Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

If Nicole is trying to recall a word that is "on the tip of her tongue", she is experiencing a memory problem with…

A) encoding
B) consolidation
C) retrieval
D) articulation memory

Answer 1

retrieval

Question 2

A typical task used to investigate echoic memory would involve…

A) having participants differentiate between hot and cold stimuli with their fingertips.
B) having participants remember letters that were briefly presented on a screen.
C) the use of a tachistoscope.
D) presenting different speech into different ears of a participant simultaneously.

Answer 2

presenting different speech into different ears of a participant simultaneously.

Question 3

Millie gets dressed in the morning, but throughout the day she does not notice the feel of the rings on her fingers, nor does she notice feeling the tags on her clothing. This is because…

A) the duration of her sensory memory is very short.
B) she has a limited amount of working memory capacity.
C) trace discrimination has caused her to "forget" the feeling of her clothing during the day.
D) there is proactive interference occurring because of other sensory stimulation throughout the day.

Answer 3

the duration of her sensory memory is very short.

Question 4

Crystal could never remember her bank account number 897653890, but once she started to think of it as 897-653-890, she remembered it fine. What is the name of the mnemonic method she used?

A) number seperation
B) grouping
C) chunking
D) combining

Question 5

What is meant by the term retroactive interference?

A) In people with amnesia, it is the inability to form new memories but they can recall memories before the onset of their condition.
B) When the learning of new material interferes with the recall of previously learned material.
C) When new learning is disrupted by previously learned material.
D) When individuals are somehow unable to retrieve previously learned information.
E) When parents make their children listen to them reminisce about the 1970s.

Question 6

Which of the following dementias is common in alcoholics?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
C) Dissociated amnesia
D) Korsakoff's syndrome
E) Huntington's dementia

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding the phonological loop?

A) There are two components of the phonological loop.
B) The phonological loop includes a controller for inner speech.
C) The phonological store can hold linguistic information for no more than two seconds, unless it is refreshed by inner speech.
D) Only a and b are true.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 8

According to a study by Brooks described in your text book, it was easier for participants to remember a sentence to the degree in which it provoked a mental image (e.g., "the 3 is to the right of the 7" versus "the 3 is to the slow of 7"). It was easier to remember the imaginable sentences because…

A) it is thought that the information is being held in the visuospatial sketchpad component of working memory.
B) the phonological loop stores information that sounds familiar for longer periods of time.
C) the participants all tested high on aesthetic ability, hence they all had vivid imaginations.
D) Brooks had showed the sentences that provoked a strong mental image for longer periods of time.

Question 9

Dementia can be divided into three common groups. What are they?

A) Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's dementia, Huntington's dementia.
B) cortical, subcortical, mixed
C) frontal, temporal, cortical
D) none of the above are correct.

Question 10

H.M. shows normal _________.His deficit seems largely restricted to _________.

A) infantile amnesia; anterograde amnesia
B) explicit memory; implicit memory
C) implicit memory; explicit memory
D) echoic memory; iconic memory

Question 11

H.M. had undergone surgery that resulted in his memory disorder. Why did the surgeon need to perform such a radical surgery?

A) The surgery was necessary to stop his brain haemorrhaging caused by a collapse in the coal mine where he worked.
B) The surgery was a procedure done to relieve his severe epileptic seizures.
C) The surgery was an experimental procedure to treat his severe schizophrenia symptoms.
D) The surgery was the removal of a metastatic tumor in the left hemisphere of his brain.

Question 12

Which of the following is not an example of an explicit memory?

A) Recognizing a person in a photograph.
B) Remembering the name of a movie actor.
C) Telling a story about your 16^th birthday party.
D) Riding your bike to school.

Question 13

How does neuropsychological research attempt to explain infantile amnesia?

