Deck 1: Introduction to Psychology

Question 1

Psychology is most accurately defined as the __________.

A) study of animal behavior
B) study of human interactions
C) scientific study of thought and behavior
D) scientific study of cognitions

Answer 1

scientific study of thought and behavior

Question 2

Psychology is a practice in that __________.

A) rigorous methods are used to discover facts
B) its principles are used to diagnose and treat thought and behavioral problems
C) it is interdisciplinary
D) all of these

Answer 2

its principles are used to diagnose and treat thought and behavioral problems

Question 3

A writer from a popular fashion magazine has penned an article entitled "Dating in the 21^st Century." She has interviewed a few men and women and incorporated their dating experiences into this piece. This type of psychology is known as __________.

A) folk psychology
B) health psychology
C) consumer psychology
D) forensic psychology

Answer 3

folk psychology

Question 4

The Feist and Rosenberg text states that psychology is unique among the sciences in that __________.

A) it relies on empiricism to produce evidence
B) it studies religion and other practices particular to humans
C) it usually has the most student majors at any given college
D) it is the science of understanding individuals

Question 5

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. She is most likely which of the following types of psychologist?

A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) bio psychological
D) social

Question 6

A developmental psychologist would most likely study which of the following?

A) The effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments for eating disorders
B) The evolutionary significance of sexual attraction
C) A comparison between human and computer memory processes
D) Verbal ability from childhood to adolescence

Question 7

The neurological processes underlying fear would most likely be studied by a __________.

A) behavioral neuroscientist
B) developmental psychologist
C) positive psychologist
D) personality psychologist

Question 8

Cathy, who is majoring in biopsychology, would most likely conduct which of the following studies for her honors thesis?

A) The social origins of major depressive disorder
B) The extent to which childhood peer experiences influence adult behavior
C) The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness
D) A computer model of humans' deductive reasoning processes

Question 9

Health psychologists study which of the following?

A) How stress affects people's lives
B) The social implications of the health-care system
C) The link between stress and illness
D) all of these

Question 10

Social psychologists would most likely study which of the following?

A) The likelihood of someone assisting a person in need of help
B) The difference in language learning styles between children of different cultures
C) The likely course of schizophrenia for a particular patient
D) all of these

Question 11

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are topics most likely to be studied by __________.

A) behavioral endocrinologists
B) behavioral geneticists
C) positive psychologists
D) social psychologists

Question 12

Clinical psychologists would work in which of the following settings?

A) a university
B) a hospital
C) a private practice
D) all of these

Question 13

One of the differences between a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist is that a psychiatrist __________.

A) has an advanced graduate degree
B) works with mentally ill patients
C) can prescribe drugs
D) may work in a private practice

Question 14

Which of the following psychologists specializes in applying psychological concepts to the understanding of work-related issues?

A) cognitive
B) industrial/organizational
C) educational
D) clinical

Question 15

Forensic psychologists focus on issues pertinent to __________.

A) school systems
B) the judicial system
C) mental illnesses
D) marriage and family

Question 16

Ancient Greece is significant in the history of psychology for which of the following reasons?

A) The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece.
B) Wilhelm Wundt, one of the first known psychologists, established his laboratory in ancient Greece.
C) The first doctorate in psychology was awarded in ancient Greece.
D) The ancient Greeks compiled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM).

Question 17

Research by Maestripieri et al. (2006) suggests that nonhuman primates can be afflicted with __________.

A) anxiety disorders
B) depression
C) self-injurious behaviors
D) all of these

Question 18

Many prehistoric cultures had ________________ that treated mental disorders by performing rituals to drive out the evil spirits that were thought to be the causes of such disorders.

A) hunters
B) chiefs
C) shamans
D) professors

Question 19

Trephination is a practice involving __________.

A) recruiting large numbers of individuals to participate in clinical trials of controversial pharmaceuticals
B) associating a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to create a desired response
C) studying large groups of individuals from various cultures to determine similarities and differences
D) drilling a small hole in someone's skull, often to release demons thought to possess the person

Question 20

The _____________ were among the first cultures to document speculated connections between internal organs and emotions.

