Deck 11: Social Consequences of Inequality

Question 1

2006 data on child abuse and neglect suggest:

A) the rate of maltreatment was highest among the oldest children and was slightly higher among boys.
B) more cases involved physical or sexual abuse than neglect
C) only a few children actually died from abuse and neglect in the given year
D) most of the abusers were parents

Answer 1

most of the abusers were parents

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor directly associated with parents abusing their children?

A) lack of social support
B) high level of social integration
C) low income
D) many children

Answer 2

high level of social integration

Question 3

One estimate states that women are most likely to be domestic violence victims if they:

A) are White
B) are divorced or separated
C) live in a rural area
D) have a high income

Answer 3

are divorced or separated

Question 4

Research indicates that U.S. husbands are more likely to be violent towards wives when:

A) he is the breadwinner
B) they both share equally in decision-making
C) he is unemployed or when she makes as much or more than he does
D) none of the above

Question 5

Many have questioned the fairness of the criminal justice system because:

A) there is a consensus on what should be labeled "criminal"
B) police actions are unbiased and just
C) crime statistics are always accurate
D) none of the above

Question 6

FBI statistics on crime:

A) include violent but not property crimes
B) suggest that Whites have higher crime rates than Blacks
C) include "street crimes" but not "white-collar crimes"
D) none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is not included in the FBI's Crime Index?

A) price fixing
B) murder
C) burglary
D) rape

Question 8

Evidence suggests that:

A) increases in the number of White police results in more arrests of non-Whites but not of Whites
B) most Whites believe that police treat people impartially, regardless of race
C) increases in the proportion of minority police lead to more arrests of non-Whites
D) Blacks are arrested at the same rate regarless of the race of the victim

Question 9

Studies of crime and social class suggest that:

A) crime is caused primarily by cultural differences between groups
B) the causes of Black crime are similar to the cause of crime by any group
C) police arrests are solely a reaction to the behavior committed by the individual criminal
D) while class is related to the probability of committing a crime, it is not related to the likelihood of
Being arrested

Question 10

The relationship between _________ and crime rates is the most unclear and controversial.

A) sex
B) age
C) race
D) class

Question 11

Child homicide rates are higher in developed countries in which there is:

A) low female labor-force participation
B) little support for children
C) high female status
D) none of the above

Question 12

Unemployment:

A) is decreased by involvement in criminal activity
B) increases criminal motivation
C) increases the opportunity to be a victim of a property or violent crime
D) all of the above

Question 13

Residential segregation and black isolation in the U.S.:

A) is illegal so it no longer exists
B) encourages Blacks to adopt cultural values that are similar to those of Whites
C) is directly related to higher rates of violence
D) is preferred by the majority of Blacks

Question 14

Research suggests that:

A) lower-income individuals have been found to receive longer sentences mostly because they commit worse offenses and have previous criminal records
B) the death penalty is less likely to be given to Blacks who have been convicted of killing Whites
C) Blacks may receive more lenient sentences than Whites for the same crimes if the victim involved was Black
D) none of the above

Question 15

Research on incarceration in jails and federal and state prisons tells us that:

A) half of the inmates are females
B) the U.S. has the largest rate of incarceration in the world
C) the majority of inmates are low-income Whites
D) most states allow prison inmates to vote

Question 16

Female judges:

A) tend to be more lenient than male judges
B) tend to be harsher in their sentencing than male judges
C) are less affected in their decisions by offender characteristics
D) are less likely than male judges to give long sentences to Black repeat offenders

Question 17

As a whole, white-collar crime:

A) does not cause death or physical harm
B) is less extensive than street crime
C) is handled by civil rather than criminal courts
D) considering the large economic costs to its victims, is given harsher sentences than most street crimes

Question 18

Which of the following best illustrates a "corporate" crime?

A) embezzlement
B) securities fraud
C) sexual harassment
D) sabotage of company equipment

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to corporate crime?

A) legislation that is favorable to consumers and employees
B) deregulation created an economic climate in which greed, risk taking, and corporate crime were encouraged
C) resource inadequacies and case overloads in enforcement agencies encourage lessen the chances of getting caught
D) economic shifts and a capitalist society in which corporations must successfully compete to survive creates pressures to violate the law

Question 20

In 2003, most hate crimes appeared to be motivated by:

A) racial bias
B) religious bias
C) nationality bias
D) sexual orientation bias

Question 21

Research on the relationships between perceptions, stereotyping, and crime rates reveals that:

A) the racial makeup of the neighborhood actually has a stronger impact on perceptions of high crime rates than the actual crime rate
B) Blacks who live in a poor neighborhood are no more likely to feel hey are treated unfairly by police than their White counterparts
C) Blacks in middle-class neighborhoods feel that their neighborhoods are treated unfairly by police compared to White neighborhoods
D) Blacks are more likely than Whites to use the perceived rate of crime among Blacks as a reason for their differential treatment by police

Question 22

Issues of environmental equity are reflected in:

A) competition over ownership of prime land or property
B) battles over the kind of usage to which given areas are to be put
C) differential levels of access to national parks and other beautiful settings
D) all of the above

Question 23

Research on differential exposure to dangerous chemicals suggests that:

A) hazardous waste facilities are more likely to be found in poor neighborhoods
B) rates of exposure to toxic chemicals are lower for Black than for White populations
C) hazardous waste facilities are more likely to be found in industrial, working-class neighborhoods
D) there is no doubt that minorities move into areas with hazardous waste facilities rather than vice-versa

Question 24

An analysis of data from 35 countries regarding the physical abuse of women revealed that:

A) almost all women have been physically abused by their partners at some time during their lifetimes
B) rates tended to be highest in North America and Western Europe
C) rates tended to be lowest in parts of Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East
D) none of the above

Question 25

Domestic abuse includes violence against an intimate partner as well as child abuse and neglect.

Question 26

Most lower-income children are abused by their parents.

Question 27

The total number of victims given is deceiving because only about half of the victims report their abuse to police

Question 28

Black women are the most likely to file a report.

Question 29

Perceptions of law officials do not affect the relationship between crime rates and social class.

Question 30

There is no relationship between criminal activity and income inequality.y

Question 31

Researchers have pointed out that gender differences in delinquency are linked to power differences in the family.

Question 32

Homicide and incarceration rates in the United States are higher than those of any other industrialized nation.

Question 33

Gordon theorized that crime is a rational response to the manner in which society is organized.

Question 34

Research suggests that the extent of inequality may be more important than its form in accounting for homicide rates.

Question 35

Recent research found that Blacks without criminal records got fewer job callbacks than Whites with criminal records

Question 36

In 2000, the majority of the convictions for white-collar crime were for securities or commodities fraud, as opposed to all kinds of other white-collar crimes such as welfare fraud.

Question 37

Environmental equity has been considered a large part of the area of social inequality and the first serious studies of environmental equity date back to the early 1950s.

Question 38

The bulk of the research suggests that minorities and members of the working class are more exposed to potential toxic chemicals.

Question 39

What is the relationship between inequality and family violence?

Question 40

Discuss how inequality is related to the nature and collection of crime statistics, the likelihood of arrest, and sentencing.

Question 41

Discuss how the structure of inequality relates to the social production of crime.

Question 42

Discuss the differences between what is labeled "street crime" and "corporate" or "white-collar" crime in terms of how these crimes are viewed and punished.

Question 43

What are the roots of white-collar and corporate crime?

Question 44

What is the connection between social inequality and environmental equity?

Question 45

How does structural inequality lead to collective protest?