Deck 7: Inequality by Gender

Question 1

According to the text, we are likely to assume either consciously or unconsciously that parental duties are

A) babysitter duties.
B) paternal duties.
C) maternal duties.
D) family responsibilities.

Answer 1

maternal duties.

Question 2

A gender role is

A) the set of expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
B) the ability to recognize the gender of acquaintances.
C) a person's self-concept as being male or female.
D) none of these

Answer 2

the set of expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

Question 3

A young boy in a child care facility already realizes that some people are females and some people are males, and he plays only with other little boys. In addition, he likes to wear the same kinds of clothes that they wear. He is responding to the cultural construction of

A) gender roles.
B) gender differentiation.
C) gender understanding.
D) instrumental roles.

Answer 3

gender roles.

Question 4

Which one of the following is an example of conforming to a traditional gender role in the United States?

A) Mary is a physician.
B) Betty, a 6-year old, plays with trucks and action figures.
C) Sally feeds her doll a bottle.
D) All of these

Question 5

Homophobia is the fear of

A) similar-sounding words.
B) and prejudice against, homosexuality.
C) and prejudice against, homosexuals, bisexuals, and transvestites.
D) high places.

Question 6

In most cases, the primary agents of gender-role socialization are

A) older siblings.
B) teachers.
C) parents.
D) the mass media.

Question 7

Which of the following play an important role in gender-role socialization in the United States?

A) mass media
B) religious institutions
C) educational institutions
D) all of these

Question 8

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that gender roles are learned by identifying with adult role models of the same sex?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) anomie perspective

Question 9

Recent studies show which of the following regarding gender roles.

A) They are biologically determined rather than socially constructed
B) They are socially constructed very differently from women's gender roles.
C) There has been little change in the traditional male gender role.
D) All of these

Question 10

A recent survey shows that attitudes about gender roles and stay-at-home parenting have changed in recent years as evidenced by the fact that _________ respondents said that if one parent stays home with the children, it makes no difference whether that parent is the mother or the father

A) 14
B) 28
C) 48
D) 69

Question 11

Males who do not conform to the socially constructed gender role.

A) face constant criticism and humiliation.
B) become closed and expressive.
C) will likely be both passive and expressive.
D) all of these

Question 12

The work of Margaret Mead

A) claimed that gender roles are biologically determined.
B) illustrated that gender roles are the products of culture and socialization.
C) studied the inequality between adults and children in three groups of people in Pakistan.
D) illustrated instrumental and expressive roles in a cross-cultural setting.

Question 13

Australian sociologist R.W. Connell is known for which of the following terms?

A) multiple masculinities
B) glass ceiling
C) second shift
D) instrumentality

Question 14

Which sociologist(s) argued that to function most effectively, the family requires adults who will specialize in particular roles.

A) Marx and Engels
B) Parsons and Bales
C) Margaret Mead
D) Patricia Hill Collins

Question 15

Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales

A) distinguished between instrumental and expressive roles.
B) conducted a functionalist analysis of gender roles in the United States.
C) noted that families benefit from the traditional division of labor between men and women, which ensures that all of society's jobs are completed.
D) all of these

Question 16

The concept of instrumentality, as used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, refers to

A) the behavior of men and women in small work groups.
B) an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions.
C) the symbolic interactionist approach to male and female behavior.
D) an emphasis on maintaining harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family.

Question 17

Which of the following would best illustrate instrumentality as developed by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales?

A) A woman who has been married for 23 years devotes most of her time to cooking, cleaning, washing, and childcare.
B) On dates, Steve is very talkative and shares his innermost feelings with his date.
C) Tom spends all week at the office.
D) Tabitha works as a lawyer, but she is also responsible for childcare, cooking, cleaning, and washing.

Question 18

According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, which role do men take within the family?

A) androgynous
B) expressive
C) instrumental
D) submissive

Question 19

The concept of expressiveness, as used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, refers to:

A) the behavior of men and women in small work groups.
B) an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship. between one's family and other social institutions
C) the symbolic interactionist approach to male and female behavior.
D) an emphasis on maintaining harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family.

Question 20

Which of the following would best illustrate the expressive role in U.S. society, as developed by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales?

A) Tim is a sensitive man who often cries during sad movies.
B) Marsha, a new employee at a day care center, is praised by her boss for being warm and nurturing to the young children.
C) On dates, Al is very talkative and shares his innermost feelings with his date.
D) Kevin, a construction worker, firmly makes most of the decisions at home, and he has the final say in disciplinary matters.

Question 21

Which of the following would be the best illustration of the expressive role in U.S. society, as developed by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales?

A) A newly married woman keeps a spotless apartment and cooks beautiful gourmet meals.
B) On Saturday, Bill does not need to go into the office, and he uses this time to mow the lawn and tune the engine of his wife's car.
C) On dates, Al is very talkative and shares his innermost feelings with his date.
D) Lucy works as a nurse, but she makes sure that she keeps the apartment clean and has a nice meal on the table for her husband.

