Deck 10: Population, Community, Health, and the Environment

Question 1

The term fertility refers to

A) the biological potential for reproduction in a society.
B) the number of deaths per year in a society.
C) the rate of reproduction in a society.
D) the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year.

Answer 1

the rate of reproduction in a society.

Question 2

A sociologist notes that women in the United States are choosing to have careers rather than produce families. This sociologist is studying

A) morbidity.
B) mortality.
C) fertility.
D) ecology.

Answer 2

fertility.

Question 3

Which of the following factors capture the attention of sociologists more than most other scientific disciplines when studying population rates and trends?

A) nature of reproduction
B) level of reproduction
C) causes of death
D) norms, values and patterns

Answer 3

norms, values and patterns

Question 4

Fertility is influenced by a person's

A) age of entry into sexual unions.
B) use of contraception.
C) social and religious values.
D) all of these

Question 5

Which discipline draws upon several components of population-including size, composition, and territorial distribution-in order to understand the social consequences of population change?

A) epidemiology
B) gerontology
C) anthropology
D) demography

Question 6

During the 1900s, African Americans migrated from rural southern states to northern urban areas. They brought with them high birthrates, which are characteristic of rural residents, and they settled in congested inner-city communities. Which sociological specialist would examine the social consequences of these migration patterns and birthrates?

A) social epidemiologist
B) ethnomethodologist
C) demographer
D) dramaturgist

Question 7

Which two major social institutions were strongly criticized by Thomas Robert Malthus?

A) government and families
B) economy and education
C) religion and slavery
D) politics and education

Question 8

Thomas Malthus argued that population expands by a progression of

A) 1, 2, 3, 4.
B) 4, 3, 2, 1.
C) 1, 10, 100, 1,000.
D) 1, 2, 4, 8.

Question 9

The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus suggested that there would be a world population crisis because the

A) food supply increases arithmetically and the population expands geometrically.
B) food supply increases geometrically and the population expands arithmetically.
C) food supply and the population increase arithmetically.
D) food supply and the population increase geometrically.

Question 10

Which of the following did Thomas Robert Malthus suggest as method to control population?

A) birth control
B) postponing of marriage
C) sterilization
D) all of these

Question 11

In the view of Karl Marx, the cause of social ills was not rising world population but rather

A) capitalism.
B) feudalism.
C) unrestricted migration.
D) intellectual elitism.

Question 12

Karl Marx

A) supported Malthus's ideas on population growth.
B) believed that rising world population, rather than capitalism, was the cause of social ills.
C) believed that capitalism, not rising world population, was the cause of social ills.
D) believed that the depletion of the ozone layer was due to world population growth.

Question 13

Which of the following demographers is considered neo-Malthusian?

A) Thomas Malthus
B) Paul Ehrlich
C) Karl Marx
D) All of these

Question 14

Paul Ehrlich's view on population reflects

A) that world population growth is outstretching natural resources.
B) that food production needs to be increased.
C) that developed countries consume a disproportionately large share of the world's resources.
D) two of these statements are true

Question 15

Advocates of the neo-Malthusian view differ from Thomas Malthus in that they favor

A) use of birth control measures as a means of regulating population increases.
B) encouraging couples to marry earlier and begin having children sooner.
C) worldwide socialist revolution as a solution for population problems.
D) restricting the world's food supply.

Question 16

Neo-Malthusians condemn developed nations, which despite their low birthrates consume a disproportionately large share of world resources. This position reflects agreement with which sociological perspective?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 17

The largest factor contributing to illness and death among children in developing countries is

A) malaria.
B) subfecundity.
C) the sick role.
D) malnutrition.

Question 18

Governmental forms sent to all individuals and families that ask questions about the number and characteristics of all the people living in a dwelling is referred to as a(an)

A) actuarial table.
B) census.
C) interview enumeration.
D) human ecology.

Question 19

A sociologist is interested in Norwegian American history. In order to study this group the researcher examines historical records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces within the community where they settled. This data is an example of

A) census data.
B) vital statistics.
C) epidemiology.
D) a population pyramid.

Question 20

The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year is known as

A) the birthrate.
B) ZPG.
C) fecundity.
D) fertility.

Question 21

A sociologist notes that for every 1,000 residents, there are fewer children born in suburban communities in the United States than in inner-city ghettos or in rural communities. This sociologist is examining

A) fertility rates.
B) total fertility rates.
C) birthrates.
D) growth rates.

Question 22

The average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming that she conforms to current fertility rates, is known as

A) the general fertility rate.
B) the total fertility rate.
C) the fecundity.
D) the growth rate.

Question 23

The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year is known as the

A) death rate.
B) morbidity rate.
C) unified death rate.
D) demographic transition.

Question 24

Which term is used to refer to the number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year?