A) The largest changes in the nervous system are mostly completed by two years of age so memory storage can begin.
B) Memories cannot occur until consciousness and the development of language are occurring simultaneously.
C) All memories are suppressed in our unconscious because we secretly harbour sexual feelings for our parent of the opposite sex.
D) The memories that were formed before the age two have been long forgotten because of retroactive interference.
E) All of the above
F) a, b, and c are correct
G) a, b, and d are correct
H) a and b only

Question 14

Which of the following is not characteristic of cortical/neurological problems associated with Alzheimer's disease?

A) General atrophy of the brain.
B) Increase size in the ventricles.
C) Large number of amyloid plaques.
D) Decreased amount of neurofibrillary tangles.
E) General loss of large cholinergic neurons.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a true difference between Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease?

A) Pick's disease occurs ten to twenty times less frequently than Alzheimer's disease.
B) The onset of Pick's disease tends to occur at an earlier age than Alzheimer's disease.
C) Changes in personality occur early in Pick's disease and not until late in Alzheimer's disease.
D) Changes in memory have an earlier onset in Pick's disease than they do in Alzheimer's disease.
E) c and d

Question 16

What is a key neurological change associated with Parkinson's dementia?

A) Dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra.
B) An accumulation of beta-amyloid protein.
C) Cell death in the left temporal lobe.
D) Severe atrophy in the frontal lobe.

Question 17

Which is a unique characteristic of Korsakoff's syndrome?

A) loss of motor coordination (e.g. walking)
B) confabulation
C) sudden and irregular progression
D) loss of all implicit memory

Question 18

Which of the following is the neurodegenerative condition related to the production and accumulation of prion?

A) Multi- infarct dementia
B) bradyphenia
C) Huntington's dementia
D) Parkinson's dementia
E) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Question 19

Which of the following is a problem with taking nutriceuticals for memory improvement?

A) The field of nutriceuticals is not regulated by a pharmaceutical industry.
B) There is not a set, uniform dose for nutriceutical products.
C) The preparation of nutriceuticals is not standardized.
D) Preparations of nutriceuticals are not regulated between manufacturers.
E) All of the above are problems with nutriceuticals.
F) Only b, c, and d are problems with nutriceuticals.

Question 20

What is the experimental design of the Brown-Peterson task design?

A) This is a test where participants are given two set of information to remember followed by a distractor task and then asked to recall the information.
B) This is a test consisting of a series of plates with ten dots on it, one of which is coloured and moves from plate to plate over successive trials and participants must predict where the dot will be next.
C) This is a dual-task paradigm in which the primary task involves listening and the irrelevant task involves speaking.
D) This is a two-part test in which individuals are given a sentence with the last word missing. In the first part of the test, individuals are asked to provide a work that would finish the sentence in a meaningful way and in the second part of the test, individuals are required to finish the sentence with a word that makes no sense.
E) This is a task done to measure retroactive interference where the participants are taught two skills consecutively and then tested to see if they remember the skill learned second is remembered better than the first.

Question 21

The relationship between learning and memory can be called _________.

A) transitional changes
B) learning-dependent paradigm
C) experience-dependent behaviour
D) learned-memory paradigm
E) experienced-memory phenomena

Question 22

The process of storing learned information for later use is known as _________.

A) barraging
B) consolidation
C) learning
D) maintenance
E) confinement

Question 23

Which of the following statements is false regarding memory?

A) Memory is both conscious and unconscious.
B) Memory is concerned with retrieving information from where it was stored.
C) Good storage of memories leads to good retrieval of memories.
D) Memory is a unitary phenomena.
E) Memory requires information that is gathered by the senses to be perceived and encoded.

Question 24

Echoic memory is to sound based, as iconic memory is to _________.

A) impression based
B) flavour based
C) odour based
D) contact based
E) visually based

Question 25

What is the name of the type of memory that contains memories for facts?

A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) episodic memory
D) echoic memory
E) automatic memory

Question 26

Which of the following correctly describes working memory?

A) Working memory contains information that is going to be acted on or used in some fashion.
B) Working memory can manipulate information that is retrieved from long-term memory stores.
C) Working memory does not require that the event be physically present.
D) All of the above are correct.
E) Only a and b are correct.