Question 22

Which perspective is criticized because it does not convincingly explain why men should be categorically assigned to the instrumental role and women to the expressive role?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) feminist perspective

Question 23

Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales's analysis of gender roles masks underlying power relations between men and women?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) dramaturgical perspective
D) interactionist perspective

Question 24

Which roles in the United States receive higher amounts of rewards in terms of prestige and money?

A) expressive roles
B) instrumental roles
C) identification roles
D) each receives the same amount

Question 25

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the relationship between women and men has been one of unequal power, with men in a dominant position over women?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 26

Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true?

A) There was no feminist movement in the United States until the 1980s.
B) One of the earliest feminist documents was A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft.
C) Modern feminist theory is based on the interactionist perspective.
D) Friedrich Engels argued the rise of industrialization benefited women.

Question 27

A Vindication of the Rights of Women was published in 1792, and was written by

A) Friedrich Engels.
B) Karl Marx.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) John Stuart Mill.

Question 28

The Subjection of Women was published in 1869, and was written by

A) Friedrich Engels.
B) Karl Marx.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) John Stuart Mill.

Question 29

The Origin of Private Property, the Family, and the State was published in 1884 and was written by

A) Friedrich Engels.
B) Karl Marx.
C) Mary Wollstonecraft.
D) John Stuart Mill.

Question 30

Friedrich Engels, a close associate of Karl Marx, argued that women's subjugation by men

A) started in the caves inhabited by the first ancestors of modern people.
B) coincided with the development of modern agriculture.
C) coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization.
D) started in China nearly 3,000 years ago.

Question 31

Friedrich Engels

A) argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization.
B) advocated that the division of labor be based on instrumental and expressive roles for males and females.
C) suggested that equal status contacts between males and females in the corporate world would eliminate the last vestiges of sexism in the United States.
D) urged women to rise up in a revolution, overthrow male rulers, and establish a new society administered by women.

Question 32

Feminist sociologists

A) would find little to disagree with in the functionalist perspective.
B) would argue that the very discussion of women and society, however well meaning, has been distorted by the exclusion of women from academic thought, including sociology.
C) argue that sociologists have exploited women by using them as the subject for more than half the studies conducted during the last 50 years.
D) all of these

Question 33

The early work of Jane Addams and Ida Wells-Barnett was excluded from most academic thought because

A) their work focused more on applied social work and sociology.
B) their work was regarded as unrelated to the research conducted in academic circles during their time.
C) their work was found to be unethical.
D) two of these reasons are correct

Question 34

Which of the following sociologists has spoken of the term multiple masculinities when discussing gender roles?

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Robert Bales
C) Mary Wollstonecraft
D) R.W. Connell

Question 35

According to Connell, which of the following roles do men play?

A) a nurturing-caring role
B) an effeminate-gay role
C) dominator of women
D) all of the above

Question 36

Simple day-to-day verbal exchanges between males and females are a battleground in the struggle for sexual equality, as women and girls try to "get a word in edgewise" in the midst of interruptions and verbal dominance by males. Which perspective would focus on this issue?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) dramaturgical perspective

Question 37

Which sociological perspective would focus on the macro-level forces that influence male and female conversations?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) both functionalist and conflict perspectives

Question 38

Which sociological perspective would look at patterns of male dominance in cross-sex conversations as a battleground in the struggle for sexual equality?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) interactionist perspective
D) global perspective

Question 39

Which of the following statements reflects the macro-level social phenomena referred to as "doing gender" in your text?

A) A man "does masculinity" by holding the car door for his girlfriend.
B) A woman "does femininity" by consenting to help with her heavy suitcase.
C) A small boy plays with trucks given to him by his uncle.
D) All of the above

Question 40

Which sociologist is noted for the term "matrix of domination"?

A) Makiko Fuwa
B) Patricia Hill Collins
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Robert Bales

Question 41

Sexism is defined as

A) the excessive concern of some individuals to have sexual relationships with their dates.
B) the ideology that one sex is superior to the other.
C) the inferiority complex that men and women frequently have as a result of having been born into the "wrong" sex.
D) none of these

Question 42

The foreman of a construction crew will not hire women because "they are weak, moody, and a distraction". The foreman's attitudes are

A) instrumental.
B) expressive.
C) gender grounded.
D) sexist.

Question 43

Institutional discrimination refers to the

A) denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operation of a society.
B) denial of opportunities and equal rights resulting from rules and regulations in organizations that were designed to discriminate against women and other minority group members.
C) failure of major institutions in the United States to serve the needs of female clients.
D) all of these

Question 44

Institutional discrimination is present in which United States institutions?

A) the armed forces and universities
B) large corporations and the medical establishment
C) the media
D) all of these

Question 45

A hospital has a policy of not hiring men as nurses, even if the applicants have earned high grades in their courses and on their board exams, because the hospital administration thinks that "patients will be uncomfortable with a male nurse". This is an example of

A) instrumentality.
B) institutional discrimination.
C) expressiveness.
D) segregation.

Question 46

According to a detailed overview of the status of the world's women issued by the World Bank in 2012, the lives of girls and women have

A) remained the largely same over the past 50 years.
B) have changed dramatically over the past 25 years.
C) have significantly worsened over the past 50 years.
D) none of these

Question 47

Which of the following is true as of 2012?

