Deck 6: Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness can be understood as __________.

A) our experience of a moment as we move through it
B) our processing of information before sending it to specialized brain regions
C) constantly changing
D) all of these

Answer 1

all of these

Question 2

Ingrid is gardening outdoors. She can smell the flowers, see the trees, feel the plants and dirt in her hands, and hear the birds singing. In terms of consciousness, all of these experiences will be consolidated into what Baars (1997) called the __________.

A) wakefulness state
B) global workspace
C) manifest content
D) true experiment

Answer 2

global workspace

Question 3

A person's degree of alertness is referred to as _______________, resulting from being asleep or awake.

A) beta waves
B) alertness
C) wakefulness
D) stage 1

Answer 3

wakefulness

Question 4

Janine drank 11 glasses of wine and is intoxicated, but is still sitting at the bar with her friends. In terms of consciousness, Janine is most likely _________________ but not very ___________________.

A) dreaming; awake
B) conscious; dedicated
C) dedicated; awake
D) awake; aware

Question 5

If you have ever _______________, you then experienced a loss of consciousness.

A) fainted
B) sneezed
C) blinked
D) all of these

Question 6

Damage to which of the following has been distinctively shown to result in coma?

A) frontal lobes
B) somatosensory cortex
C) reticular formation
D) amygdala

Question 7

Which of the following is true of comatose people whose brains show normal sleep patterns?

A) They are more likely to recall events experienced during the comatose state than comatose people who do not show normal sleep patterns.
B) They have a better chance of regaining consciousness than do comatose people who do not show normal sleep patterns.
C) They are usually extremely responsive and aware when a familiar loved one is present.
D) They have less of a chance of meaningful recovery than do comatose people who do not show normal sleep patterns.

Question 8

Owen and others (2006) asked a woman who was in a vegetative state to engage in an imagination exercise, then measured her brain activity with fMRI. What were their findings?

A) She had minimal brain activity that could not be reliably recorded.
B) She exhibited more extensive brain activation than did conscious people who were participating in the study.
C) Her brain activated as if she were experiencing visual and auditory deprivation.
D) Her brain activated in the same areas as did conscious people's brains participating in the same study.

Question 9

As stated in the Feist and Rosenberg text, when we sleep we are _________________ conscious.

A) not
B) minimally
C) moderately
D) fully

Question 10

Blaise was so involved in putting together his science project that he did not realize three hours had passed. Psychologists have called this state of consciousness __________.

A) drowsiness
B) flow
C) boredom
D) mindfulness

Question 11

Rose is smitten with Sid. She is speaking with him and is fully aware of what he is saying, the tone of his voice, how he smells, the look in his eyes, and how he makes her feel. Rose's state of consciousness can be said to be high in __________.

A) mindfulness
B) divided attention
C) flow
D) transference

Question 12

The "spotlight" of consciousness is __________.

A) mindfulness
B) attention
C) range
D) the preconscious

Question 13

Your mom is yelling at you to wash the dishes, your cell phone is ringing, your dog is barking, and your little sister is throwing her toys at your brother-yet you are so involved in watching a fight scene on your favorite soap opera that you do not notice these other events. Psychologists would say you are exercising __________.

A) deductive reasoning
B) conservation
C) selective attention
D) pluralistic ignorance

Question 14

As noted by the Feist and Rosenberg text, individuals with which of the following disorders have a difficult time paying selective attention to events in their environment?

A) somatoform disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) Munchausen's syndrome
D) schizophrenia

Question 15

The cocktail party effect occurs when one __________.

A) ingests too much alcohol and therefore cannot pay attention to one's surroundings
B) hears but cannot see the source of a stimulus when in the presence of many other people
C) pays attention to a previously ignored conversation because one hears one's name being mentioned
D) lets one's peers determine to what one should or should not pay attention

Question 16

Tabitha is driving in heavy traffic and does not notice the extra-large bumper sticker on the car in front of her that says "HONK IF YOU FLUNKED COLLEGE!" Tabitha is experiencing __________.

A) inattentional blindness
B) actor-observer bias
C) latent learning
D) Broca's aphasia

Question 17

In the perceptual load model, Lavie et al. (2004) noted that when a task exhausts all of an individual's attention capacity, that person will __________.

