Deck 11: Sex and Gender

Question 1

A(n) __________ person is someone whose sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.They tend to have some combination of male and female genitalia.

A) transsexual
B) intersexed
C) transvestite
D) homosexual

Answer 1

B

Question 2

__________ is defined as extreme prejudice directed at gays,lesbians,
Bisexuals,and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

A) Homogamy
B) Monogaphobia
C) Homophobia
D) Endogamy

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The objectification of girls and women is widespread and particularly common in the United States and many other nations,but:

A) it is not an issue for men
B) men receive different cultural messages about objectification
C) men are never judged on their physical appearance
D) men may also be objectified in some societies

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a urinary opening similar to that of a female.This individual would be referred to as a(n):

A) transsexual
B) bisexual
C) intersexed person
D) transvestite

Question 5

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived.The mother contributes an X chromosome and if the father contributes an X,a __________ would be produced.
A) heterosexual embryo

A) male embryo
B) hermaphrodite embryo
C) female embryo

Question 6

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived.The mother contributes an X chromosome and if the father contributes a Y chromosome,a __________ would be produced.

A) male embryo
B) heterosexual embryo
C) female embryo
D) hermaphrodite embryo

Question 7

At birth,male and female infants are distinguished by __________,which are the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

A) tertiary sex characteristics
B) primary sex characteristics
C) cultural tendencies
D) secondary sex characteristics

Question 8

Which of the following has been the MOST widely publicized form of discrimination against gays and lesbians in the United States?

A) prejudice against same sex adoption
B) inequality in health care
C) discriminatory practices in high school sports
D) the military's "Don't ask, Don't tell" policy

Question 9

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings,beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

A) Gender
B) Primary sexual identifiers
C) Sex
D) Secondary sexual identifiers

Question 10

In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s,researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual.Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria identified?

A) sexual attraction to persons of one's own gender
B) having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
C) sexual involvement with one or more persons of one's own gender
D) self-identification as a gay, lesbian, or bisexual

Question 11

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a secondary sex characteristic in women?

A) enlarged breasts
B) wider hips
C) menstruation
D) a vagina

Question 12

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a secondary sex characteristic in men?

A) a penis
B) more muscular build
C) deeper voice
D) more body and facial hair

Question 13

Sociologist Kristin G.Esterberg interviewed lesbian and bisexual women to determine how they "perform" lesbian or bisexual __________ through daily activities such as choice of clothing and hairstyles,body language,and talk.

A) identity
B) biology
C) gender
D) attraction

Question 14

__________ refer(s) to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality),the same sex (homosexuality),or both (bisexuality).

A) Sexual feelings
B) Sexual differentiations
C) Sexual identification
D) Sexual orientation

Question 15

Sex is not always clear-cut.A(n) ___________ is an individual who is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not correspond to typical definitions of male or female; in other words,the person's sexual differentiation is ambiguous.

A) transsexual
B) intersexed person
C) transvestite
D) homosexual

Question 16

__________ is the process of treating people as if they were things,rather than human beings.This occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.

A) Objectification
B) Reification
C) Mechanization
D) Technological stereotyping

Question 17

A male who lives as a woman,or a female who lives as a man but does not alter the genitalia,is referred to as a:

A) hermaphrodite
B) transsexual
C) cross-dresser
D) intersexual

Question 18

At puberty,an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________,the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.

A) primary sex characteristics
B) hormonal correlates
C) secondary sex characteristics
D) tertiary sex characteristics

Question 19

The biological and anatomical differences between females and males refer to:

A) sex
B) primary distinctions
C) gender
D) secondary distinctions

Question 20

Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity
Of the other.This is true for a ___________ person - an individual whose gender identity does match the person's assigned sex.

A) hermaphrodite
B) transgendered
C) transvestite
D) homosexual

Question 21

The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features,external to the individual,that perpetuate gender inequality.These structures have been referred to as __________,meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.

A) gendered institutions
B) gendered structures
C) gendered correlates
D) gendered determinants

Question 22

The social significance of gender stereotypes can be illustrated in a variety of ways through eating disorders.With obesity,individuals are __________ above their desired weight as established by the medical profession.

A) 0 to 7 percent
B) 10 to 15 percent
C) 16 to 19 percent
D) 20 percent or more

Question 23

The social significance of gender stereotypes can be illustrated in a variety of ways through eating disorders.With __________,a person has lost body weight due to a compulsive fear of becoming fat.