Question 27

Which of the dementias typically have an insidious onset, often marked by initial memory problems and changes in personality and mood?

A) Subcortical dementias
B) Mixed-etiology dementias
C) Cortical dementias.
D) Multi-infarct dementias
E) Degenerative dementias

Question 28

Which of the following is not true regarding transient global amnesia?

A) This phenomenon is where people display no knowledge of their previous life but have intact skills and language.
B) This type of amnesia has a sudden onset.
C) This type of amnesia has been associated with migraines, epilepsy, cold showers and stress hormones.
D) Almost as abruptly as it begins, transient global amnesia is apparently resolved.
E) The onset of this condition is typically preceding a non-penetrating head injury.

Question 29

Electroconvulsive therapy has been known to produce which type of memory impairments?

A) only long term memory is effected
B) mild retrograde and anterograde amnesia
C) severe implicit memory impairments
D) explicit memories become difficult to articulate
E) only short term memory is effected

Question 30

Many cues that help people with non-Alzheimer's disease (AD) related impairments do not help people with AD. This is because memory problems in AD patients exist at _________level(s) of memory.

A) the encoding
B) the storage
C) the retrieval
D) all three
E) the encoding and storage

Question 31

Which of the following is not a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD)?

A) being male
B) age
C) the ApoE gene
D) having family members with AD
E) Down syndrome

Question 32

How would a person show that they have bradyphenia?

A) Loss of implicit learning.
B) Clear motor deficits in the limbs.
C) Being very slow at a problem that requires planning.
D) By responding irregularly to a cued recall tasks.
E) Increased hyperorality and hyperphagia.

Question 33

Neurons undergoing prion-induced apoptosis are a characteristic of _________.

A) Multi- infarct dementia
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) Huntington's dementia
D) Parkinson's dementia
E) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true?

A) When people perform tasks of implicit memory, it becomes obvious that that an intact explicit memory system is required.
B) When people perform tasks of implicit memory, it becomes obvious that that an intact explicit memory system is not required; participants can improve without articulating why.
C) When people perform tasks of implicit memory, it becomes obvious that that an intact explicit memory system is required in order to show any improvement on the task.
D) When people perform tasks of implicit memory, it becomes obvious that that an intact explicit memory system is required for auditory but not visual tasks.
E) When people perform tasks of implicit memory, it becomes obvious that that an intact explicit memory system is required if the people are suffering from brain damage.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about dementia is false?

A) Dementia refers to a condition related to a general loss of function.
B) Dementia refers to a number of neurological conditions.
C) Dementia is a progressive, irreversible condition that seldom results in death.
D) Dementia is associated with a variety of cognitive deficits.
E) Memory deficits are a hallmark of the early stage of many of the dementias.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Dementia appears to be a general consequence of ageing.
B) Dementia has not been associated with changes in the nervous system.
C) The incidence of dementia is predicted to increase over the next twenty-five years.
D) The prevalence of dementia is between 25% and 50% in people who are more than 85 years of age.
E) Dementia affects approximately 20% of the population over age 65.

Question 37

When persons with Alzheimer's disease are asked to learn two different lists, the results usually show _________.

A) that the individuals with AD have a difficult time keeping the two lists separate.
B) that the individuals with AD are able to remember only one list at a time.
C) that the individuals with AD are able to remember only the first of couple words off each list.
D) that the individuals with AD are able to remember only the first of couple words off one list.
E) that the individuals with AD can surprisingly remember both lists.

Question 38

In AD, become detached from the micotubules and congregates in the soma, which causes the axons to shrink and die, thus becoming neurofibrillary tangles.

A) ApoE 4
B) beta-amyloid
C) dead cholinergic neurons
D) dendrites
E) tau

Question 39

What is the hallmark feature of subcortical dementias?

A) slowing of cognition
B) attentional difficulties
C) motor symptoms
D) poor problem solving skills
E) memory problems