A) look for other stimuli to process
B) perform well on subsequent tasks
C) not notice potential distracters in her environment
D) poorly process information regarding that task

Question 18

According to recent research, which of the following is true with respect to the dangers of cell phone use while driving?

A) Hands-free devices are much more dangerous than hand-held devices.
B) Hands-free devices are much safer than hand-held devices.
C) Hands-free devices appear to be just as hazardous as hand-held devices.
D) none of these.

Question 19

In a recent study employing fMRI, when drivers used hands-free cell phones which of the following occurred?

A) Activity in languageprocessing areas of the subjects' brains decreased.
B) Activity in spatial-processing areas of the subjects' brains decreased.
C) The subjects' driving improved.
D) all of these.

Question 20

Using a cell phone is demonstrably comparable to driving drunk because in both instances drivers__________.

A) follow other cars too closely
B) have more accidents than others in the population
C) have slower braking reactions than others in the population
D) all of these

Question 21

Edna is concentrating on a security monitor, carefully observing a particularly suspicious group of shoppers who are walking around her department store. Psychologists would say that Edna is engaged in which of the following?

A) sustained attention
B) automatic processing
C) discrimination
D) convergent thinking

Question 22

Brett is sitting still, relaxing, and focusing on his breathing with the goal of calming his mind and enhancing his awareness of the present moment. Brett is engaging in __________.

A) generalization
B) minimal consciousness
C) meditation
D) reasoning

Question 23

Research has shown that training in __________________ meditation can increase well-being and physical health.

A) divergent thinking
B) Gestalt therapy
C) wakefulness
D) mindfulness

Question 24

With respect to meditation and brain activity, recent research has shown that which of the following occurred in subjects who received meditation training?

A) increased activity in the left frontal cortex
B) an increase in positive emotions
C) a decrease in negative emotions
D) all of these

Question 25

Which of the following is an essential feature of sleep?

A) It is not immediately reversible.
B) There is a perceptual barrier between internal events and external events.
C) Awareness of the outside world is greatly increased.
D) all of these.

Question 26

Circadian rhythms are __________.

A) fluctuations in biological processes that occur approximately within a 24-hour period
B) patterns of changes between conscious and unconscious awareness of the social world
C) measurements of the effects of natural events (e.g., weather, temperature) on consciousness
D) developmental changes across the entire life span; particularly around puberty

Question 27

The part of human neural anatomy that can be called the brain's timekeeper is the

A) ventral tegmental area(VTA)
B) nucleus accumbens(NA)
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)
D) cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

Question 28

Which of the following events causes the suprachiasmatic nucleus to "reset"?

A) inhibition of the pineal gland
B) exposure to light in the morning
C) exposure to total darkness around midnight
D) bodily relaxation

Question 29

Will is extremely relaxed and somewhat drowsy this evening as he studies for his psychology test. He knows that this feeling is most likely facilitated by an increase in the hormone _________________ in his bloodstream.

A) melatonin
B) testosterone
C) luteinizing hormone
D) estrogen

Question 30

According to research on our bodies' biological rhythms, which of the following travelers will most likely experience jet lag?

A) Destiny, who is traveling from north to south
B) Zhang, who is traveling from south to north
C) Kenny, who is traveling from west to east
D) Katrina, who is traveling from east to west

Question 31

Rapid eye movement (REM) is __________.

A) the rapid movement of the eyes during a specific stage of sleep
B) an event that occurs in children and adults
C) a phrase coined by researchers Kleitman and Aserinksy
D) all of these

Question 32

Elizabeth is engrossed in the video game she is playing. Her brain activity will likely be characterized by which of the following kinds of waves?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 33

Donna is relaxing on the beach. She is somewhat drowsy but is not asleep. Her brain activity is most likely characterized by ______________.

A) sleep spindles
B) K-complexes
C) alpha waves
D) beta waves

Question 34

Which of the following stages of sleep is also referred to as non-REM sleep?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 4
D) all of these

Question 35

_________________ waves are present in Stage 1 of sleep.

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) K-complex

Question 36

Gustavo is barely asleep and is easily awakened by the sound of his cell phone ringing. Gustavo is likely in the _______________ stage of sleep.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 37

After about five to seven minutes of sleep, we move into __________.

