Deck 10: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

__________ is blatant and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group.

A) Open racism
B) Subtle racism
C) Overt racism
D) Closed racism

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A(n) __________ is a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.

A) frustrated non-aggressor
B) scapegoat
C) racist
D) authoritarian personality

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior,often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color,hair texture,eye shape,or other subjectively selected attributes.

A) Ethnic group
B) Race
C) Tribal group
D) Culture

Answer 3

B

Question 4

From a sociological perspective,__________ is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) stereotyping
D) profiling

Question 5

__________ is a collection of people,distinguished by others or by themselves,primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.

A) Culture
B) Tribal group
C) Race
D) Ethnic group

Question 6

Historically,stratification based on race and ethnicity has pervaded all aspects of political,economics,and social life.Consider sports as an example.Even after __________ broke the "color line" in 1947 to become the first African American in Major League Baseball,his experience was marred by racial slurs,hate letters,and death threats.

A) Willie Mays
B) Jackie Robinson
C) Henry Aaron
D) Satchel Paige

Question 7

In the United States,whites with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans,white Anglo-Saxon Protestants,or WASPs),are considered to be a __________ group.

A) multilateral
B) minority
C) subordinate
D) dominant

Question 8

To sociologists,a __________ is one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society.

A) dominant group
B) minority group
C) subordinate group
D) multilateral group

Question 9

Historically,persons of color have been considered to be __________ members in the United States,particularly when they are from lower-income categories.

A) dominant-group
B) multilateral-group
C) majority-group
D) subordinate-group

Question 10

In sports,calling a player of color a derogatory name,participating in racist chanting during a sporting event,and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are all forms of __________ racism.

A) closed
B) overt
C) open
D) subtle

Question 11

All of the following sports team names are examples of stereotypes EXCEPT the:

A) Atlanta Braves
B) Pittsburgh Penguins
C) Cleveland Indians
D) Washington Redskins

Question 12

The __________ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.

A) social learning theory
B) authoritarian personality principle
C) frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) social convergence hypothesis

Question 13

__________ is a set of attitudes,beliefs,and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

A) Prejudice
B) Discrimination
C) Stereotyping
D) Racism

Question 14

Examples of __________ racism in sports include those descriptions of African American athletes that suggest that they have "natural" abilities and are better suited for team positions requiring speed and agility.

A) open
B) closed
C) overt
D) subtle

Question 15

Ethnic groups share all of the following main characteristics EXCEPT:

A) a sense of community
B) a feeling of ethnocentrism
C) identical genetic heritage
D) territoriality

Question 16

A man applies for a job at a factory where many people of color are employed.A more qualified African American is hired for this job.The unsuccessful applicant proceeds to direct a great deal of hatred at African Americans and may even become violent in his relationships with members of this subordinate group.This is an example of the:

A) frustration-aggression hypothesis
B) social learning theory
C) authoritarian personality principle
D) social convergence hypothesis

Question 17

To sociologists,a __________ is one whose members,because of physical or cultural characteristics,are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group,and therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

A) dominant group
B) multilateral group
C) subordinate group
D) majority group

Question 18

__________ is often hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.

A) Subtle racism
B) Open racism
C) Closed racism
D) Overt racism

Question 19

__________ have a high price even for survivors,whose life chances can become bleaker even after the violence subsides.

A) Racial wars
B) Religious wars
C) Sociological wars
D) Ethnic wars

Question 20

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________,which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance,behavior,or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

A) prejudices
B) stereotypes
C) discrimination
D) profiling

Question 21

Members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups are often used as substitutes for the actual source of the frustration; they become __________ and are often blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.

A) authoritarian personalities
B) racists
C) frustrated nonaggressors
D) scapegoats

Question 22

Examples of __________ include the killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North America and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) genocide
D) racism

Question 23

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,__________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure,legal demands,or a desire for profits.

A) prejudiced discriminators
B) unprejudiced discriminators
C) prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 24

__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

A) Individual
B) Marginal
C) Institutional
D) Uniform

Question 25

An umpire dislikes African Americans and,with deliberate intent,often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,this umpire is a(n):

A) unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B) unprejudiced discriminator
C) prejudiced nondiscriminator
D) prejudiced discriminator

Question 26

According to symbolic interactionists,children initially do not have a frame of reference from which to question the prejudices of their relatives and friends; when they are rewarded with smiles or laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members,children's prejudiced attitudes may be reinforced.This exemplifies:

A) social learning
B) frustration-aggression
C) the authoritarian personality
D) unprejudiced discrimination

Question 27

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,__________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic,political,or social interests.

A) unprejudiced discriminators
B) prejudiced nondiscriminators
C) prejudiced discriminators
D) unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 28

A bank might consistently deny loans to people of a certain race.This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

A) marginal
B) institutional
C) uniform
D) individual

Question 29

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

A) Individual
B) Standard
C) Institutional
D) Uniform

Question 30

A football coach is happy to work with African American players,but feels that white fans will accept only a certain percentage of people of color on the team,thus affecting his hiring practices.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,this coach is a(n):

A) unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B) unprejudiced discriminator
C) prejudiced nondiscriminator
D) prejudiced discriminator

Question 31

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,__________ hold personal prejudices and actively discriminate against others.

