Deck 6: Sensation and Perception: Vision

Question 1

What is scotoma?

A) The 'blind" spot that appears when the primary visual cortex is damaged.
B) A tumor that appears only in the retina.
C) The layered structure at the back of the eye that contains five different types of cells.
D) The inability to correctly name objects.

Answer 1

The 'blind" spot that appears when the primary visual cortex is damaged.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a cell that is contained in the retina?

A) receptor cells
B) horizontal cells
C) bipolar cells
D) primary cells
E) amacrine cells

Answer 2

primary cells

Question 3

Which of the following is a term to describe the inability to correctly name objects?

A) optic aphasia
B) anoxia
C) anomia
D) alexia
E) agnosia

Answer 3

anomia

Question 4

What is the name for the condition in which people are not consciously aware that they are perceiving visual stimuli but, when forced, often show evidence that the stimuli are being perceived?

A) perception
B) binocular disparity
C) blind spot
D) optic aphasia
E) blindsight

Question 5

Which of the following is correct regarding the parvocellular layers (P layers)?

A) This is the top four layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which project dorsall to the posterior parietal lobes.
B) This is the top four layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which are composed of neurons that have small cell bodies.
C) This is the bottom two layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which are composed of neurons with large cell bodies.
D) This is the bottom two layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which are composed of neurons with small cell bodies.
E) This is the top four layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which are composed of neurons that have large cell bodies.

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding the visual pathway is true?

A) From V2, there are projections forward to the V1, then V3, then on to the V4 complex.
B) V4 is, in a sense, the gateway to the higher cortical areas.
C) The left lateral geniculate nucleus sends axons to the right V1, whereas the right lateral geniculate nucleus sends axons to the left V1.
D) The middle temporal region sends its projections dorsally to the parietal lobe.
E) The V1 complex sends its projections ventrally to the temporal lobe

Question 7

Which of the following can be categorized into three layers (thick, thin, and pale)?

A) V1
B) V2
C) V3
D) V4
E) middle temporal region

Question 8

Which of the following is true of V3?

A) This region appears to prefer specific velocities of motion and it is hypothesized that this region may be functionally involved in the tracking of moving objects through space.
B) This region is responsive to color and orientation and sends its projections ventrally to the temporal lobes for further processing.
C) This region is responsive to movement and sends its projections dorsally to the posterior parietal cortex for further processing.
D) The thick stripes on V3 received information from the M pathway and are primarily concerned with movement.
E) Much of V3 is concerned with responding to colour, movement orientation and other information that is passed on through the M and P pathways.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a characteristic of apperceptive visual agnosia?

A) This deficit is not a problem associating perceptions with meaning.
B) If a usual object is displayed in an unusual orientation, a person with apperceptive visual agnosia will have trouble identifying it.
C) This disorder is not caused by a primary sensory deficit.
D) People with this condition can usually discriminate among simple colours and make brightness comparisons.
E) Can identify an object with unusual orientation only after having copied a drawing of that object.

Question 10

How can a person with associative visual agnosia be differentiated from a person with optic aphasia?

A) Both disorders are unable to correctly copy a drawing, but only persons with optic aphasia are able to realize that they are showing poor performance.
B) Those with associative visual agnosia may also show difficulties in recognizing colour but a person with optic aphasia never has these difficulties.
C) Those with associative visual agnosia usually cannot correctly mimic the use of the object, whereas those who exhibit optic aphasia usually can pantomime the object's use, despite their inability to name it.
D) Those with associative visual agnosia can correctly name musical instruments whereas those with optic aphasia cannot.
E) Optic aphasia is a result of damage to the primary visual cortex whereas associative visual agnosia can occur from damage to a variety of different regions.

Question 11

A condition in which individuals lose the ability to read but retain the ability to write is known as ___________.

A) agraphia without alexia
B) alexia without agraphia
C) agnosia without agraphia
D) anomia without alexia
E) alexia without anomia

Question 12

What is the term used to describe the difference in view caused by looking at an object first with one eye, then with the other eye?

A) visual shift
B) binocular difference
C) left field advantage
D) binocular disparity
E) visual disparity

Question 13

What is the name for the first part of the cortex that receives information relayed from the sense through the thalamus?

A) primary visual cortex
B) secondary visual cortex
C) association cortex
D) ventral visual stream
E) dorsal visual stream

Question 14

Which of the following is not an organizing principle of sensory systems?

A) Sensory systems are characterized by hierarchical organization.
B) Each level of the organization contains structurally distinct cortical areas.
C) Each level of the organization contains functionally distinct cortical areas.
D) The processing of sensory information occurs in parallel throughout the cortex.

Question 15

Which of the following is responsible for converting light energy into neural responses?

A) retinal ganglion cells
B) receptors
C) bipolar cells
D) amacrine cells
E) horizontal cells

Question 16

Which of the following are responsible for lateral communication between the various cells?

A) amacrine cells
B) horizontal cells
C) bipolar cells
D) All of the above
E) a and b only. f) b and c only

Question 17

Which of the following is not a characteristic of rod receptors?

A) are responsible for vision that provides rich details.
B) very sensitive to movement.
C) typically active in low level light.
D) have a low acuity.
E) multiple rods synapse on one bipolar cell

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The retinal ganglion cells in the nasal hemiretina project ipsilaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the retinal ganglion cells in the temporal hemiretina project contralaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
B) The retinal ganglion cells in the nasal hemiretina project ipsilaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the retinal ganglion cells in the temporal hemiretina project ipsilaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
C) The retinal ganglion cells in the nasal hemiretina project contralaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the retinal ganglion cells in the temporal hemiretina project contralaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
D) The retinal ganglion cells in the nasal hemiretina project contralaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the retinal ganglion cells in the temporal hemiretina project ipsilaterally to the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Question 19

Which of the following areas is the origin of the ventral stream?

