Deck 13: Neural Development

Question 1

The neural plate is formed from the__________of the embryo.

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) neural tube
D) embryonic plate

Answer 1

ectoderm

Question 2

The neural plate will eventually form to become the__________.

A) cranium
B) skull
C) rectum
D) nervous system
E) cortical plate

Answer 2

nervous system

Question 3

What is meant by the term pluripotent?

A) This term refers to stem cells having the potential to develop into any type of cell.
B) This term refers to stem cells having the potential to develop into different types of nervous system cells.
C) This term refers to the process of the neural plate forming a groove and fusing to become the neural tube.
D) This term refers to the potential that certain cells have in becoming a neuron in the brain.

Answer 3

This term refers to stem cells having the potential to develop into different types of nervous system cells.

Question 4

How does cranioarchischisis (a congenital malformation) occur?

A) When the rostral part of the neural plate only partially fuses.
B) The neurodegeneration of brain cells begins before the growth of the CNS is complete.
C) This is a result of the neural tube completely failing to close.
D) This occurs due to the cranial neurons failing to proliferate.

Question 5

During which month of prenatal development have most neurons migrated and differentiated into their final forms?

A) 8^th month
B) 7^th month
C) 6^th month
D) 5^th month
E) 4^th month

Question 6

What occurs if an organism does not experience sensory stimulation during the critical period?

A) Long- lasting impairments in the sensory modality occur.
B) Clinical mental difficulties (i.e. an IQ below 70) are present.
C) Axonic degradation and demyelinization occurs in the cortex.
D) There will be disproportionate cortical representation of sensory modalities within the cortex.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true?

A) It is impossible for dendritic branching to occur prenatally.
B) Synaptogenesis and dendritic branching occur both prenatally and postnatally.
C) Synaptogenesis only occurs prenatally and dendritic branching only occurs postnatally.
D) Dendritic branching only occurs prenatally and synaptogenesis only occurs postnatally.

Question 8

Flechsig hypothesized that myelination in the brain corresponds to the emergence of behaviours. Although this relationship is interesting, the research must be interpreted with caution because…

A) there are empirical studies that contradict this theory.
B) the same effect has yet to be proven for the human population.
C) the results of the study are impossible to determine because the tests were done in vivo.
D) the studies are correlational.

Question 9

Which of the following statements properly defines strabismus?

A) This is a misalignment of the eyes in which one or both eyes deviates towards the nose.
B) A decrease in vision in one eye.
C) A patch of cells on the dorsal surface of the embryo.
D) A disorder resulting from missing genes on chromosome 7.

Question 10

An interesting fact about the hippocampus is…

A) it is the only brain structure fully developed at birth.
B) it is the only brain structure that develops at the exact same rate in both primates and humans.
C) it is one of the sites in adulthood that exhibits neurogenesis.
D) that it metabolizes glucose at five times the rate of the rest of the brain.

Question 11

Motor functioning in children develops in which of the following ways?

A) Gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills; motor skills develop in the fingers before the arms.
B) Gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills; motor skills develop in the head before the legs.
C) Fine motor skills develop before gross motor skills; motor skills develop in the arms before the fingers.
D) Fine motor skills develop before gross motor skills; motor skills develop in the legs before the head.

Question 12

Which of the following areas is one of the last to mature in the human brain?

A) posterior parietal lobe
B) temporal lobe (whether it is the left or right hemisphere depends on dominant hand)
C) the gyri and sulci
D) frontal lobes

Question 13

Thalidomide is an example of ….

A) a teratogen.
B) a PCB chemical.
C) a side effect from drinking alcohol while pregnant.
D) a deficit caused by mercury exposure to the fetus.

Question 14

Diets that are lacking in calories result in a syndrome called __________.

A) hypoxia
B) marasmus
C) anoxia
D) low birth weight

Question 15

The role of a shunt in treating developmental disorders is…

A) to reverse the cerebral atrophy in moderate cases of kwashiorkor.
B) to remove the blockage that is causing hydrocephalus.
C) to drain excess fluid from the lateral ventricles in patients with hydrocephalus.
D) to drain excess fluid from the interventricular foramina in patients with kwashiorkor.

Question 16

Trisomy is a characteristic of which of the following disorders?

A) Down syndrome
B) Turner's syndrome
C) Attention deficit disorder
D) Kwashiorkor
E) Hydrocephalus

Question 17

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Turner's syndrome?

A) ovarian failure
B) unusually shaped ears
C) dysfunction of visual attention
D) difficulty in adjusting to school life.
E) severely decreased verbal I.Q.

Question 18

The claim that children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) have memory problems is…

A) popular in the neuropsychology field because of the strong empirical evidence.
B) not likely, because most persons with ADD live normal lives with no known memory impairments.
C) irrelevant to the diagnosis of ADD.
D) controversial, because the apparent memory deficits could simply be due to inattention during memory tasks.

