Deck 3: Techniques in Neuropsychology

Question 1

There are a variety of methods used in neuropsychology, however they have some common principles. This is called

A) the empirical method
B) the scientific method
C) the theoretical method
D) the objectivity method

Answer 1

the scientific method

Question 2

Which of the following is false concerning replication?

A) Neuropsychologists often replicate their results so that they know they did not get a chance result
B) Replication by other researchers is important as it ensures that the effects in the study are generalizable to people beyond those who participated in the original study
C) By replicating results they can be confirmed by other researchers, not just the original researcher
D) Studies must be replicated as there is nothing new to study

Answer 2

Studies must be replicated as there is nothing new to study

Question 3

The variable that the researcher manipulates to determine how the behaviour is affected is the

A) independent variable
B) confounding variable
C) converging variable
D) dependent variable

Answer 3

independent variable

Question 4

When researchers use a number of studies that approach the same question from a variety of perspectives so that they can examine the results to support a common conclusion it is known as

A) concluding operations
B) confounding operations
C) empirical operations
D) converging operations

Question 5

Some species are neophobic, this means that

A) they are afraid of the dark
B) they exhibit a fear of being around others
C) they show a fear of novel situations, such as eating a novel food
D) they are afraid of the light

Question 6

Which of the following is not a strength associated with non human animal research?

A) The researcher can conclude causality when using non human animals
B) There are no striking differences between human and non human nervous systems, which makes the research generalizable
C) Extraneous variables can be controlled when using non human animals
D) Disease processes can be modeled using non human animals
E) All of the above are strengths

Question 7

Which of the following is/are limitations of conducting behavioral testing?

A) The standardized testing procedures
B) The show a lack of cultural sensitivity
C) The standardized scoring procedures
D) The small variations in test presentation and scoring
E) A and C
F) A, C and D
G) B and D
H) All of the above are limitations

Question 8

What does the CT stand for when referring to CT scans?

A) Computed tomography
B) Computed technology
C) Computer tomography
D) Coronal technology

Question 9

On a CT scan areas that are highly dense such as the skull will appear_________ and areas that are of lower density such as cerebrospinal fluid and brain matter will appear_________.

A) dark; bright
B) clear; fuzzy
C) fuzzy; clear
D) bright; dark

Question 10

Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique based on the Nobel Prize winning (Physics in 1952) research of

A) Allan Cormack and Godfrey Hounsfield
B) Richard Caton, Adolph Beck and Hans Berger
C) Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell
D) Eric Kandel

Question 11

What the magnetic resonance imaging machine actually measures is the relaxation time. Relaxation time is

A) what occurs when brain waves are relatively slow at 4 to 8 Hz
B) the interval that follows the pulse, which is the time taken by the atoms to return to their normal and random state
C) a term for the method for studying tissues using magnetic fields and radio receivers
D) the amount of time that it takes an individual to become relaxed enough that the atoms in their body polarize

Question 12

MRIs contain extremely strong magnets and their magnetic strength can be measured in units of

A) Megapascals
B) Tesla
C) Watts
D) Farads

Question 13

It can be very dangerous for people who have pieces of metal in their body to undergo an MRI as this metal can be attracted to a magnet. Which of the following would probably not pose a problem for people undergoing an MRI?

A) aneurysm clips
B) heart pacemakers
C) dental work
D) tattoos

Question 14

Which neuroimaging technique involves the attachment of small metal disks to the scalp in order to amplify and record the small changes in electrical potentials?

A) Electroencephalogram
B) Magnetoencephalogram
C) Single photon emission tomography
D) Positron emission tomography

Question 15

The main difference between electroencephalography (EEG) and event- related potentials (ERPs) is

A) They do not use the same equipment, but they measure the same thing
B) The same equipment is used, but EEG measures small changes in electrical activity and ERPs measure large changes in electrical activity
C) There are no differences, essentially both techniques are used just to be sure that accurate results are obtained
D) The same equipment is used, but EEG recordings are taken while the person is at rest and ERPs are measured when the person is presented with a stimulus

Question 16

The waveform components on an event-relate potential readout are often categorized into two types:

A) the event-related components and the evoked components
B) the exogenous components and the endogenous components
C) the androgynous components and the endrogenous components
D) the physical components and the mental components

Question 17

When using magnetoencephalography, the brain's magnetic fields induce tiny currents in these coils and these currents create magnetic fields in a

A) cyclotron
B) synchrotron
C) superconducting quantum interference device
D) superconducting cyclotron

Question 18

When using the technique regional cerebral blood flow, the participant must inhale a known quantity of what metabolically inert substance?

A) nitric oxide
B) nitrous oxide
C) carbon monoxide
D) oxygen

Question 19

What does the half-life of a gamma radiation-emitting tracer refer to?