A) disgorgement
B) bulimia
C) obesity
D) anorexia

Question 24

__________ is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural,political,and economic structures are controlled by women.

A) Monoarchy
B) Patriarchy
C) Polyarchy
D) Matriarchy

Question 25

Sexism is interwoven with __________-a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural,political,and economic structures are controlled by men.

A) patriarchy
B) polyarchy
C) matriarchy
D) monoarchy

Question 26

According to popularly held stereotypes,the primary victims of eating problems are:

A) lower-class lesbians of color
B) middle?class Latinas
C) white, middle?class, heterosexual women
D) African American, heterosexual women

Question 27

__________ is the subordination of one sex,usually female,based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

A) Sexual harassment
B) Patriarchal control
C) Sexism
D) Matriarchal control

Question 28

A gendered experience,__________ is the process of deliberately cultivating an increase in the mass and strength of the skeletal muscles by means of lifting and pushing weights.

A) bodychiseling
B) bodybuilding
C) bodystructuring
D) bodysculpturing

Question 29

An example of __________ directed against men is the assumption that men should not be employed in certain female-dominated occupations,such as nurse or elementary school teacher.

A) matriarchal control
B) sexual harassment
C) patriarchy control
D) sexism

Question 30

__________ refers to the attitudes,behavior,and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

A) Sexual role
B) Gender identity
C) Gender role
D) Sexual identity

Question 31

In the United States,males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness,whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing.This illustrates the concept of:

A) sexual identity
B) gender role
C) sexual role
D) gender identity

Question 32

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to most hunting and gathering societies?

A) A relatively equitable relationship exists because neither sex has the ability to provide all of the food necessary for survival.
B) Women are full economic partners with men.
C) Relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian.
D) Women do not contribute to food production in these societies.

Question 33

A __________ system includes all of the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.This system is legitimated by religion,science,law,and other societal values.

A) sexual image
B) gender belief
C) biological correlate
D) body consciousness

Question 34

The means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life,including food,shelter,and clothing is referred to as:

A) the technoeconomic base
B) the division of labor
C) subsistence
D) pastoralism

Question 35

The social significance of gender stereotypes can be illustrated in a variety of ways through eating disorders.With __________,a person binges by consuming large quantities of food and then purges the food by induced vomiting,excessive exercise,laxatives,or fasting.

A) anorexia
B) body chiseling
C) bulimia
D) gestation

Question 36

The earliest known division of labor between women and men is in __________ societies.

A) pastoral
B) horticultural
C) agrarian
D) hunting and gathering

Question 37

Sexism directed at women has three components.All of the following were identified EXCEPT for:

A) negative attitudes toward women
B) stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice
C) discrimination, acts that exclude distance, or keep women separate
D) biological characteristics that place limits on a woman's ability to perform activities like a man

Question 38

According to the text,three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) the type of subsistence base
B) the proportion of females within the power structure
C) the supply of and demand for labor
D) the extent to which women's childrearing activities are compatible with certain types of work

Question 39

__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

A) Sexual identity
B) Gender identity
C) Body consciousness
D) Gender role

Question 40

Sociologist Virginia Cyrus explains,"Under __________,men are seen as 'natural' heads of the households,presidential candidates,corporate executives,college presidents,etc.Women,on the other hand,are men's subordinates,playing such supportive roles as housewife,mother,nurse,and secretary."

A) matriarchy
B) patriarchy
C) polyarchy
D) monoarchy

Question 41

In the United States,men were responsible for being "breadwinners"; the women were seen as "homemakers." In this new __________,the home became a private,personal sphere in which women created a haven for the family.

A) "matriarchal theory"
B) "cult of domesticity "
C) "winner-take-all principle"
D) "intergender warfare"

Question 42

Many teachers use ___________ as a way to organize students,resulting in unnecessary competition between females and males.