A) infant euthanasia rate
B) infant morbidity rate
C) infant mortality rate
D) demographic transition

Question 25

The measuring of a nation's infant mortality rate serves to indicate

A) its prenatal nutrition.
B) delivery procedures.
C) infant screening measures.
D) all of these

Question 26

At birth, Calvin was expected to live 68 years. However, as he successfully survived childhood illnesses and as medical science improved its knowledge and treatment of various diseases, he learned that he could expect to live to be 77 years old. During Calvin's life, his ___________ increased.

A) growth rate
B) life expectancy
C) ecological table
D) demographic transition

Question 27

Members of which nation have the shortest life expectancy?

A) the United States
B) Lesotho
C) Japan
D) Iceland

Question 28

A spatial or political unit of social organization that gives people a sense of belonging, based either on shared residence in a particular place or on a common identity is called a(an)

A) city.
B) suburb.
C) exurb.
D) community.

Question 29

A community is defined as

A) an area characterized by relatively large size, open competition, an open class system, and elaborate specialization.
B) any area that is not included in the central city within a metropolis.
C) a spatial or political unit of social organization that gives people a sense of belonging, based either on shared residence in a particular place or on a common identity.
D) none of these

Question 30

Little Italy, Chinatown, and Harlem would be considered examples of three ____________ in New York City.

A) megalopolises
B) metropolises
C) communities
D) Gesellschafts

Question 31

Which type of city has only a few thousand people living within its borders, a relatively closed class system, and limited mobility?

A) preindustrial city
B) industrial city
C) postindustrial city
D) megalopolis

Question 32

A preindustrial city is characterized as having

A) a relatively large size, open competition, an open class system, and elaborate specialization in the manufacturing of goods.
B) only a few thousand people living within its borders, a relatively closed class system, and limited mobility.
C) a densely populated area containing two or more urban units and their surrounding suburbs.
D) none of these

Question 33

Which type of city is characterized by relatively large size, open competition, an open class system, and elaborate specialization in the manufacturing of goods?

A) preindustrial city
B) industrial city
C) postindustrial city
D) megalopolis

Question 34

A city in which global finance and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy is known as a(an)

A) industrial city.
B) postindustrial city.
C) postmodern city.
D) megalopolis.

Question 35

Which type of city would New York City most likely be since it is considered one of the information and financial capitals of the world?

A) preindustrial city
B) industrial city
C) postindustrial city
D) none of these

Question 36

Louis Wirth argued that a relatively large and permanent settlement leads to distinctive patterns of behavior, which he called

A) squatting.
B) linear development.
C) urbanism.
D) gentrification.

Question 37

Louis Wirth suggested that urbanism restricts a person's attention to

A) capitalism.
B) primary groups.
C) secondary relationships.
D) self-indulgence.

Question 38

Which area of study focuses on the interrelationships between people and their environment as they emerge in urban areas?

A) urban sprawl
B) demography
C) urban ecology
D) social epidemiology

Question 39

Urban ecology is considered a functionalist theory because it

A) emphasizes concentric zones.
B) focuses on the relationships between space and behavior.
C) emphasizes that different elements in urban areas contribute to stability.
D) focuses on the power of urban communities in world economies.

Question 40

Ernest Burgess developed the

A) multiple-nuclei theory.
B) linear-development model of community attachment.
C) concentric-zone theory.
D) systemic model of community attachment.

Question 41

Which theory views urban growth as emerging from many centers of development, each of which may reflect a particular urban need or activity?

A) sector theory
B) disengagement theory
C) concentric-zone theory
D) multiple-nuclei theory

Question 42

Which theory would argue that local decisions about housing and neighborhood schools reflect not only the interplay of a community's political and economic interests, but also the impact of the global economy on communities in the United States and other countries?

A) Urban ecology
B) Functionalist perspective
C) New urban sociology
D) Interactionist perspective

Question 43

A view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth, and developing countries that are controlled and exploited, is known as

A) urban ecology.
B) world systems analysis.
C) new urban sociology.
D) gentrification.

Question 44

Which sociologist contributed to new urban sociology through his world systems analysis approach?

A) Karl Marx
B) Ernest Burgess
C) Immanuel Wallerstein
D) Herbert J. Gans

Question 45

Which of the following is the best definition of health, according to the World Health Organization?

A) A state of complete physical well-being.
B) The absence of disease and infirmity.
C) The state of mind that one is "healthy".
D) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Question 46

A sick role is

A) the part of an ill individual in a movie or play.
B) a bagel that has become stale.
C) societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill.
D) each individual's unique pattern of not feeling well.

Question 47

Which sociologist outlined the behavior expected of people who are "sick"?

A) É mile Durkheim
B) Eliot Freidson
C) Karl Marx
D) Talcott Parsons

Question 48

An individual's assessment of whether he or she is healthy or ill may be related to his or her

A) gender identity.
B) occupational status.
C) social class.
D) all of these

Question 49

A physician is often brought into court to give expert testimony to validate an individual's drug addiction or alcohol dependency. This testimony and the weight that it carries is an example of

A) prevalence.
B) goal multiplication.
C) the medicalization of society.
D) goal displacement.