A) The half-life is the time it takes for the substance to reach a non radioactive state
B) The half-life is always 3 days
C) The half-life is the amount of time that the substance requires to begin emitting gamma rays
D) The half-life is the amount of time that it takes for a substance to reach a radioactive state

Question 20

What is a cyclotron?

A) A means of imaging live brain tissue that combines x-ray technology with computers
B) A piece of equipment that is used with the MRI to make it capable of faster image acquisition
C) A unit that measures the information about the intensity of the signal in the construction of 3D images of the brain area
D) A particle accelerator that can generate tracers

Question 21

In positron emission tomography, when positrons come into contact with a free electron, they are annihilated. This annihilation produces two byproducts

A) 2 photons
B) 2 protons
C) 2 electrons
D) 2 positrons

Question 22

Which neuroimaging technique can be used to compare ratios of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin?

A) Magnetic resonance imaging
B) Single photon emission tomography
C) Echo-planar imaging
D) Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 23

What is the term used by clinical psychologists for an individual who is being assessed?

A) sample
B) patient
C) client
D) subject
E) participant

Question 24

Which of the following is the type of psychology that explains behaviour in terms of functional brain units, regardless of their anatomical representation?

A) neuropsychology
B) clinical neuropsychology
C) behavioural neuroscience
D) cognitive psychology
E) experimental neuropsychology

Question 25

What is the term for obtaining a clients cooperation?

A) obedience
B) agreement
C) consent
D) permission
E) compliance

Question 26

When individuals are unaware that they have a deficit they are said to have_________.

A) lack of insight
B) denial
C) personal dissent
D) unawareness
E) unconscious repression

Question 27

Which of the following correctly defines the term malingering?

A) Deliberately taking a long time to complete tasks.
B) Deliberately answering tasks incorrectly.
C) Being unaware of answering tasks incorrectly.
D) A participant who is apathetic about completing a study.
E) When participants drop out of a study because of boredom.

Question 28

What is the name for physicians who have specialized training in obtaining and interpreting images of the human body and/or treating conditions using radiologic science?

A) neuropsychologists
B) radical scientists
C) radiationists
D) radiologists
E) neurologists

Question 29

Which of the following substances can X-rays penetrate?

A) wood
B) metal
C) human tissue
D) only a and c
E) all of the above

Question 30

What is the term for unwanted variables that may affect the outcome of the study?

A) false variable
B) deviation
C) confound
D) third variable
E) invalidity

Question 31

What is a particle accelerator that can generate tracers?

A) cyclotron
B) electron
C) proton
D) neutron
E) alphatron

Question 32

Nicole is studying the effects of caffeine on cognitive tasks. In her experiment, the participants consume caffeine and then complete a pencil and paper task that measures their concentration and short term memory. Which is the dependent variable for the study?

A) caffeine
B) the time of day
C) the amount of caffeine
D) paper and pencil task
E) the participants

Question 33

Crystal is studying the effects of sleep deprivation on exam performance. In her experiment, she randomly assigned fifty men and fifty women into two different groups. The first group could sleep eight hours a night for one week and the second group could sleep for only four hours a night for one week. All participants were given a book to study from at the start of the experiment and
Told they would be tested on the material at the end of the week. The group that had slept eight hours a night scored significantly higher on the exam than the group that had slept four hours a night. What was the independent variable for this study?

A) sex of participant
B) hours of sleep
C) the exam
D) the topic of the exam
E) random assignment

Question 34

In the study described above, which was the dependent variable?

A) sex of participant
B) hours of sleep
C) the exam
D) the topic of the exam
E) random assignment

Question 35

In the study described above, what do you think was Crystal's hypothesis?

A) Women would outperform men on the exam.
B) Sleep deprivation would affect performance on the exam.
C) A week is not enough time to study for an exam on a novel area.
D) Men would outperform women on the exam.
E) Sleep deprivation would lead to inferior performance on the exam when compared to a well rested group.

Question 36

What is the device that allows for the creation of magnetic fields from currents and works at ridiculously low temperatures?

A) superconducting quantum interference device
B) single photon emission topography
C) positron emission tomography
D) magnetocephalography
E) magnetic resonance imaging

Question 37

Phineas Gage survived a severe accident, but afterwards he was rendered virtually unemployable. Why was this?

A) He was severely disfigured and was discriminated for his appearance.
B) Although his previous intelligence remained intact, he was unable to learn new skills.
C) His short term memory was severely damaged so he was unable to find work.
D) He had become an unpleasant person because of a drastic personality change.
E) Although his intelligence remained intact, his motor skills became severely dysfunctional.

Question 38

Which of the following imaging methods is not a structural type?

A) X-ray
B) rCBF
C) CT
D) MRI

Question 39

Which of the following is an actual advantage of computed tomography (CT) imaging?

A) good spatial resolution
B) in vitro measure of brain density
C) it is relatively cheap
D) good temporal resolution
E) many compounds can be imaged