A) unprejudiced discriminators
B) prejudiced nondiscriminators
C) prejudiced discriminators
D) unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 32

__________ involves actions or practices of dominant group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.

A) Prejudice
B) Racism
C) Stereotyping
D) Discrimination

Question 33

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,__________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.

A) prejudiced nondiscriminators
B) unprejudiced nondiscriminators
C) prejudiced discriminators
D) unprejudiced discriminators

Question 34

A person may decide not to rent an apartment to someone of a different race.This would be an example of __________ discrimination.

A) uniform
B) institutional
C) standard
D) individual

Question 35

Psychologist Theodore W.Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) __________,which is characterized by excessive conformity,submissiveness to authority,intolerance,insecurity,a high level of superstition,and rigid,stereotypic thinking.

A) frustrated-aggressive demeanor
B) authoritarian personality
C) scapegoat obsession
D) superiority complex

Question 36

An authoritarian personality is most likely to develop in a family environment in which __________ parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

A) egalitarian
B) permissive
C) dominating
D) laissez-faire

Question 37

Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,these players are:

A) unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B) unprejudiced discriminators
C) prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) prejudiced discriminators

Question 38

The killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North ?America and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany illustrates a policy called:

A) genocide
B) ethnic cleansing
C) discrimination
D) prejudice

Question 39

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,this coach is a(n):

A) unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B) unprejudiced discriminator
C) prejudiced nondiscriminator
D) prejudiced discriminator

Question 40

The ultimate form of discrimination occurs when people are considered to be unworthy to live because of their race or ethnicity.__________ is the deliberate,systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

A) Discrimination
B) Genocide
C) Prejudice
D) Racism

Question 41

Many groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups.__________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society.

A) Ethnic pluralism
B) Psychological pluralism
C) Internal pluralism
D) Cultural pluralism

Question 42

Cultural assimilation in this country initially followed a(n) __________ model.

A) "anglo conformity"
B) "follow the leader"
C) "join the bandwagon"
D) "cultural lag"

Question 43

A small group of white students deface a professor's office with racist epithets; however,their actions are not supported by other students or members of the faculty.According to sociologist Joe Feagin,these students' behavior illustrates __________ discrimination.

A) indirect institutionalized
B) small-group
C) direct institutionalized
D) isolate

Question 44

__________ assimilation occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.

A) Cultural (acculturation)
B) Biological (amalgamation)
C) Structural (integration)
D) Psychological

Question 45

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as organizationally prescribed or community prescribed action that intentionally has a differential and negative impact on members of subordinate groups.These actions are routinely carried out by a number of dominant group members based on the norms of the immediate organization or community.

A) small-group discrimination
B) isolate discrimination
C) indirect institutionalized discrimination
D) direct institutionalized discrimination

Question 46

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

A) Conflict theorists
B) Symbolic interactionists
C) Functionalists
D) Postmodern theorists

Question 47

Interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other,favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) The members of each group must have equal status.
B) The members of each group must pursue different goals.
C) The members of each group must cooperate with one another to achieve their goals.
D) The members of each group must receive positive feedback when they interact with one another in positive, nondiscriminatory ways.

Question 48

Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege.This pattern is referred to as:

A) miscegenation
B) segregation
C) accommodation
D) incompatibility

Question 49

__________ assimilation involves a change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of an individual.

A) Cultural (acculturation)
B) Biological (amalgamation)
C) Structural (integration)
D) Psychological

Question 50

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities.Some critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts.According to sociologist Joe Feagin,these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

A) indirect institutionalized
B) small-group
C) direct institutionalized
D) isolate

Question 51

Sociologist Joe Feagin referred to __________ as practices that have a harmful impact on subordinate group members even though the organizationally or community prescribed norms or regulations guiding these actions were initially established with no intent to harm.

A) direct institutionalized discrimination
B) isolate discrimination
C) indirect institutionalized discrimination
D) small-group discrimination

Question 52

Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another.This pattern is also referred to as:

A) miscegenation
B) segregation
C) accommodation
D) compatibility

Question 53

In recent years,the __________ has given way to dozens of smaller wars over ethnic dominance.

A) First World War
B) Second World War
C) Cold War
D) Postmodern War

Question 54

__________ assimilation occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant group traits,such as language,dress,values,religion,and food preferences.

A) Cultural (acculturation)
B) Structural (integration)
C) Biological (amalgamation)
D) Psychological

Question 55

__________ is the coexistence of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society.

A) Cultural blending
B) Biological mixing
C) Ethnic pluralism
D) Psychological assimilation

Question 56

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant group member against a member of a subordinate group.This type of discrimination occurs without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context.