A) Chinese
B) Middle Eastern civilizations
C) Americans
D) Europeans

Question 21

Philip Pinel of France is said to have been the first major proponent of __________.

A) the use of narcotics to treat pain
B) moral treatment of the mentally ill
C) studying the mind-body connection
D) describing problem-solving strategies

Question 22

In the United States, the first practitioner of humane treatment of the mentally ill was __________.

A) René Descartes
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Dorothea Dix
D) John Locke

Question 23

Emil Kraepelin was the first to describe "dementia praecox," the mental disorder now known as __________.

A) schizophrenia
B) bipolar disorder
C) major depressive disorder
DMunchhausen's syndrome [ed.: I'm going with the Web Bio and Britannica III spelling of the baron's . name rather than the Dorling 28/e usage; name not in text in this area.]

Question 24

Which of the following was one of the first people to employ a systematic method of classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders?

A) Carl Jung
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Emil Kraepelin

Question 25

Which of the following best describes Sigmund Freud's theory of abnormal behavior?

A) Underlying biological events such as hormonal changes mediate all human behavior.
B) The unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior.
C) Social forces are the most powerful motivators of adult behavior.
D) People are basically good, and everyone has the potential to achieve his or her full potential.

Question 26

According to Freud, the master defense mechanism is __________.

A) displacement
B) reaction formation
C) sublimation
D) repression

Question 27

Sigmund Freud claimed that which of the following is the problem underlying all adult neuroses?

A) A cognitive misrepresentation of a social situation
B) A misfiring of neurons related to social behavior
C) The repression of sexual and/or aggressive urges
D) None of these

Question 28

Psychologists in the United States use a standardized reference for diagnosing mental disorders called __________.

A) The Interpretation of Dreams, by Sigmund Freud
B) the American Psychological Association Guide to Mental Disorders (APAGMD)
C) Dr. Freud's Guide to Mental Illnesses (DFGMI)
D) the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)

Question 29

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was originally published by the American Psychological Association in __________.

A) 1892
B) 1922
C) 1952
D) 1972

Question 30

The Feist and Rosenberg text states that the two "parents" of psychology are __________.

A) anatomy and physiology
B) philosophy and physiology
C) philosophy and history
D) history and anatomy

Question 31

Empiricism means that knowledge comes from __________.

A) reflection
B) experience
C) genetic endowment
D) a tabula rasa(blank slate)

Question 32

The first psychology laboratories to conduct systematic observations of human behavior were in __________.

A) Germany
B) China
C) the United States
D) Austria

Question 33

The first documented, empirical research in psychology explored a subfield of psychology known as __________.

A) behaviorism
B) evolution
C) cognition
D) psychophysics

Question 34

The scientists who developed psychophysics were __________.

A) Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, and Mary Whiton Calkins
B) Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, and Hermann von Helmholtz
C) Mary Ainsworth, John Bowlby, and Harry Harlow
D) B. F. Skinner, John Watson, and Rosalie Raynor

Question 35

_______________ conducted some of the first documented research on perception in the 1800s, focusing on perceptual difference thresholds.

A) Ernst Weber
B) Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi
C) Rosalie Raynor
D) William James

Question 36

Which of the following individuals established the first psychology laboratory in Germany and is credited with being the first to approach psychology as an independent, scientific discipline?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) E. B. Titchener
C) Johns Hopkins
D) G. Stanley Hall

Question 37

The founder of psychology in the United States was __________.

A) Elizabeth Loftus
B) Carl Jung
C) Sigmund Freud
D) William James

Question 38

G. Stanley Hall is an important figure in the history of psychology because he __________.

A) opened the very first experimental psychology laboratory in the United States, at Johns Hopkins University
B) founded the American Psychological Association and was its first president
C) received the first PhD in psychology, under William James at Harvard
D) all of these

Question 39

Mary Whiton Calkins was the __________.