Question 50

Medicine serves as an agent of social control. It has even attempted to guard its jurisdiction by placing health care professionals such as chiropractors and nurse-midwives outside the realm of acceptable medicine. Which sociological perspective would likely view medicine in this manner?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 51

Which of the following perspectives would focus on patient and doctor relationships and the manner in which both collectively provide diagnosis and treatment for health needs?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 52

The identification of certain premenstrual experiences, trauma, and hyperactivity as disorders are examples of

A) hypergamy.
B) a cultural transmission.
C) prevalence.
D) labeling.

Question 53

Incidence refers to

A) the occurrence of diseases in a given population.
B) the number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time.
C) the occurrence of death in a given population.
D) the total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

Question 54

Research in the United States and other countries has consistently shown that people with lower incomes have

A) lower mortality rates.
B) higher rates of mortality.
C) lower rates of cancer and heart disease.
D) all of these

Question 55

Which of the following groups currently has the highest infant mortality rate in the United States?

A) Whites
B) African Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Native Americans

Question 56

Which of the following statements about women's health is correct? Compared with men, women

A) experience less frequent illnesses.
B) experience more parasitic type illnesses.
C) are less likely to seek treatment for illnesses.
D) none of these

Question 57

In comparison with men, women have lower rates of

A) employment in dangerous occupations.
B) cigarette smoking.
C) consumption of alcohol.
D) all of these

Question 58

In urban areas, the most significant amount of air pollution comes from

A) automobiles.
B) landfills.
C) fuel companies.
D) recycling.

Question 59

Which of the following demonstrated the benefits of carpooling in 1984?

A) a 12 percent reduction in ozone levels during the Olympics in Los Angeles
B) a 20 percent decrease in gasoline prices
C) a 34 percent decrease in automobile fatalities
D) all of these

Question 60

What do Paul and Anne Ehrlich suggest is the central factor in environmental deterioration?

A) noxious gases
B) land contamination
C) population growth
D) governmental policies

Question 61

Barry Commoner, a biologist, contends the primary cause of environmental ills is the increasing use of

A) pesticides.
B) plastics.
C) detergents.
D) all of these

Question 62

Regarding environmental issues, who said "everything is connected to everything else"?

A) Karl Marx
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Barry Commoner
D) Paul Ehrlich

Question 63

Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest the natural environment provides resources essential for life, and that natural depletion of resources is consistent with survival by the fittest as part of a natural evolution?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) dramaturgical perspective

Question 64

Which sociological perspective observes that less affluent nations are being forced to exploit their mineral deposits, forests, and fisheries in order to meet their obligations to developed nations?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) dramaturgical perspective

Question 65

Environmental justice is defined as a

A) policy by the United States Supreme Court to compensate families that have suffered losses as the result of environmental hazards.
B) branch of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that looks for and prosecutes corporations that produce environmental hazards.
C) demand made by major corporations to the courts that would eliminate many of the environmental laws that limit their business activities.
D) legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards.

Question 66

The written work of the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus contains a strong endorsement of two of the major institutions of his time: the church and slavery.

Question 67

More and more metropolitan areas are characterized by spread-out development and unchecked growth.

Question 68

The infant mortality rate functions as a useful indicator of future population growth.

Question 69

One hundred ninety countries have signed the Kyoto Protocol, which is intended to reduce global emissions of heat-trapped gasses. To date, the United States has failed to ratify this accord.

Question 70

Louis Wirth argued that urbanism is dependent on the size of a community's population, population density, and the geographic mobility of the population.

Question 71

The concentric-zone theory suggests that as urban growth proceeds, each zone moves even closer to the central business district.

Question 72

The ultimate consequence of a lack of health care is insurmountable debt.

Question 73

From an interactionist perspective, "being sick" must be controlled to ensure that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time.

Question 74

Drawing upon the conflict perspective, sociologist Howard Waitzkin suggests that racial tensions contribute to the medical problems of blacks in the United States.

Question 75

Air pollution in urban areas is caused primarily by emissions from automobiles and secondarily by emissions from electric power plants and heavy industries.

Question 76

Every year about 17,000 Egyptian children die from diarrhea and dehydration after contact with the Nile river's polluted water.

Question 77

Discuss the views of Thomas Robert Malthus concerning population and how his insights have evolved into what is termed the neo-Malthusian view.

Question 78

Describe how concentric zone theory is used to characterize land use in industrial cities. Give examples to illustrate the various concentric zones.

Question 79

Discuss the core elements of Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis. How does the conflict perspective assist Wallerstein's analysis?

Question 80

Compare and contrast the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist views on health and illness. Give examples to support your answer.