Deck 6: Groups and Organizations

Question 1

A(n) __________ is a web of social relationships that links one person with other people and,through them,with other people they know.

A) informal organization
B) network
C) socializing group
D) reference group

Answer 1

B

Question 2

__________ are individuals who frequently serve as role models.These are people that are in our primary groups.

A) Personal others
B) Consanguineal kin
C) Significant others
D) Fictive kin

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to functionalists,__________ needs are particularly important for self-expression and support from family,friends,and peers.

A) expressive
B) instrumental
C) social
D) individual

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sociologist __________ suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups.

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Georg Simmel

Question 5

A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another,share a sense of belonging,and have a feeling of interdependence.

A) social group
B) aggregate
C) category
D) secondary group

Question 6

Sociologist Charles H.Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small,less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face,emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A) secondary group
B) significant others
C) secondary group
D) primary group

Question 7

William Graham Sumner argued that distinguishing between our ingroups and our outgroups helps us:

A) establish our individual identity and self-worth
B) develop groupthink
C) become ethnocentric
D) establish boundaries

Question 8

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

A) social group
B) category
C) aggregate
D) primary group

Question 9

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

A) ingroup
B) outgroup
C) secondary group
D) reference group

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a method that an organization,such as a country club,may use to maintain formal group boundaries?

A) applications for membership that require recommendations by current members
B) large initiation fees and monthly dues
C) use of signs and security personnel to discourage entrance by nonmembers
D) establishment of cliques where some members shun other members

Question 11

Several people waiting for a traffic light to change,shoppers in a department store,and passengers on an airplane flight are all examples of a(n):

A) category
B) aggregate
C) social group
D) primary group

Question 12

According to Charles H.Cooley,a __________ group is a larger,more specialized grouping in which the members engage in more impersonal,goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A) secondary
B) primary
C) kinship
D) social

Question 13

In discussing primary and secondary groups,the text points out that:

A) formal organizations are secondary groups and have no primary groups within them
B) all secondary groups are approximately the same size
C) there are no significant others in secondary groups
D) some of the people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group

Question 14

The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions:

A) may encourage social cohesion among group members
B) serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism
C) discourage feelings of group superiority
D) are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones

Question 15

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

A) ingroup
B) outgroup
C) secondary group
D) reference group

Question 16

A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes,regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

A) social group
B) ingroup
C) reference group
D) instrumental group

Question 17

Examples of a(n) __________ would include people who are the same age,race,or gender,or those who share the same educational level.

A) social group
B) category
C) formal organization
D) aggregate

Question 18

For a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity,which of the following would NOT constitute a reference group?

A) Ku Klux Klan
B) American Civil Liberties Union
C) National Organization for Women
D) Council on Racial Equality

Question 19

According to functionalists,__________ needs cannot always be met by one person,so the group works cooperatively to fulfill a specific goal.
For example,think of how hard it would to function as a one-person football team or to single-handedly build a skyscraper.

A) expressive
B) instrumental
C) social
D) individual

Question 20

A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic.

A) social group
B) category
C) aggregate
D) secondary category

Question 21

__________ focus on the instrumental tasks of the group and demand compliance from others.In times of crisis,such as a war or natural disaster,they may be commended for their decisive actions.In other situations,however,they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.

A) Socialistic leaders
B) Laissez-faire leaders
C) Authoritarian leaders
D) Democratic leaders

Question 22

Two people who are best friends,married couples,and domestic partnerships are all examples of:

A) dyads
B) extended families
C) triads
D) quaternary formations

Question 23

__________ leaders make all major group decisions and assign tasks
To members.

A) Democratic
B) Authoritarian
C) Laissez-faire
D) Socialistic

Question 24

__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.

A) Instrumental
B) Expressive
C) Harmonious
D) Secondary

Question 25

Leadership in secondary groups (such as colleges,governmental agencies,and corporations) involves:

A) an informal hierarchy
B) a friendly orientation
C) a clearly defined chain of command
D) a strong personality

Question 26

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to reach a particular goal.

A) Expressive
B) Functional
C) Relational
D) Instrumental

Question 27

From a __________ perspective,if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members,then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.

A) premodern
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) functionalist

Question 28

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues,and harmony,solidarity,and high morale are needed.

A) Expressive
B) Functional
C) Relational
D) Instrumental

Question 29

The potential members in a group refers to the ___________ size of a group.

