Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Diener and Seligman (2004) found that money cannot buy happiness unless you __________.

A) are leaving a bad relationship
B) have more than one child
C) are very poor
D) earn a salary above the nation's poverty line

Answer 1

are very poor

Question 2

______________ are biological deficiencies that motivate feelings of tension.

A) Emotions
B) Drives
C) Needs
D) Moods

Answer 2

Needs

Question 3

Christopher is extremely hungry and knows he has to get something to eat right away. Christopher is experiencing __________.

A) a drive
B) a need
C) motivation
D) all of these

Answer 3

all of these

Question 4

Charlie wants to be a lawyer so he can make $250,000 per year. Charlie is being motivated by __________.

A) a drive
B) a need
C) an incentive
D) display rules

Question 5

Evolutionarily speaking, an organism's ultimate purpose is to __________.

A) perpetuate its genes
B) select an appropriate mate
C) migrate to a favorable climate
D) create mutations in its species

Question 6

The best description of the drive-reduction theory of motivation would be which of the following?

A) Organisms seek pleasure and avoid pain.
B) Organisms act in ways to maintain homeostasis.
C) All species have incentives for behavior.
D) All species operate on reproductive instincts.

Question 7

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that __________ levels of arousal lead to optimal performance.

A) low
B) moderate
C) high
D) none of these

Question 8

Alex is on the hockey team. According to research by Yerkes and Dodson (1908), in which of the following games would Alex perform best?

A) A practice game at the beginning of the season, with no fans present
B) A midseason game against an equally skilled team, with several fans present
C) A championship game against his team's rival, with the arena filled with screaming fans
D) all of these

Question 9

Research shows that if people experience long periods of sensory deprivation, they will __________.

A) have an easier time concentrating on simple tasks
B) have increased social and communicative skills
C) begin to hallucinate
D) experience certain death

Question 10

Abraham Maslow's model states that human motivation must be __________.

A) satisfied according to a hierarchy of needs
B) optimally arousing according to each individual's ability
C) directed at perpetuating the species
D) aimed at fulfilling the human need to affiliate

Question 11

At the bottom of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy are which of the following needs?

A) love and belongingness
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) self-actualization

Question 12

Mathis has a good job and lives in a nice house in an upscale neighborhood. According to Maslow's theory, which of the following needs will Mathis seek to fulfill next?

A) safety
B) self-actualization
C) physiological
D) love and belongingness

Question 13

According to Maslow's theory, Celine must meet _____________ needs before she fulfills self-esteem needs.

A) love and belongingness
B) physiological
C) safety
D) all of these

Question 14

With respect to hunger, which of the following is true?

A) The stomach by itself does not cause feelings of hunger.
B) Our stomach's "growling" results from gastric secretions.
C) Seeing food can activate the body's hunger process.
D) all of these.

Question 15

Which of the following is the part of the brain responsible for fighting, feeding, and reproductive behavior?

A) hypothalamus
B) fornix
C) hippocampus
D) nucleus accumbens

Question 16

Which of the following hormones does not stimulate appetite?

A) ghrelin
B) melanin
C) leptin
D) neuropeptide Y

Question 17

Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion: Which neurotransmitter discussed in the "Motivation and Emotion" chapter of your Feist and Rosenberg text is a chemical relative of marijuana, which was discussed in Chapter 6, "Consciousness"?

A) testosterone
B) insulin
C) endocannabinoids
D) ghrelin

Question 18

Marvin, who is six years old, does not like peas. According to research by Birch and others (1982, 1996), it will probably take how many exposures to peas for Marvin to actually like them?

A) one to two
B) four to six
C) eight to ten
D) twelve to fourteen

Question 19

Which of the following is probably a culturally driven preference for food?

A) Elkie likes to eat raw whale blubber.
B) Tony likes to eat cow brains.
C) Nola likes to eat animal tongues.
D) all of these.

Question 20

In evolutionary terms, what is one reason modern humans have a tendency to be obese?

A) We need more food to be healthy these days.
B) We are far more sedentary than were our ancestors.
C) Thinness is equated with physical attractiveness.
D) Food is scarcer these days than it was a million years ago.