A) spatial integration
B) gender segregation
C) peer socialization
D) sex segregation

Question 43

In discussing sports and gender socialization,the text points out that:

A) both boys and girls are socialized to participate in highly competitive, rule-oriented games with a large number of participants
B) boys have been socialized to play exclusively with others of their own age
C) children spend more than half of their non-school time in play and games, and the types of games played does not differ with the child's sex
D) boys are socialized to participate in highly competitive, rule-oriented games with a large number of participants

Question 44

All of the following statements regarding gender socialization by parents are true EXCEPT that:

A) children's toys reflect their parent's gender expectation
B) when girl babies cry, parents respond to them more quickly
C) parents are more prone to talk and sing to male infants
D) girl babies receive more gentle treatment

Question 45

The text points out that gender-appropriate behavior is:

A) acquired at birth
B) fixed and inalterable by age five
C) learned through the socialization process
D) difficult for some people to learn

Question 46

According to analysts,__________ is deeply divided along gender lines,and women have less time to "play in the house" than do men and boys.

A) unemployment
B) leisure
C) idleness
D) none of the above

Question 47

In discussing peers and gender socialization,the text points out that:

A) male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things
B) female peer groups place more pressure on girls to do "feminine" things than male peer groups place on boys to do "masculine" things
C) peer groups of both sexes are increasingly egalitarian in the 1990s
D) peer groups actually have little influence on adolescent development

Question 48

Almost __________ of all U.S.children live with their mother only,as
Contrasted with just five percent who reside with their father only.Women
In these households truly have a double burden,both from family
Responsibilities and from the necessity of holding gainful employment in
The labor force.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 49

In 1900,__________ percent of single white women who had been born in the United States were in the paid labor force.Because factory work was not compatible with child-care responsibilities,only three percent of married women were employed in this capacity,and only when they were extremely poor.

A) 8 percent
B) 13 percent
C) 22 percent
D) 37 percent

Question 50

According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization:

A) during adolescence, peers are usually less effective agents of gender socialization than are adults
B) male bonding does not occur until after adolescence is completed
C) peer acceptance does not appear to be as important to males and females today as it has been in the past
D) peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender relations

Question 51

Researchers consistently find that teachers:

A) offer more praise to males than females
B) devote more time, effort, and attention to boys than to girls
C) call on boys more frequently in class than girls
D) all of the above

Question 52

In postindustrial societies,24/7 means that:

A) a person works 24 days in a month and is then off seven days.
B) a person is available 27 hours a day, seven days a week.
C) out of 24 people, seven are employed directly or indirectly in a high tech corporation.
D) out of 24 qualified women who apply for positions, only seven secure employment.

Question 53

From kindergarten through college,schools operate as a __________.

A) gender-neutral institution
B) gendered institution
C) body conscious institution
D) psychological disorder institution

Question 54

The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools,suggesting that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences.Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be one of these?

A) a relative lack of attention from teachers
B) direct rejection by instructors
C) the stereotyping and invisibility of females in textbooks, especially in science and math texts
D) test bias based on assumptions about the relative importance of visual-spatial ability as compared with verbal ability

Question 55

Researchers consistently find that teachers:

A) devote more time, effort, and attention to boys than to girls
B) praise girls more often than boys
C) call on girls more than boys, even when they do not volunteer
D) treat boys and girls the same in the classroom

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding the assignment of chores to children by parents is LEAST LIKELY to be true?

A) Maintenance chores are assigned to boys.
B) Domestic chores are assigned to girls.
C) Chores are not linked to future occupational choices of males and females.
D) Girls often are responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters.

Question 57

__________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.

A) Gender preference
B) Sexual harassment
C) Gender bias
D) Sexual discrimination

Question 58

As industrialization progressed and food became more plentiful in the late nineteenth century,middle-class women started to become preoccupied with __________.

A) farming
B) domestication of animals
C) the cult of personality
D) body fitness

Question 59

When inadequate moisture in an area makes planting crops impossible,__________-the domestication of large animals to provide food-develops.

A) corporate farming
B) hunting and gathering
C) pastoralism
D) egalitarianism

Question 60

__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that increasingly was performed by men and unmarried girls.

A) Industrialization
B) Urbanization
C) Suburbanization
D) Commercialization

Question 61

Consider the following argument: "Women's roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies; this division of family labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled and it also provides for family members." This reflects the:

A) functionalist perspective
B) human capital model
C) conflict perspective
D) symbolic interactionist perspective

Question 62

Advertisements and commercials:

A) have no bearing on eating disorders
B) have a large impact on young girls and women by establishing a cult of thinness
C) are voluntarily changed by advertisers when it is pointed out that they are projecting a negative image of women
D) have worked to shift the personal to the political as women have attempted to gain power and freedom

Question 63

While most married women now share responsibility for the breadwinner role,many men do not accept their share of domestic responsibilities.Consequently,many women have a:

A) "double-whammy"
B) "two-tiered job"
C) "second shift"
D) "unbearable burden"

Question 64

Occupational segregation contributes to the __________-the disparity between women's and men's earnings.

