Deck 4: Where Does Stuttering End What Are Its Advanced Characteristics

Question 1

Which of the following is not regarded as a secondary, or accessory characteristic of stuttering?

A) head jerk
B) eye blink
C) lip tremor
D) tense pause

Answer 1

tense pause

Question 2

Which of the following provides an example of double-unit word repetition?

A) I-I
B) I-I-I
C) but I, but I
D) but I, but we-we

Answer 2

I-I-I

Question 3

Variations in which vocal parameter(s) are associated with stuttering more than the others:

A) sentence inflection
B) timing of phonation
C) the degree of nasality
D) whispering

Answer 3

timing of phonation

Question 4

Stuttering decreases most with an increase in:

A) audience size
B) the meaningfulness of the message
C) arm swinging activity
D) speaking rate

Question 5

Which of the following is not classified as a stuttering-like disfluency?

A) disrhythmic phonation
B) single syllable word repetition
C) revisions
D) part word repetition

Question 6

Which term means the same as secondary behaviors of stuttering:

A) physical concomitants
B) stuttering-like disfluency
C) concomitant disorders
D) advanced stuttering

Question 7

The mean duration of all disfluency types for preschool children is about:

A) 0.4 seconds
B) 1.1 seconds
C) 2.5 seconds
D) 4.3 seconds

Question 8

The "consistency effect" refers to the fact that moments of stuttering:

A) tend to occur consistently in relation to certain speech situations such as oral recitation in class
B) tend to occur on the same words in repeated readings
C) occur in inconsistent locations for adults and on consistent locations for children
D) have the same consistent form or pattern related to disfluency types

Question 9

The stuttering "adaptation effect" refers to:

A) the fact that listeners tend to not notice stuttering after they become used to it
B) a decrease in the frequency or severity of stuttering with successive readings of the same material
C) the gradual adaptation or adjustment of the stutterer to the fact that he or she stutters and to the experiences that go with being a stutterer
D) the tendency for each stutterer to eventually settle on certain stuttering characteristics

Question 10

In which of the following situations would you expect a stutterer to stutter most?

A) talking to peers in a regular voice
B) singing
C) talking in monotone
D) talking in rhythm

Question 11

In advanced stages, the intensity of stuttering events is affected by:

A) time pressure
B) communication demands
C) concern about social approval
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 12

An experiment to test whether stuttering frequency is altered by the interval (in seconds) between presentation of a word and the signal to the stutterer to say that word, would have implications for:

A) the presence of anticipation
B) the consistency effect
C) the effect of time pressure
D) none of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of Brown's four main factors that increases the chance for a word to be stuttered?

A) position of word in sentence
B) frequency of word in language
C) length of word (number of syllables)
D) initial sound: consonant/vowel classification

Question 14

In which of the following situations would you expect a stutterer to stutter most?

A) swearing
B) singing
C) whispering
D) explaining

Question 15

In regards to stuttering, the term "core behaviors" refers to:

A) repetition and prolongation
B) interjection and revision
C) deep anxiety about speaking
D) central processing of motor speech.

Question 16

The mean overall speaking rate in reading for adults who stutter is closest to:

A) 170 words per minute and faster than that of normal speakers
B) 123 words per minute and slower than that of normal speakers
C) 150 words per minute and equal to that of normal speakers
D) 180 words per minute and equal to that of normal speakers

Question 17

Regarding typical locations of stuttering, research has shown all the following features are related to an increased probability of stuttering, except for:

A) stress and prosody
B) phonological complexity
C) propositionality (amount of meaning)
D) position within a sentence or utterance

Question 18

Which of the following is not a true statement about the relationship between stuttering and intellectual abilities:

A) the average intelligence levels of PWS are not clinically different from that of NFP
B) parents' intellectual abilities strongly influence the incidence of stuttering in their children
C) stuttering is common in some sub-groups of children whose intelligence is below average
D) stuttering is found even in individuals of superior intelligence level

Question 19

There are minimal differences between people who stutter and normally fluent speakers in the frequency of this disfluency type:

A) prolongations of sounds
B) monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
C) interjections
D) part-word repetitions

Question 20

Secondary, or accessory, characteristics (symptoms) of stuttering are:

A) physical tensions, movement of body parts, and/or other behaviors during moments of stuttering
B) extended repetitions and elongations of sounds
C) symptoms seen only during the later, secondary, stages of the development of stuttering
D) only associated with the inward feelings of the person who stutters

Question 21

An adult is most apt to stutter when:

A) releasing a shout of "Happy New Year!"
B) answering the phone
C) mimicking the boss with a co-worker
D) swearing at the other driver

Question 22

The frequency of these disfluencies correlates the highest with listeners' perceptions of stuttering severity:

A) multisyllabic word repetitions
B) interjections
C) phrase repetitions
D) part-word and single-syllable word repetitions

Question 23

One of the most accurate observations related to advanced stuttering is that it is reduced or absent in conditions of low anxiety about stuttering.

Question 24

Stuttering in adults is more likely to occur on words beginning with consonants than with vowels.

Question 25

The person who stutters experiences the emotion of anxiety most typically after he or she has stuttered as compared to before the stutter event.

Question 26

Stuttering is more likely to occur on unstressed than stressed syllables within words.

Question 27

Hypnotic suggestion has never been observed to induce a reduction in stuttering.

Question 28

In choral reading, the person who stutters must attempt to speak at a delay after someone else.

Question 29

Tense pauses begin with a complete or almost complete blockage of airflow through the glottis.

Question 30

Stuttering frequency and disfluency frequency measure the exact same events.

Question 31

The disfluency that occurs when a speaker says "re-re-refrigerator" is a multisyllabic word repetition.

Question 32

Broken words are considered to be a form of disrhythmic phonation.

Question 33

The terms "stuttering" and "disfluency" should not be equated. Explain the differences. What factors may influence the differences?

Question 34

List and describe at least 6 specific disfluency types. What are the major disfluency classes under which the specific types can be classified? What are the strengths and weaknesses of currently available disfluency classification systems?

Question 35

Describe the emotional and cognitive dimensions of the stuttering disorder that develop as stuttering persists from preschool to school age.

Question 36

Compare and contrast the features of advanced stuttering and early stuttering.

Question 37

What is meant by stuttering loci? How is the knowledge of such loci useful in the context of clinical assessment and treatment?

Question 38

Name and describe at least 3 ameliorating conditions of stuttering. Compare and contrast the level and nature of their effects on stuttering.