Corsaro suggests that the __________ is the most significant public realm for children.

A) peer group
B) mass media
C) family
D) school