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) Stage 2 of sleep
D) Stage 3 of sleep

Question 38

Sleep spindles are present in which of the following stages of sleep?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 3
C) REM
D) none of these

Question 39

As Jermaine participates in a sleep study, EEG readings demonstrate the presence of K-complexes in his brain waves. Jermaine is most likely in ____________ of sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 40

Andy has entered Stage 3 of sleep. Researchers know this because EEG readings of his brain activity show __________.

A) theta and delta waves
B) alpha and beta waves
C) K-complexes and beta waves
D) K-complexes and alpha waves

Question 41

The complete disappearance of K-complexes from an individual's sleep cycle indicates __________.

A) coma
B) death
C) deepest sleep
D) alertness

Question 42

In adults, each complete sleep cycle-non-REM and REM sleep together-lasts about how long?

A) 6 minutes
B) 60 minutes
C) 90 minutes
D) 120 minutes

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true with respect to dreaming?

A) Dreaming occurs only during REM sleep.
B) Most non-REM sleep can involve dreaming.
C) Non-REM dreams are wild and active.
D) all of these.

Question 44

Felix, who is one month old, typically spends about __________ of his sleep in REM.

A) 0 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 95 percent

Question 45

Because infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than do adults, psychologists believe that a primary function of REM is to __________.

A) facilitate brain development
B) slow the aging process
C) consolidate accumulated wisdom
D) decrease frontal lobe function

Question 46

Which of the following is not proposed to be one of the major restorative processes that transpire during sleep?

A) perceptual adjustment
B) cell reparation
C) neural growth
D) memory consolidation

Question 47

Which of the following individuals is most likely sleep deprived?

A) Celeste, who sleeps longer on weekends than on weekdays
B) Bjorn, who needs an alarm clock to wake up for school
C) Sally, who falls asleep during psychology class
D) all of these

Question 48

Sleep expert William Dement (1999) coined the phrase _______________ to refer to how much sleep our brains "owe" our bodies.

A) bed in the red
B) sleep debt
C) consolidation debit
D) somna-mortgage

Question 49

Up to ____________ of automobile accidents can be attributed to driver sleepiness.

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 50

For about two weeks now Janet has taken hours to fall asleep, and she does not stay asleep. She has been tired at work, too. Janet most likely has __________.

A) somnambulism
B) prosopagnosia
C) sleep apnea
D) insomnia

Question 51

Up to ____________ of adults in the United States experience insomnia.

A) 6 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 48 percent
D) 60 percent

Question 52

In which sleep disorder does the individual literally stop breathing for a short time?

A) insomnia
B) sleep walking
C) sleep apnea
D) restless leg syndrome

Question 53

Alexei gets out of bed in the middle of the night, dresses for work, and eats breakfast. However, he is actually still asleep. He then gets back into bed, dressed. The next day his wife tells him what happened and he swears he does not remember. Alexei has likely been __________.

A) sleepwalking
B) meditating
C) experiencing insomnia
D) experiencing sleep apnea

Question 54

Hypersomnia is a condition in which an individual __________.

A) is restless, hyperactive, and cannot pay attention
B) can fall asleep only after taking medication
C) sleeps too little
D) sleeps or has the urge to sleep too often

Question 55

Who was the major proponent of the psychological theory proposing that dreams serve as "wish fulfillment"?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Jung
C) Carl Rogers
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 56

Joseph has a recurrent dream in which large bears are chasing him through a seemingly familiar hallway. When he gets to the end of the hallway, he sees his children, and they are crying, but he feels he can do nothing about it. This dream disturbs Joseph to the point where he seeks the help of a therapist.

-According to Freud's theory, the story line of Joseph's dream would be considered the dream's __________ level of content.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) ego
D) superego

Question 57

Joseph has a recurrent dream in which large bears are chasing him through a seemingly familiar hallway. When he gets to the end of the hallway, he sees his children, and they are crying, but he feels he can do nothing about it. This dream disturbs Joseph to the point where he seeks the help of a therapist.

-Joseph's therapist helps him realize that the large bears chasing him in his dreams may be representative of his real-life financial difficulties. By acknowledging this unconscious symbolism, the therapist is highlighting the dream's __________.

A) reaction formation
B) reality principle
C) manifest content
D) latent content

Question 58

Joseph has a recurrent dream in which large bears are chasing him through a seemingly familiar hallway. When he gets to the end of the hallway, he sees his children, and they are crying, but he feels he can do nothing about it. This dream disturbs Joseph to the point where he seeks the help of a therapist.

