Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

Without memory, we would be __________.

A) stuck in the present
B) unable to adapt
C) unable to learn
D) all of these

Answer 1

all of these

Question 2

After removal of his hippocampus, H. M. was unable to __________.

A) recognize the faces of his parents
B) remember how to eat
C) remember his birthday
D) consciously recall experiences

Answer 2

consciously recall experiences

Question 3

Memory is __________.

A) the ability to store and use information
B) the tendency to have better recall for items in a list, depending on their position in the list
C) when new experiences or information cause people to forget
D) a product of weakening synaptic connections in the brain

Answer 3

the ability to store and use information

Question 4

__________________ occurs when information from our five senses leaves a small, momentary trace in our brain unless we pay attention to and process this information.

A) Short-term memory
B) Sensory memory
C) False memory
D) Long-term potentiation

Question 5

Diane is not paying attention to her boyfriend talking, when all of a sudden something he says stops her. She says, "Wait a minute . . . did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in her _______________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) semantic

Question 6

Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank and asks him to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is examining his ______________ memory.

A) tactile
B) iconic
C) echoic
D) olfactory

Question 7

_____________________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to a situation or problem.

A) Episodic
B) Meta
C) Sensory
D) Short-term

Question 8

One reason that phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long is that __________.

A) most people can transfer seven digits into long-term memory instantly, bypassing short-term memory
B) this is the maximum number of items that can be held in short-term memory at a given moment
C) sensory memory for numbers is very keen and can handle such a large quantity of digits
D) when polled, early phone customers requested this many digits in their phone numbers

Question 9

The string of digits 1776149217871941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1776, 1492, 1787, and 1941 in a process called _________________ makes it easier.

A) method of loci
B) deep processing
C) chunking
D) rehearsing

Question 10

Which of the following is not a step in Alan Baddeley's (2003, 2007) model of working memory?

A) attending
B) storing
C) rehearsing
D) reporting

Question 11

According to Alan Baddeley (2003, 2007), the first step in the working memory process is __________.

A) rehearsing the properties of a stimulus
B) paying attention to a stimulus
C) transporting memory impulses to the hippocampus
D) storing information on the retina

Question 12

People who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes and thus their central executives may have a hard time __________.

A) screening out irrelevant information from the environment
B) remembering new experiences
C) processing and recalling language communicated to them
D) recalling information from before their injuries

Question 13

When we attend to sounds or linguistic information, information is sent to the __________________ for brief storage and retention, where it is evaluated by the central executive.

A) visuospatial sketch pad
B) phonological loop
C) medulla
D) episodic buffer

Question 14

Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to processed in her working memory and temporarily stored in __________.

A) implicit memory
B) procedural memory
C) an episodic buffer
D) automatic processing

Question 15

The famous psychologist who first noticed the phenomenon called the serial position effect was __________.

A) Mary Whiton Calkins
B) Erik Kandel
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Philip Zimbardo

Question 16

Selma's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store, and now that Selma is there, she can only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called __________.

A) the primacy effect
B) the recency effect
C) proactive interference
D) retroactive interference

Question 17

More participants in a study can recall the words in the beginning and in the end of a list than can recall words in the middle of a list. This is called __________.

A) a Type I error
B) a heuristic
C) the serial position effect
D) retrograde amnesia

Question 18

Material you remember from this exam, memories of your sixth birthday party, and your recollection of your first date are all part of your __________.

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) all of these

Question 19

Tori remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know-it's automatic." This is an example of her __________.

A) implicit memory
B) priming
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory

Question 20

__________________ is to nondeclarative memory as __________________ is to declarative memory.

A) Semantic; episodic
B) Implicit; explicit
C) Episodic; semantic
D) Explicit; semantic

Question 21

Nehal, a medical student who has been reading textbooks of illnesses for weeks on end, develops a headache and now fears she has a dreaded brain disease. Fortunately, she does not. This incident serves as a good example of ______________, which is a type of implicit memory.

A) amnesia
B) persistence
C) priming
D) consolidation

Question 22

Paul remembers the presidents of the United States in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ______________ memory.

A) priming
B) learning
C) semantic
D) nondeclarative

Question 23

________________ is crucial to storage and retrieval.

A) Priming
B) Persistence
C) Episodic memory
D) Encoding

Question 24

Miguel is trying to have a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. What is the order of the processes the burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel?

A) encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
B) storage, consolidation, encoding, recognition
C) storage, visuospatial loop, encoding, recall
D) consolidation, storage, recognition, recall

Question 25

Meg easily recalls her first day on the job as an emergency room nurse. To her, remembering that day involves ___________________ processing.