Question 21

Which of the following pairs depicts eating disorders that are the most common in the industrialized world?

A) anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
B) binge eating disorder and marasmus
C) kwashiorkor and marasmus
D) anemia and anorexia nervosa

Question 22

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2004 that _________ percent of U.S. adults were obese.

A) 25
B) 33
C) 66
D) 75

Question 23

Research has shown that genes are responsible for what percentage of adult weight?

A) 40
B) 50
C) 60
D) 70

Question 24

Researchers have discovered that, in some obese people, genes that code for the production of ____________ may be disrupted, thereby disrupting appetite suppression.

A) leptin
B) estrogen
C) adrenalin
D) noradrenalin

Question 25

Julia, who is 33 years old, went on a diet and lost a substantial amount of weight. Which of the following statements must be true of Julia?

A) She decreased the number of fat cells in her body by at least 40 percent.
B) She decreased the fat that each of her fat cells store.
C) She will likely keep the weight off.
D) all of these.

Question 26

Which of the following is not one of the phases of sexual arousal as stated by Masters and Johnson (1966)?

A) orgasm
B) plateau
C) resolution
D) engagement

Question 27

Which of the following is a difference between men's and women's sexual arousal phases, according to Masters and Johnson?

A) Women almost always have an orgasm after the resolution phase, but men never do.
B) Women usually have a shorter plateau phase than do men.
C) Women's plateau phase is not necessarily followed by orgasm, but men's is.
D) Women cannot have multiple orgasms but men usually can.

Question 28

As the result of a car accident, Cindy sustained damage to the back of her hypothalamus. Based on contemporary research, which of the following is most likely true of Cindy?

A) Her sexual behavior has decreased.
B) Her sexual behavior has increased.
C) Her sexual behavior has not changed.
D) Her sexual identity has changed.

Question 29

Brain imaging studies of women having an orgasm showed which of the following?

A) deactivation of the brain regions involving somatosensory experiences
B) deactivation of the brain regions involved in fear and anxiety
C) activation of the brain regions involved in breathing and balance
D) activation of the brain regions involved in consciousness

Question 30

Brain imaging studies of men having an orgasm showed deactivation of the __________.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) posterior cingulate gyrus
C) right hemisphere
D) left amygdala

Question 31

Women whose adrenal glands were removed lost their __________.

A) consciousness
B) vision
C) sex drive
D) personality

Question 32

Which of the following is most likely true of 24-year-old Mark, who has a high baseline level of testosterone?

A) He had his first experience of sexual intercourse at an earlier age than did his peers.
B) He had his first experience of sexual intercourse at a later age than did his peers.
C) He engages in sexual intercourse less frequently than do his peers.
D) He has never had sexual intercourse.

Question 33

Women tend to have more frequent and intense sexual fantasies about men other than their regular sexual partners around which time of their menstrual cycle?

A) follicular phase
B) ovulation
C) luteal phase
D) menstruation

Question 34

Broude and Greene (1980) studied men and women in many non-Western cultures and found which of the following to be true of extramarital sex?

A) It was unheard of in most of these societies.
B) It was practiced by a few isolated couples in these societies.
C) It was practiced by men and women in the majority of these societies.
D) Marriage was not common, therefore extramarital sex could not be researched accurately.

Question 35

With respect to casual, noncommitted sex, researchers have found which of the following to be true?

A) Men are more interested in casual sex than are women.
B) Women are more willing to engage in casual sex than are men.
C) Women have more positive attitudes toward extramarital sex than do men.
D) Women have more positive attitudes toward premarital sex than do men.

Question 36

In their experiment on casual sex, Clark and Hatfield (1989) found which of the following?

A) No women agreed to have casual sex with a propositioning stranger.
B) Most of the men agreed to have sex with a propositioning stranger.
C) Many women agreed to go out on a date with a stranger.
D) all of these.

Question 37

Paternal investment theory contends that __________.

A) men are eager to engage in casual sex to impress their sexual prowess upon their friends
B) women are reluctant to engage in casual sex, due to the consequences of pregnancy
C) parents do not want their children to engage in casual sex, due to the reputation costs
D) parents seem choosy but have evolved to choose the best mate for their offspring

Question 38

In the 1940s, Alfred Kinsey was the first researcher to propose that homosexuality should be measured __________.