-Because Joseph's therapist focuses on understanding the unconscious motivation underlying Joseph's dreams, she is likely to be which of the following types of therapist?

A) psychoanalytic
B) Gestalt
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 59

To psychoanalytic therapists, the story line of a dream-its surface content-is known as its _______________ content.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) fixation
D) repression

Question 60

Freud used psychoanalysis to uncover the ______________ content, or the symbolic meaning, of his clients' dreams.

A) manifest
B) consolidated
C) latent
D) conscious

Question 61

The theory of why we dream that considers neuronal activation, stimulation, and state of wakefulness is known as __________.

A) restoration
B) activation-input-mode (AIM)
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary

Question 62

_________________ psychologists have noted that waking processes such as memory, problem solving, and speech also take place in sleeping individuals.

A) Evolutionary
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Cognitive
D) Social

Question 63

Mickey is aware that he is dreaming and can control the content of his dreams. Last night, he directed his dream to be about skydiving. Cognitive psychologists call this __________.

A) lucid dreaming
B) dreamworks
C) manifest content
D) parallel processing

Question 64

_________________ is a state of consciousness characterized by heightened suggestibility and suspension of the mind's critical facilities.

A) Mindfulness
B) Hypnosis
C) Schizophrenia
D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 65

Which of the following is true with respect to hypnosis?

A) People cannot be hypnotized if they are relaxed.
B) The degree to which people can be hypnotized is relatively invariant.
C) Everyone is mildly susceptible to hypnosis.
D) Most people are not highly hypnotizable.

Question 66

Which of the following has been shown to be an effective clinical application of hypnosis?

A) stopping smoking
B) treating nausea
C) relieving pain
D) all of these

Question 67

Experiments involving subjects' comparison of real pain versus hypnosis-induced pain showed that __________.

A) real pain activated higher brain regions than did hypnosis-induced pain
B) real pain activated somatosensory brain regions and hypnosis-induced pain activated frontal cortexes
C) real pain and hypnosis-induced pain activated the same brain regions
D) real pain and hypnosis-induced pain cannot be logically compared.

Question 68

Psychoactive drugs are __________.

A) naturally occurring
B) clinically synthesized
C) used cross-culturally
D) all of these

Question 69

Linda drinks wine quite often and requires more and more glasses to feel its effects. She is experiencing __________.

A) withdrawal
B) psychological dependence
C) delirium tremens
D) none of these

Question 70

David stopped taking benzodiazepines and is now experiencing dysphoria, sensual disturbances, and anxiety. He is experiencing __________.

A) withdrawal
B) tolerance
C) euphoria
D) sublimation

Question 71

People experiencing withdrawal from a drug may experience __________________, the symptoms of which are irritability, tremors, confusion, and hallucinations.

A) tolerance
B) delirium tremens
C) accommodation
D) tardive dyskinesia

Question 72

Margaret takes ecstasy to get through the weekends because she is bored. Margaret is experiencing __________.

A) psychological dependence
B) withdrawal symptoms
C) a mood disorder
D) all of these

Question 73

Which of the following individuals is experiencing psychological dependence?

A) Liev, who usually has a few drinks after work to cope with the stress
B) Kim, who is not physically dependent but does need sleeping aids to sleep
C) Fink, who says he is only in a good mood when he takes an antianxiety medication
D) all of these

Question 74

Continued use and physical or psychological dependence on a psychoactive drug is known as __________.

A) withdrawal
B) addiction
C) tolerance
D) delirium tremens

Question 75

Which of the following is true of depressants?

A) They decrease GABA activity.
B) They increase glutamate activity.
C) They decrease CNS activity.
D) all of these.

Question 76

The most widely used depressant is __________.

A) alcohol
B) secobarbital
C) diazepam
D) heroin

Question 77

At low doses alcohol causes users to feel "loose" because it __________.

A) is a stimulant
B) suppresses the brain's regulatory social functions
C) increases the availability of dopamine in the brain
D) increases CNS activity

Question 78

Which of the following is true of individuals who drink alcohol excessively and chronically?

A) Their brains literally shrink.
B) They have an increased risk of throat cancer.
C) They have a risk of being malnourished.
D) all of these.

Question 79

What percentage of college students report that they have engaged in binge drinking?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 80

Secobarbital and pentobarbital are examples of __________.

A) opioids
B) stimulants
C) sedatives
D) alcohol