A) structural
B) phonological
C) effortful
D) automatic

Question 26

Barry is paying careful attention to his class notes and textbook, trying to master the material for tomorrow's exam. Barry is engaging in __________.

A) effortful processing
B) automatic processing
C) implicit memory
D) persistence

Question 27

Jones is engaging in ___________ processing when, as he tries to encode the year 1992, he says to himself, "I'll remember 1992 because it is the year before I was born."

A) semantic
B) morphological
C) structural
D) phonemic

Question 28

Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." Of which type of processing is this an example?

A) semantic
B) automatic
C) phonemic
D) structural

Question 29

The studies of Craik and Tulving (1975) showed which of the following results from participants who were instructed to encode words more deeply than were participants in a control group?

A) They could not recall those words, due to interference.
B) They recalled those words better than did the controls.
C) They had no recollection of those words days later.
D) They performed better on subsequent spelling tests than did the controls.

Question 30

According to research by Walker and Stickgold (2006) and others, sleep is vital for which state of long-term memory formation?

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) consolidation

Question 31

_________________ are mental frameworks formed from our experiences with the world that help us interpret, store, and remember related experiences, concepts, and behaviors.

A) Nodes
B) Binocular cues
C) Schemas
D) Etiology

Question 32

The psychological process that connects concepts is called __________.

A) attribution
B) accommodation
C) articulation
D) association

Question 33

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that the __________.

A) individual attempting to encode new information must repeatedly rehearse that information
B) brain makes associations by simultaneously activating several concepts
C) neural circuitry involved in long-term retention simultaneously evolved in humans and nonhuman primates
D) none of these

Question 34

Tan is remembering where she put the receipt for the birthday gift she bought her mother. With respect to memory processes, Tan is engaging in __________.

A) working memory
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) consolidation

Question 35

Short-term memory is primarily processed in the __________.

A) hippocampus and frontal lobes
B) primary motor cortex and amygdala
C) prefrontal cortex and frontal cortex
D) none of these

Question 36

In the human sensory memory system, which of the following senses does not have its own sensory cortex?

A) auditory
B) visual
C) tactile (touch)
D) taste

Question 37

Memory consolidation takes place in the __________.

A) pons
B) hippocampus
C) prefrontal cortex
D) amygdala

Question 38

Which one of Talia's memories would be stored in her subcortical structures?

A) How to do the chicken dance
B) Her high school graduation
C) The capital of Peru
D) all of these

Question 39

Amanda is taking a fill-in-the-blanks psychology test and is trying to remember the word to answer the question, "_____________ is a strong bond that forms between an infant and a caregiver." Which part of Amanda's brain will help her correctly recall the word "Attachment"?

A) striatum
B) amygdala
C) prefrontal cortex
D) cerebellum

Question 40

The ________________ is the part of the limbic system that is highly involved with processing and recognizing emotions.

A) thalamus
B) fornix
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 41

Gertie, who is away at summer camp, is especially frightened when someone turns all the lights off. She can tell that her fellow campers are also scared. Which of the following parts of the brain has been shown to be highly associated with experiences like Gertie's?

A) amygdala
B) nucleus accumbens
C) inferior colliculus
D) cerebellum

Question 42

Which of the following is true with respect to autobiographical memories?

A) There is a negative bias with respect to remembering things about one's self.
B) There is a positive bias with respect to remembering things about one's self.
C) Autobiographical memories are not as easily recalled as nonautobiographical memories.
D) none of these.

Question 43

What happens in long-term potentiation?

A) There is a permanent change in the excitatory neuron.
B) There is a permanent change in the receiving neuron.
C) The synaptic connection between repeatedly firing neurons is strengthened.
D) all of these.

Question 44

Hebb's law states that __________.

A) touch your nose and your limbic system grows
B) true memories of flowers only last a few hours
C) neurons that fire together wire together
D) you need one lobe to recognize shame in me, you need two lobes to recognize shame in you

Question 45

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that __________.

A) repetition of experiences can actually lead to synaptic death
B) the neuronal basis for memory in lower animals is extremely different than that of humans
C) moving information from short-term to long-term memory requires repetition
D) repeated experience does not strengthen long-term potentiation

Question 46

Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that treat memory deficits in dementia patients by __________.

A) facilitating the reconstruction of the hippocampus
B) boosting levels of acetylcholine in the brain
C) thickening the cortex of the frontal lobes
D) preventing deterioration of the temporal lobes

Question 47

Tully and colleagues (1995) demonstrated that fruit flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited __________.