A) indirect institutionalized discrimination
B) isolate discrimination
C) direct institutionalized discrimination
D) small-group discrimination

Question 57

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as harmful action intentionally taken by a limited number of dominant group members against members of subordinate groups.This type of discrimination is not supported by existing norms or other dominant group members in the immediate social or community context.

A) isolate discrimination
B) direct institutionalized discrimination
C) small-group discrimination
D) indirect institutionalized discrimination

Question 58

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants,even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions.According to sociologist Joe Feagin,this illustrates __________ discrimination.

A) indirect institutionalized
B) small-group
C) direct institutionalized
D) isolate

Question 59

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

A) Participation
B) Pluralism
C) Assimilation
D) Colonialism

Question 60

In the __________ hypothesis,symbolic interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other,favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

A) relationship
B) social behavior
C) contact
D) participation

Question 61

Sociologists Michael Omi and Howard Winant suggest that the U.S.government has shaped the politics of race through:

A) affirmative action programs
B) actions and policies that cause people to be treated differently because of their race, such as immigration legislation
C) intervention in the internal political affairs of the nations of South Africa
D) encouraging the release of political prisoners who have been detained primarily due to their ethnic background

Question 62

Class perspectives emphasize the role of the capitalist class in racial exploitation.Sociologist Oliver Cox suggested that African Americans were enslaved because:

A) of prejudice toward black-skinned people
B) they were the cheapest and best workers the owners could find for heavy labor in the mines and on plantations
C) they allowed themselves to be dominated
D) of the owed debts they were unable to pay

Question 63

The theory of __________ states that actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the United States.Government actions range from race-related legislation to imprisonment of members of groups believed to be a threat to society.

A) domestic marginalization
B) internal colonialism
C) the split labor market
D) racial formation

Question 64

The "Jim Crow" laws were designed to discriminate against __________.

A) Native Americans
B) Latino/as
C) Asian Americans
D) African Americans

Question 65

__________ is a term used to refer to the most privileged group in this country.

A) "Greedy Brits"
B) "Elitist Germans"
C) "WASPs"
D) "Social Register"

Question 66

__________ segregation refers to racial separation and inequality enforced by custom,and it may be difficult to document.

A) De facto
B) De hisce
C) De jure
D) De face

Question 67

__________ refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment:,a primary sector or upper tier,composed of higher-paid (usually dominant group) workers in more secure jobs,and a secondary sector or lower tier,comprised of lower-paid (often subordinate group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions.

A) Subtle racism
B) Internal colonialism
C) Split labor market
D) Racial formation

Question 68

__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race,ethnicity,class,gender,and/or religion.

A) Miscegenation
B) Social isolation
C) Segregation
D) Social rejection

Question 69

Segregation may be enforced by law.__________ segregation refers to laws that systematically enforced the physical and social separation of African Americans in all areas of public life.

A) De face
B) De jure
C) De hisce
D) De facto

Question 70

The "Trail of Tears" refers to:

A) systematic discrimination against Latino/as
B) the fact that white slaves were made wards of the government
C) a long line of segregationist policies against African Americans
D) a disastrous forced migration of Native Americans

Question 71

Which group has the highest rate of infant mortality and death by exposure and malnutrition? They also have high rates of suicide,substance abuse,and school violence.

A) Native Americans
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanic Americans

Question 72

The __________ includes the belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S.society that it appears to be ordinary and natural to many people.

A) functionalist theory
B) symbolic interactionist theory
C) critical race theory
D) conflict theory

Question 73

__________ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.

A) Gendered racism
B) Internal colonialism
C) Split labor market
D) Domestic marginalization

Question 74

__________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society.

A) Structural segregation
B) Internal colonialism
C) Classic colonialism
D) Racial discrimination

Question 75

According to the text,Native Americans have been the victims of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) genocide
B) forced migration
C) restrictive immigration quotas
D) forced assimilation

Question 76

Currently,about __________ million Native Americans live in the United States.

A) 5
B) 2.5
C) 10.5
D) 20.5

Question 77

__________ is still prevalent in many U.S.cities; owners,landlords,real estate agents,and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for "whites only."

A) De jure segregation
B) De face segregation
C) De facto segregation
D) De hisce segregation

Question 78

In the coldest part of the winter of 1832,over half of the Cherokee Nation died during or as a result of their forced relocation from the southeastern United States to the Indian Territory in __________.

A) Georgia
B) Tennessee
C) Nebraska
D) Oklahoma

Question 79

According to the text,the experiences of internally colonized groups are unique in three ways.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) They have been forced to exist in a society other than their own.
B) They have been granted special favors by powerful politicians within the dominant group.
C) They have been kept out of the economic and political mainstream, so that it is difficult for them to compete with dominant group members.
D) They have been subjected to severe attacks on their own culture, which may lead to its extinction.

Question 80

The caste perspective views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of U.S.society.The caste system was strengthened by __________ laws,which prohibited sexual intercourse or marriage between persons of different races.

A) antimiscegenation
B) segregation
C) ethnic purity
D) racial cleansing