A) inferior temporal cortex
B) V1
C) V2
D) V3
E) V4

Question 20

The ventral stream is also known as the " ___________" pathway.

A) what
B) where
C) when
D) who
E) how

Question 21

What composes the M pathway in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A) Magnocellular neurons and the axons of the horizontal cells that synapse on them
B) Magnocellular neurons and the axons of the bipolar cells that synapse on them
C) Magnocellular neurons and the axons of the retinal ganglion cells that synapse on them.
D) Magnocellular neurons and the axons of the amacrine cells that synapse on them
E) Magnocellular neurons and the axons of the receptor cells that synapse on them

Question 22

What are the two functional systems present in the V4 complex?

A) A spatially/orientation sensitive system and a movement selective system.
B) A light/dark selective system and a spatially/orientation sensitive system.
C) A colour selective system and a spatially/orientation sensitive system.
D) A colour selective system and a movement selective system.
E) A light/dark selective system and a movement selective system.

Question 23

Which of the following is false regarding the posterior parietal lobes?

A) The cells in this region are specialized for processing spatial relations.
B) This region is responsible for perceiving figure ground separation.
C) The neurons in this region are responsive to both visual fields, which allows for the computation of an object's exact position in space.
D) The neurons in this region appear to be able tot rack moving objects and respond differentially to the direction and speed of the movement.
E) This region is responsible for creating stable maps of the world and placing items within this map.

Question 24

The "real or not" test where a person is presented with line drawings of objects or animals and is asked to identify whether the drawing represents a plausible object or not, is a test used to help diagnose___________.

A) optic aphasia
B) apperceptive visual agnosia
C) anomia
D) associative visual agnosia
E) prosopagnosia

Question 25

There is an interesting exception to the living/nonliving dichotomy that is often observed in category specific visual agnosia. Individuals who demonstrate selective difficulties in naming living things also tend to exhibit deficits in which of the following categories?

A) musical instruments
B) kitchen utensils
C) motor vehicles
D) fruit
E) buildings

Question 26

The loss of knowledge about colour that cannot be accounted for by an impairment of colour discrimination, aphasia, or some general intellectual deterioration is known as a condition called ___________.

A) colour apraxia
B) colour discriminate disability
C) colour aphasia
D) colour blindness
E) colour agnosia

Question 27

What is the form of associative visual agnosia in which individuals display symptoms within a class of visual stimuli (such as an inability to name nonliving objects, such as a calculator)?

A) particular visual agnosia
B) exclusive visual agnosia
C) category-specific visual agnosia
D) class-specific visual agnosia
E) limited-aspect visual agnosia

Question 28

The cells in the eye that first receive incoming light are the ___________.

A) amacrine cells
B) cone receptors
C) horizontal cells
D) retinal ganglion cells
E) bipolar cells

Question 29

Which of the following statements is a false characteristic of cone receptors?

A) sensitive to small fluctuations in light
B) photopic
C) high acuity
D) sensitive to color and detail
E) low convergence of information to retinal ganglion cells

Question 30

Which of the following statements about the primary sensory cortex is false?

A) The primary sensory cortex is the first part of the cortex that receives information relayed from the senses through the thalamus.
B) The primary sensory has the most direct access to the information provided by the sensory systems.
C) The primary sensory cortex sends information to secondary sensory cortical areas.
D) a and b are both false.
E) None of the above are false.

Question 31

The areas of sensory systems are very interconnected with each other both within and between levels. This sort of organization leads to___________.

A) increased reliance of the system on one level of processing
B) decreased reliance of the system on any one level of processing
C) the levels at the top of the system hierarchy becoming increasingly dependent on the lower levels
D) the levels at the bottom of the system hierarchy becoming increasingly dependent on the higher levels
E) information slowly being processed within the system

Question 32

What is the role of receptors in the eye?

A) To synapse on bipolar cells, whose axons leave the retina via the optic nerve.
B) To send messages to the brain via the optic nerve.
C) To convert light energy into neural responses.
D) They accept messages from the brain via the retinal ganglion cells.
E) They are responsible for lateral communication between the various cells in the retina.

Question 33

Sides of the retina are referred to either as nasal or temporal. Nasal is___________where temporal is___________.

A) closest to the forehead; closest to the chin
B) closest to the left; closest to the right
C) closest to the right; closest to the left
D) closest to the nose; closest to the temples
E) closest to the temples; closest to the nose

Question 34

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The retinal ganglion axons of the P pathway belong to neurons that synapse on cones.
B) The retinal ganglion axons of the M pathway belong to neurons that synapse on cones.
C) The retinal ganglion axons of the M pathway belong to neurons that synapse on rods or cones.
D) The retinal ganglion axons of the P pathway belong to neurons that synapse on rods.
E) The retinal ganglion axons of the P pathway and the M pathway belong to neurons that synapse on cones.

Question 35

From which does V4 receive information in the visual system?

A) V3
B) V2
C) the lateral geniculate nucleus
D) a and c only
E) All of the above.

Question 36

There are two functional systems within the V4 complex. What are these systems?

A) color-selective system and spatial/orientation-sensitive system
B) color-selective system and background-selective system
C) color-selective system and light-sensitive system
D) light-sensitive system and background-selective system
E) background-selective system and spatial/orientation-sensitive system

Question 37

The neurons in the inferior temporal cortex…

A) send visual messages to the V1, V2 and V3.
B) are specialized for processing spatial information and respond differentially to the direction and speed of movement.
C) respond selectively to objects and appear to be unaffected by changes in position or orientation.
D) integrate motor commands with spatial information.
E) integrates the information being received from the dorsal and ventral streams.