Question 19

A unique characteristic of autism in comparison to other mental disorders is…

A) poor communication abilities.
B) there is no available treatment.
C) savant skills.
D) abnormal social skills.

Question 20

"Theory of mind" fails to develop in people born with …

A) autism.
B) Attentional deficit disorder.
C) Down syndrome.
D) Turner's syndrome.

Question 21

Which of the following correctly defines amblyopia?

A) Programmed cell death that is a regular part of development.
B) A decrease in vision in one eye.
C) A generally fatal failure of the rostral part of the neural plate to fuse.
D) A misalignment of the eyes in which one or both eyes deviates towards the nose.
E) A condition where the structure of the eye fails to develop completely.

Question 22

What the term for the fatal defect of the neural tube that results when there is a complete failure of the closure of the neural tube?

A) marasmus
B) dysgenesis
C) craniobismus
D) strabismus
E) cranioarchischisis

Question 23

Dendritic branching can result in __________.

A) myelination of dendrites.
B) the branching of dendrites.
C) an increased numbers of synapses.
D) b and c
E) All of the above.

Question 24

Chemicals that are secreted by the brain that enhance the survival of neurons are known as__________.

A) neurotrophins
B) neurotransmitters
C) synapse secretions
D) acetycholine
E) None of the above

Question 25

What is the term for the process of cell division that results in new neurons?

A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) proliferation
D) pluripotent
E) neural innovation

Question 26

Spina bifada is a __________defect that is characterized by spinal cord defects.

A) sacral
B) thoracic
C) cortical
D) neural tube
E) neural plate

Question 27

What will the ectoderm in the early embryo form into?

A) the epidermis of the skin and the internal organs
B) the nervous system and the epidermis of the skin.
C) the nervous system
D) the epidermis of the skin
E) the nervous system and the internal organs

Question 28

Which parts of the body is typically involved in fine motor skills?

A) eyes and nose
B) arms and legs
C) arms and hands
D) neck and head
E) hand and fingers

Question 29

Which of the following is a gross motor skill?

A) walking
B) balance
C) holding your head up
D) a and b only
E) All of the above

Question 30

What is the neural tube formed out of at embryonic day 24?

A) the ectoderm
B) the neural plate
C) stem cells
D) nerves
E) the neural duct

Question 31

What is the term for a period of reduced oxygen supply?

A) hemoxia
B) anoproxia
C) hypoxia
D) anoxia
E) hyperoxia

Question 32

The idea that people normally understand that other people have their own thoughts, plans and consciousness is known as __________.

A) thought processes
B) theory of individuality
C) theory of consciousness
D) theory of mind
E) cognition

Question 33

What causes is the genetic cause of Turner's syndrome?

A) A missing or abnormal second Y chromosome.
B) A missing or abnormal second X chromosome.
C) A trisomy of an X chromosome.
D) A trisomy of the Y chromosme.
E) An abnormal X or Y chromosome.

Question 34

Babies who are 2 to 3 months of age exhibit large increase in __________in parietal lobes, increases that remain steady until about 2 to 3 years of age.

A) sucrose
B) D-glyceraldehyde.
C) glucose
D) glycogen
E) cellulose

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Newborns have quite sophisticated visual systems and are capable of distinguishing between two-dimensional and three-dimensional stimuli.
B) Newborns have quite sophisticated visual systems but are not capable of distinguishing between two-dimensional and three-dimensional stimuli.
C) It is a slow process for infants to become competent with more complex stimuli, such as faces.
D) Newborns have underdeveloped visual systems.
E) All babies are born with strabismus, but it corrects itself in most children as they age.

Question 36

The development of linguistic competence involves which of the following?

A) development of the frontal lobe
B) development of the temporal lobes
C) myelination of the connections among the lobes
D) b and c only
E) All of the above

Question 37

By studying individuals with__________, insights into how factors other than mylenation affect motor development can be obtained.

A) Rett syndrome
B) Turners syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) autism
E) hydrocephalous

Question 38

Which of the following does typical motor development not rely on?

A) synaptogenesis
B) dendritic arborization
C) occipital lobe formation
D) postnantal differentiation of neurons
E) myelination

Question 39

How much of one's body weight does the brain account for?

A) less than 1%
B) 2%
C) 10%
D) 20%
E) 100%

Question 40

What is the term for a complete lack of brain development?

A) minor cephalitis
B) major cephalitis
C) macrocepahly
D) anencephaly
E) microcephaly

Question 41

What are stem cells?

A) They are cells that develop to resemble flower stems
B) They are embryonic cells that can develop into any type of cell in the body
C) They are a type of cell that carries viruses
D) They are cells that are capable of regenerating

Question 42

As development progresses, the neural plate starts to form a groove, which by embryonic day __________fuses to form the__________.

A) neural shaft
B) neural ectoderm
C) neural tube
D) neural tunnel