A) as an all-or-none construct
B) separately from heterosexuality
C) on a continuum
D) differently for men and women

Question 39

More women than men __________.

A) identify themselves as bisexual
B) identify themselves as homosexual
C) identify themselves as exclusively heterosexual
D) identify themselves as exclusively homosexual

Question 40

Research has shown that what percent of the adult male population identifies as being predominantly homosexual?

A) 1 to 5
B) 6 to 10
C) 11to 15
D) 16 to 20

Question 41

Studies have shown that a predictor of adult homosexuality in men is __________.

A) having a domineering mother
B) engaging in sex-atypical play as children
C) being teased as a child
D) none of these

Question 42

Human beings' need for affiliation is __________.

A) the desire to belong with others
B) the desire to be accepted by others
C) one of the strongest human needs
D) all of these

Question 43

Which of the following is not part of Atkinson's model of achievement motivation?

A) expectation of success
B) incentive value of success
C) motivation to succeed
D) external push to succeed

Question 44

Drives are different from emotions in that drives __________.

A) do not account for sexual motivation
B) do not account for hunger motivation
C) are associated with specific needs
D) all of these

Question 45

Brief, acute changes to experience and physiology that result from a response to a meaningful situation in the person's environment are called __________.

A) drives
B) emotions
C) moods
D) appraisals

Question 46

Which of the following is true of moods?

A) They last longer than emotions.
B) They are stable and last from childhood.
C) They are often mediated by emotions.
D) They are not influenced by physiology.

Question 47

Mike has a very bad temper. Which of the following can be said of him?

A) He is constantly angry.
B) He has hostility as an affective trait.
C) He does not have a quick temper.
D) He is not one to dwell on a negative event.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes an emotion family?

A) The same emotion, such as joy, can be experienced by several members of a family.
B) A broad category, such as fear, consists of specific emotions like anxiety and nervousness.
C) Negative emotions can pass from one person to the next when living in close quarters.
D) From birth, people tend to have persistent traits of emotions-either positive or negative.

Question 49

Felicity feels _______________ pride because she won the bowling competition.

A) authentic
B) hubristic
C) naturalistic
D) mechanistic

Question 50

Which of the following is true according to the broaden-and-build model of emotions?

A) Emotions evolved to solve problems our ancestors faced.
B) Negative emotions build character and social skills.
C) Positive emotions help to expand our thinking.
D) all of these.

Question 51

Sid saw a gang of teenagers throw rocks at his car. He saw the damage this caused and became very angry. He chased the teens, and although he could not catch them, he got close enough to recognize one of them. Although Sid envisioned retaliating for the damage to his car, he knew it would be better to seek compensation for the damage. He called the police, reported the incident, and swore he would sue the parents of the boy he knew to make them pay for the damage to the car.

-
Which of the following was the antecedent event in Sid's emotion-charged situation?

A) becoming angry
B) chasing the teens
C) seeing the teens throw the rocks
D) not being able to catch the teens

Question 52

Sid saw a gang of teenagers throw rocks at his car. He saw the damage this caused and became very angry. He chased the teens, and although he could not catch them, he got close enough to recognize one of them. Although Sid envisioned retaliating for the damage to his car, he knew it would be better to seek compensation for the damage. He called the police, reported the incident, and swore he would sue the parents of the boy he knew to make them pay for the damage to the car.

-Sid acknowledged and realized the damage the rocks caused to his car in a part of the emotional process known as __________.

A) appraisal
B) outcomes
C) regulation
D) moratorium

Question 53

Sid saw a gang of teenagers throw rocks at his car. He saw the damage this caused and became very angry. He chased the teens, and although he could not catch them, he got close enough to recognize one of them. Although Sid envisioned retaliating for the damage to his car, he knew it would be better to seek compensation for the damage. He called the police, reported the incident, and swore he would sue the parents of the boy he knew to make them pay for the damage to the car.

-When instead of retaliating Sid decided to call the police and resolve this situation through the legal process, Sid was engaging in __________.

A) expressive-suppression
B) emotion regulation
C) displacement
D) reaction formation

Question 54

An emotional response includes __________.