A) relative
B) hypothetical
C) absolute
D) probable

Question 30

Eric works for the All-Star Baseball Card Company.Bi-weekly,Eric and about twelve of his co-workers meet with the shift supervisor to discuss ways to improve the work setting and the company's product.This group is an example of a(n):

A) quality circle
B) primary group
C) bureaucratic subdivision
D) assessment committee

Question 31

__________ leadership provides emotional support for members.

A) Instrumental
B) Expressive
C) Harmonious
D) Primary

Question 32

In a __________,the active participation of both members is crucial for the group's survival.

A) triad
B) quaternary formation
C) dyad
D) secondary group

Question 33

The number of members a group actually has refers to the ___________ size of a group.

A) relative
B) numeric
C) absolute
D) interaction

Question 34

__________ leaders encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

A) Democratic
B) Authoritarian
C) Laissez-faire
D) Socialistic

Question 35

Robby and Amanda recently had their first baby and now they are considered to be a(n):

A) extended family
B) triad
C) dyad
D) quaternary formation

Question 36

Three major styles of leadership exist in groups.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) authoritarian
B) democratic
C) laissez-faire
D) socialistic

Question 37

Two members may unite to create a __________ that can subject the third member to group pressure in order to conform.It is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.

A) triad
B) coalition
C) dyad
D) reference group

Question 38

A group composed of three members is referred to as a:

A) secondary group
B) quaternary formation
C) dyad
D) triad

Question 39

Larger groups typically have __________ leadership structures.Their leaders are expected to perform a variety of roles,some related to the internal workings of the group and others related to external relationships with other groups.

A) more informal
B) more formalized
C) more traditional
D) more nontraditional

Question 40

The actual number of members in a group is referred to as the __________ .

A) relative size
B) conformity size
C) primary size
D) absolute size

Question 41

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories,based on the nature of membership in each.Which of the following is NOT a category of formal organizations?

A) normative
B) coercive
C) utilitarian
D) totalitarian

Question 42

After conducting his research,Solomon Asch concluded that:

A) obedience to authority may be more common than many people would like to believe
B) the size of the group has little influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure
C) the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure
D) groups wield very little power with respect to compliance

Question 43

__________ may be praised for their expressive,supportive behavior toward group members,but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.

A) Authoritarian leaders
B) Laissez-faire leaders
C) Socialistic leaders
D) Democratic leaders

Question 44

In reference to Stanley Milgram's study,the text points out that:

A) this research raises some questions concerning research ethics
B) Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway
C) many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic
D) Milgram's findings have never been confirmed by other researchers

Question 45

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society,subculture,or other group is referred to as:

A) conformity
B) anticipatory socialization
C) enforcement
D) total expectation

Question 46

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority:

A) is relatively uncommon
B) takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership
C) may be more common than most people would like to believe
D) occurs only in totalitarian situations

Question 47

Groups have a significant amount of influence on our values,attitudes,and behavior.Asch's experiments illustrate that in order to gain and then retain our membership in groups,most of us are willing to:

A) enforce cohesion
B) pay little attention
C) exhibit a high level of conformity
D) remain individualized

Question 48

Corporations,schools,and government agencies are all examples of:

A) informal groups
B) formal organizations
C) face to face groups
D) primary organizations

Question 49

A(n) __________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.

A) effective
B) formal
C) secondary
D) primary

Question 50

The tragic 2003 explosion of the space shuttle Columbia while preparing to land has been cited as an example of:

A) group conformity
B) a rush to judgment
C) groupthink
D) focused decision making

Question 51

Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.

A) one-quarter
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters

Question 52

In a series of experiments on pressure toward group conformity,Solomon Asch found that:

A) subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants
B) subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one?third (33%) of the time
C) subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one?half (50%) of the time
D) subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants

Question 53

According to social psychologist Irving Janis,__________ is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

A) group conformity
B) groupthink
C) decisional harassment
D) situational decision making

Question 54

__________ leaders are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

A) Democratic
B) Authoritarian
C) Laissez-faire
D) Socialistic

Question 55

On one hand,__________ may be viewed positively by group members because they do not flaunt their power or position.On the other hand,a group that needs active leadership is not likely to find it with this style of leadership,which does not work vigorously to promote group goals.