A) Women uniformly earn the same amount of money as men for doing the same job.
B) Women uniformly earn more than men for doing the same job.
C) In many parts of the world, women still lag far behind men in their earnings and in their ability to speak out politically.
D) In most parts of the world, women have achieved parity with men in their ability to speak out politically.

Question 48

Sociologist Jan Paul Heisig has shown that

A) poor men do more housework than rich men.
B) poor men and rich men do comparable amounts of housework
C) poor men do the same amount of housework as women.
D) rich men do the same amount of housework as women

Question 49

Unemployed women do

A) half as much extra housework than unemployed men.
B) twice as much extra housework as men.
C) the same amount of extra housework as men.
D) none of these

Question 50

Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true?

A) Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land.
B) Women constitute one-third of the world's paid labor force, but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs.
C) Single-parent households headed by women are typically found in the poorest sections of the population.
D) All of these

Question 51

What term is used to refer to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of low-status women?

A) instrumentality
B) glass ceiling
C) second shift
D) matrix of domination

Question 52

By 2006, __________ of adult American women held jobs outside the home.

A) 10 percent
B) 23 percent
C) 59 percent
D) 66 percent

Question 53

As of 2010, what percentage of the paid work force are women?

A) 85 percent
B) 47 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 13 percent

Question 54

A glass ceiling is

A) the set of expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
B) an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's race, gender, or ethnicity.
C) a person's self-concept as being male or female.
D) an ideology that one sex is superior to another.

Question 55

Tina and several men are hired by a large corporation at entry-level positions. Over the course of several years, these employees are given several promotions until they reach middle management positions. However, over the next several years the men are all promoted to senior management positions, while Tina, who receives the same evaluations as the men, receives no additional promotions. This is an example of

A) expressiveness.
B) the glass ceiling.
C) Shirley Weitz's concept of differential treatment.
D) instrumentality.

Question 56

Nora is hired along with three men by a recording company. Over time, the men are all promoted to managerial positions. Nora, who appears to be an equally productive worker, is still in her entry-level position. This could be an example of

A) "double jeopardy".
B) the glass ceiling.
C) the iron law of oligarchy.
D) all of these

Question 57

Which phrase has been used by sociologist Arlie Hochschild to describe the double-burden of working outside the home, followed by childcare and housework, which many women face and few men share equitably?

A) "second shift"
B) "comparable worth"
C) "second wave"
D) "double header"

Question 58

The "second shift", which refers to the double-burden put upon women who work outside the home and then come home to childcare and housework, was the subject of analysis by

A) Letty Cottin Pogrebin.
B) Heidi Hartmann.
C) Susan Shaw.
D) Arlie Hochschild.

Question 59

Arlie Hochschild's research indicated that

A) women spend 15 fewer hours each week engaged in leisure activities than their husbands do.
B) during the "second shift", most women go shopping.
C) the gender gap in housework is widest among married couples as opposed to men and women in other living arrangements.
D) women are 50 percent less likely than men to report being under stress.

Question 60

The ______ of men in a 2005 survey reported to have voluntarily left work for months or years is less than women's average of 40%. This difference suggests that women are more likely than men to leave work for family reasons.

A) 4%
B) 24%
C) 32%
D) 10%

Question 61

In which occupation are women overrepresented with a 98% rate out of all workers in the occupation?

A) high school teachers
B) firefighters
C) pilots
D) dental hygienists

Question 62

A gender role is the self-realization an individual has about being male or female.

Question 63

The continuing stigma attached to homosexuality in our culture places pressure on all males to exhibit only narrow "masculine" behavior and on all females to exhibit only narrow "feminine" behavior.

Question 64

Studies of children's books published between the 1970s and 1990s found males still dominated the central roles.

Question 65

Brannon and Doyle have suggested that the following are aspects of the male gender role: communicate openly and expressively, prove one's masculinity at work and sports, use force in dealing with others, initiate and control all sexual relations, and keep cool and unflappable

Question 66

Margaret Mead's work from 1935 proved that gender-roles do not vary greatly from environment, economy, or political system.

Question 67

Historically, Native Americans stand out as an exception to the patriarchal tradition in North America.

Question 68

Margaret Mead's work showed that women in industrialized nations have broken the glass ceiling.

Question 69

Single-parent households headed by women are typically found in the wealthier sections of the population.

Question 70

The functionalist approach to gender stratification focuses on biology as the primary determinant of gender differences.

Question 71

Functionalists, conflict, and feminist theorists acknowledge it is not possible to change gender roles drastically without dramatic revisions in a culture's social structure.

Question 72

Describe the process for social construction of gender roles in a society. Give some examples to support your answer.

Question 73

Identify various actions or behaviors that could be considered as gender norm violations when committed by women, and conversely when committed by men.

Question 74

Discuss Connell's term multiple masculinities within the context of class and status within contemporary U.S. society.

Question 75

Identify which of the three major sociological perspectives is closely aligned with the feminist perspective and discuss their views toward gender stratification.

Question 76

Discuss the special issues faced by minority women in the labor market.