A) expressive changes
B) subjective changes
C) objective changes
D) all of these

Question 55

How is the autonomic nervous system involved in an emotional experience?

A) It is controlled by the circulatory and respiratory systems and mediates anxiety and fear.
B) It provides oxygen to muscles to increase their functioning.
C) It activates the bodily processes involved in an emotional response.
D) It triggers emotional responses such as joy and rage.

Question 56

Research by Paul Ekman and others (1983, 1990) shows that the emotion of disgust leads to which of the following?

A) slowing of the heart
B) increasing the blood pressure
C) decreasing digestion
D) increasing respiration

Question 57

Based on research by Paul et al. (2005), which of the following creatures can experience an emotion?

A) Chucky the chimpanzee
B) Frankie the fish
C) Betsy the bird
D) all of these

Question 58

Thelma was upset, but now that she is watching a funny movie about cops and cats, she feels better. Her feeling better is evidence that which of the following physiological systems is now engaged?

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) parasympathetic nervous system
C) enteric nervous system
D) central nervous system

Question 59

Emotions can create changes in __________.

A) vocal intonation
B) body language
C) facial expressions
D) all of these

Question 60

The subjective experience of emotion can be understood by _________.

A) an independent rater's coding of facial expressions
B) someone's description of how they feel
C) brain imaging techniques
D) hormonal measurement assays

Question 61

The James-Lange theory of emotion would best be modeled by which of the following?

A) Antecedent event àPhysiological reaction à Emotion
B) Antecedent event à Emotion àPhysiological reaction
C) Emotion à Antecedent event àPhysiological reaction
D) Physiological reaction à Antecedent event à Emotion

Question 62

Lynne has to give a speech in class. Right before class begins she feels sick to her stomach and notes that she must be more nervous than she thought she would be. Lynne's scenario is evidence to support the ___________ theory of emotion.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) universality
D) evolutionary

Question 63

Paul Ekman's research on basic emotions has provided evidence that __________.

A) emotions such as anger and fear are Western constructions
B) disgust and sadness are not understood by Eastern societies
C) basic emotions are universal
D) none of these

Question 64

Ekman's neuro-cultural theory of emotion proposes that which of the following may be different across cultures?

A) facial expressions that accompany emotions
B) the regulation of emotions
C) the physiological underpinnings of emotions
D) the universality of emotions

Question 65

Charles Darwin proposed that a fearful facial expression serves to allow __________.

A) the eyes to increase one's scope of vision
B) predators to know one is in a vulnerable state
C) others to feel disdain for an organism's fear
D) all of these

Question 66

Which of the following would most likely be studied by an affective neuroscientist?

A) the extent to which emotions affect culture
B) the cultural mediation of emotional responses
C) the brain regions involved in emotions
D) the validity of the James-Lange theory of emotions

Question 67

The part of the brain most extensively connected with fear is the __________.

A) corpus callosum
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 68

Which of the following is most likely true of Manny, who sustained an injury to his amygdala?

A) He does not remember objects he is afraid of.
B) He has a difficult time recognizing fear in others.
C) He cannot keep focused on emotional events for very long.
D) He is completely unemotional.

Question 69

Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion: Which of the following brain regions has been shown to consider goals and regulate social behavior and is also very active in the appraisal of emotions?

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) septal nuclei
C) the pituitary gland
D) the nucleus accumbens

Question 70

The __________ perceives internal, physical sensations and therefore is involved in emotions.

A) thalamus
B) orbitofrontal cortex
C) insula
D) fornix

Question 71

Which of the following students' statements is correct with respect to gender and emotions?

A) Chandra says, "Women are better at recognizing emotions than men are."
B) Burt says, "Only men think that women are more emotional than men are."
C) George says, "Women do not discuss their emotions as much as men do."
D) Loni says, "Men and women describe their emotions in the same way."

Question 72

A longitudinal study by Bruce Headey (2008) showed which of the following to be true of happiness?

A) Happiness will increase over time for people who seek to advance their careers.
B) Happiness will decrease over time for people who value spending time with family most.
C) Happiness will decrease over time for people who value spending time with friends most.
D) Happiness will decrease over time for people who value material goals most.