A) socialistic leaders
B) laissez-faire leaders
C) democratic leaders
D) authoritarian leaders

Question 56

In Stanley Milgram's experiments,the respondents were:

A) children
B) teenagers
C) women
D) men

Question 57

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.

A) coercive
B) normative
C) totalitarian
D) utilitarian

Question 58

__________ is a form of compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.

A) Cohesion
B) Obedience
C) Symbolic response
D) Learning

Question 59

According to the text,Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrated that:

A) group pressure encourages independent decision?making by participants
B) studies of male college students can be generalized to other populations
C) people will bow to social pressure in small?group settings
D) people will not say (or do) things simply to gain the approval of other people

Question 60

Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S.history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.

A) Robert Merton
B) Stanley Milgram
C) Irving Janis
D) Solomon Asch

Question 61

People do not voluntarily become members of __________ organizations (associations that people are forced to join).

A) utilitarian
B) normative
C) totalitarian
D) coercive

Question 62

Class (socioeconomic status based on a person's education,occupation,and income) is the most significant predictor of whether a person will participate in mainstream __________ organizations.

A) totalitarian
B) coercive
C) normative
D) utilitarian

Question 63

Bureaucratic organizations are characterized by __________,the specialization where each member has highly specialized tasks to fulfill.

A) division of labor
B) hierarchy of authority
C) impersonality
D) employment based on personal reputation

Question 64

According to Max Weber,__________ is the process by which traditional methods of social organization,characterized by informality and spontaneity,are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

A) rationality
B) organizational reform
C) top-down
D) bottom-up

Question 65

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.

A) normative
B) coercive
C) utilitarian
D) totalitarian

Question 66

Individuals with ____________ socioeconomic status are more likely to be not only members of normative organizations but also an important determinant.

A) the lowest
B) lower
C) higher
D) mid level

Question 67

__________ are small workgroups made up of about five to fifteen workers who meet regularly with one or two managers to discuss the group's performance and working conditions.The purpose of this team approach to management is both to improve product quality and to lower product costs.

A) Shared decision-making groups
B) Quality circles
C) Cooperatives
D) Universal problem-solving teams

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations,as specified by Max Weber?

A) division of labor
B) hierarchy of authority
C) impersonality
D) employment based on personal reputation

Question 69

The assessment of outcomes based on quantifiable rather than subjective criteria is referred to as:

A) predictability
B) efficiency
C) calculability
D) control

Question 70

In a bureaucracy,each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one.This characteristic of a bureaucracy is known as:

A) division of labor
B) impersonality
C) hierarchy of authority
D) rules and regulation

Question 71

____________ was interested in the historical trend toward bureaucratization that accelerated during the Industrial Revolution.

A) Auguste Comte
B) Adam Smith
C) Max Weber
D) Emile Durkheim

Question 72

The optimum method of completing a task that involves a rational determination of the best mode of production is referred to as:

A) predictability
B) efficiency
C) calculability
D) control

Question 73

George Ritzer coined the term __________ to describe the process of rationalization,which means the substitution of logically consistent rules for traditional rules.

A) rationality
B) McDonaldization
C) bureaucracy
D) calculability

Question 74

Total institutions,such as boot camps,prisons,and some mental hospitals,are examples of __________ organizations.

A) normative
B) coercive
C) totalitarian
D) utilitarian

Question 75

Which of the following are NOT one of the four main dimensions of McDonaldization identified by Ritzer?

A) efficiency
B) competition
C) control
D) predictability

Question 76

A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority,a clear division of labor,explicit rules and procedures,and impersonality in personnel matters.

A) democracy
B) monarchy
C) anarchy
D) bureaucracy

Question 77

In his study of bureaucracies,sociologist __________ relied on an ideal type analysis,which he adapted from the field of economics.

A) Irving Janis
B) Solomon Asch
C) Karl Marx
D) Max Weber

Question 78

To make a living or earn a college degree,we must participate in organizations that can provide us these opportunities.Although we have some choice regarding where we work or attend school,__________ organizations are not always completely voluntary.

A) utilitarian
B) normative
C) coercive
D) totalitarian

Question 79

Political parties,ecological activist groups,religious organizations,parent-teacher associations,and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations.

A) normative
B) utilitarian
C) coercive
D) totalitarian

Question 80

A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).

A) symbolic representation
B) ideal type
C) repetitive paradigm
D) archetype