A) pay gap
B) sexual wage differentiation
C) comparable worth distinction
D) cult of domesticity

Question 65

Overall,women make approximately __________ cents for every $1 earned by men.

A) 66
B) 70
C) 79
D) 85

Question 66

Most sports are rigidly divided into female and male events.Assumptions about:

A) masculinity and femininity influence who is encouraged to play which sport
B) manly and womanly influences dictate who should play each type of sport
C) body images influence who should participate in a particular type of sport
D) physiology and athletic capabilities influence the types of sports in which members are encouraged to participate

Question 67

Many women athletes believe they have to manage the contradictory statuses of being both "women" and __________.

A) "athletes"
B) body image
C) femininity
D) masculinity

Question 68

Sociologist Talcott Parsons stated that in contemporary industrialized
Societies,the wife assumes the __________ of providing affection and
Emotional support for the family.

A) observational tasks
B) instrumental tasks
C) authoritative tasks
D) expressive tasks

Question 69

The U.S.Census Bureau points out that,in 2010,__________ percent of all secretaries in the United States were women and __________ percent of all engineers in the United States were men.

A) 90, 90
B) 95, 50
C) 67, 97
D) 97, 87

Question 70

Women are severely underrepresented at the top of U.S.corporations.Less than __________ of the executive jobs at Fortune 500 companies are held by women,and only fifteen women are the CEO of such a company.

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 20 percent

Question 71

__________ is the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions,which results in women having separate and unequal jobs.

A) Genderization
B) Sexual differentiation
C) Labor market segmentation
D) Gender fragmentation

Question 72

__________ refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations,jobs,and places of work.

A) The gender ghetto
B) The sexist division
C) Gender-segregated work
D) Gender slanting

Question 73

According to functional analyst Talcott Parsons,women's roles are more
Pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies.The husband
Performs the __________ of providing economic support and making
Decisions.

A) authoritative tasks
B) instrumental tasks
C) observational tasks
D) expressive tasks

Question 74

In discussing the gendered division of paid work,the sociologist Elizabeth Higginbotham (1994) points out that:

A) the degree of gender segregation in the professional labor market has increased since the 1970s
B) African American professional women find themselves limited to employment in certain sectors of the labor market
C) across all categories of occupations, white women and all people of color are now evenly represented
D) Asian American professional women find themselves limited to employment in certain sectors of the labor market

Question 75

A study by sociologist Anthony J.Cortese found that women-regardless
Of what they were doing in a particular ad-were frequently shown in
Advertising as being:

A) young
B) beautiful
C) seductive
D) all of the above

Question 76

__________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job,not the gender or race of the worker.

A) Genderization
B) Sexual differentiation
C) Pay equity or comparable worth
D) Pay inequity

Question 77

In 2010,97 percent of all secretaries in the United States were women and 87 percent of all engineers were men.This is an example of:

A) the sexist division
B) gender-segregated work
C) gender slanting
D) the gender ghetto

Question 78

The recession beginning in 2008 affected the pay gap,as 4.5 million men and 1.3 million women have been forced into part-time or part-year employment.The financial crisis has dragged down the median annual earnings of all men by 4.1 percent since 2007 and dropped women's earnings __________ percent.

A) 4.3
B) 5
C) 1.5
D) 2.8

Question 79

In discussing sports and gender socialization,the text points out that:

A) women athletes no longer encounter any status conflicts between being "women" and "athletes"
B) few girls and women participate in sports that are regarded as exclusively "male" activities
C) girls who go against the grain and participate in masculine play as children are more likely to participate in sports as young women and adults
D) men encourage women in participation in athletics

Question 80

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding adult gender socialization?

A) Employers and co?workers teach men and women "appropriate" conduct for persons of their sex in a particular job or occupation.
B) In contemporary societies, women's child care responsibilities are not related to their participation in careers and professions.
C) Middle?aged women and men receive equal respect in the workplace because they can be evaluated on their experience, not on their ascribed statuses.
D) Men's socialization usually includes a measure of whether their work can be successfully combined with having a family.