A) severe memory and olfactory deficits
B) an inability to remember their offspring
C) excellent memories
D) aggression toward unfamiliar flies

Question 48

According to Le Bars and others (1997), which of the following herbal medications has been shown to enhance cognition and treat memory problems?

A) ginkgo biloba
B) glucosamine
C) echinacea
D) St. John's wort

Question 49

China is trying to memorize the lyrics to a new song, but lyrics to a song she learned last week keep popping into her head, making it difficult. This is an example of __________.

A) decay
B) the forgetting curve
C) proactive interference
D) retroactive interference

Question 50

Which of the following is not an error of omission (failure of recall), according to Daniel Schacter's The Seven Sins of Memory (2001)?

A) blocking
B) transience
C) misattribution
D) absentmindedness

Question 51

Famous memory experiments conducted by Herman Ebbinghaus in the 1880s showed a __________.

A) forgetting curve
B) serial position effect
C) neurological basis for forgetting
D) connection between memory and the amygdala

Question 52

Mona says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those movies about the killer cheerleaders! His name begins with an F . . . I just can't remember it!" Mona is experiencing __________.

A) divided attention
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C) proactive interference
D) all of these

Question 53

Joanie swears that her sister borrowed her favorite sweater, when in fact it was her brother who borrowed it. Schacter's label for this type of erroneous recall is ________________.

A) absentmindedness
B) repression
C) decay
D) misattribution

Question 54

Cryptomnesia is the __________.

A) belief that an idea is yours when, in fact, it belongs to someone else
B) claim that someone else's memories are one's own
C) ability to remember the alphabet but not remember the proper uses of each character
D) inability to solve crossword puzzles

Question 55

Jan and Maggie, 50-year-old twins, get along really well with each other in adulthood. Although their mother tells them they fought with each other constantly when they were children, both of them recall only getting along and having a good time together. Jan and Maggie's failure to remember their childhood fights is an example of __________.

A) decay
B) consistency bias
C) divided attention
D) misattribution

Question 56

Johnny looks around his house for his wallet but just cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. According to Schacter's theory, Johnny's forgetfulness most likely occurred because
__________.

A) the memory of his wallet was transient
B) the memory of the ice cream had persistence
C) his attention was divided
D) he experienced proactive interference

Question 57

Try as she might, Maud just cannot help but think about the time she accidentally got toilet paper stuck to her shoes when she was on an important job interview, and she dragged the toilet paper into the office of the vice-president of the company. This experience with memory is called __________.

A) transience
B) persistence
C) suggestibility
D) incongruence

Question 58

Transience refers to __________.

A) the length of time it takes for a memory's neural impulse to reach the hippocampus
B) the inability to distinguish between a real and a false memory
C) the ability to remember information learned in a given location better
D) a memory weakening over time

Question 59

For which of the following individuals is absentmindedness most likely a problem?

A) Malik, a 40-year-old nurse
B) Greta, a 50-year-old pianist
C) Dominique, a 60-year-old pilot
D) Benjamin, a 70-year-old car salesman

Question 60

Age-related decline in memory has been found __________.

A) in the United States
B) in Asian countries
C) primarily in southern Europe
D) cross-culturally

Question 61

One neurological reason why our memories and our emotions are so closely linked is that __________.

A) presynaptic neurons are very close to postsynaptic neurons
B) the corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres
C) the amygdala and the hippocampus are close together
D) the occipital lobes are right next to the frontal lobes

Question 62

The research of Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues has shown that human memory is __________.

A) nearly as accurate as digitally recording cameras
B) highly susceptible to suggestion
C) widely accepted as the most accurate memory of all primates
D) usually incorrect when it comes to recalling autobiographical information

Question 63

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of __________.

A) a false memory
B) a repressed memory
C) transience
D) all of these

Question 64

Psychologists report that children are high in ___________________, because leading questions and comments can interfere with their ability to recall information accurately.

A) suggestibility
B) phonemic processing
C) repression
D) projection

Question 65

H. M. could not remember any experiences that occurred since his traumatic brain injury. This is an example of __________.

A) proactive interference
B) posttraumatic stress disorder
C) anterograde amnesia
D) retrograde amnesia

Question 66

Millie was in a skiing accident and broke both her legs. She cannot remember the accident at all. This is an example of __________.

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) false memory
D) misattribution

Question 67

Making Connections in Memory: How well you will remember the material you are studying for your exam begins with effective __________.

A) retrieval
B) recognition
C) storage
D) encoding

Question 68

Making Connections in Memory: ________________ processing will help you remember material for your exams most effectively.

A) Phonemic
B) Semantic
C) Structural
D) Automatic