A) first female president of the American Psychological Association
B) student of Sigmund Freud
C) founder of behavioral therapy
D) all of these

Question 40

Introspection was the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior in which of the following approaches to psychology?

A) psychoanalysis
B) structuralism
C) empiricism
D) behaviorism

Question 41

Which of the following early approaches to psychology focused on why and how people think and feel?

A) mind-body dualism
B) behaviorism
C) structuralism
D) functionalism

Question 42

The most famous proponent of functionalism was the psychologist __________.

A) William James
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) Edward Titchener
D) Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 43

Which of the following psychologists founded the field of psychology which suggests that psychology can be worthwhile only if it focuses on observable, measurable behavior and ignores cognition?

A) William James
B) Abraham Maslow
C) John Watson
D) Carl Rogers

Question 44

Which of the following psychologists claimed that cognitions and underlying motivators should be ignored in the study of behavior?

A) John Watson
B) Howard Gardner
C) Mary Ainsworth
D) Philip Zimbardo

Question 45

Dr. Hennesey believes that psychologists should analyze only human behavior that can be observed. He is most likely a strict __________.

A) humanistic psychologist
B) behavioral neuroscientist
C) behaviorist
D) social psychologist

Question 46

Behaviorism is an extreme form of __________.

A) genetic determinism
B) environmentalism
C) differential reproduction
D) None of these

Question 47

Arguably the most prominent figure in behaviorism was ____________________, who posited that rewards and punishments shape an organism's behavior.

A) Raymond Cattell
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B. F. Skinner
D) David Buss

Question 48

In the mid-20^th century, psychoanalytic and behavioral psychological theories were criticized because they both __________.

A) ignored what it means to be psychologically healthy
B) seemingly paid too much attention to underlying motivators of behavior
C) failed to consider parental relationships in personality formation
D) all of these

Question 49

______________ psychology focuses on individual growth and the reaching of one's full potential as a human being.

A) Health
B) Humanistic
C) Cognitive
D) Clinical

Question 50

The popularity of humanistic psychology decreased in the late 1970s because __________.

A) Carl Rogers reversed his theoretical orientation
B) no one wanted to believe that humans were inherently good
C) B. F. Skinner renounced it
D) it had veered from its scientific origins

Question 51

In George's graduate school program, he scientifically studies healthy and positive psychological functioning. George's program of study is called __________.

A) sociology
B) behavioral neuroscience
C) personality psychology
D) positive psychology

Question 52

________________ psychology involves studying perceptions of "wholes" rather than "parts."

A) Empirical
B) Introspective
C) Gestalt
D) Social

Question 53

In the 1920s and 1930s, Max Wertheimer spearheaded the movement of _________________ psychology.

A) Gestalt
B) health
C) positive
D) evolutionary

Question 54

Samantha sees a sign on a club's marquee that says "CLUB _PEN FRO_ 8 PM TO 4 AM." Although there are letters missing from the sign, she knows it is listing the hours when the club is open. Samantha's perception would most likely be of interest to _____________ psychologists.

A) positive
B) Gestalt
C) industrial-organizational
D) social

Question 55

Professor Hannon is a cognitive scientist, which means he would be most likely to focus on which of the following processes?

A) thought
B) social
C) evolutionary
D) all of these

Question 56

Cognitive psychologists liken the workings of the human mind to the workings of a __________.

A) light switch
B) camera
C) computer
D) commercial laundry

Question 57

Cognitive psychologists are likely to incorporate the findings from which of the following academic fields into their research?

A) anthropology
B) linguistics
C) philosophy
D) all of these

Question 58

Frederick Bartlett's 1930s textbook on cognition claimed that human memory is __________.

A) an objective, realistic portrayal of experienced events.
B) an extremely accurate and reliable system of recording experiences.
C) a personal construction of events based on one's beliefs and ideas.
D) a totally inaccurate and therefore worthless expenditure of energy.

Question 59

Scientists who study the biological origins of behavior often focus on __________.

A) evolution
B) hormones
C) genetics
D) all of these

Question 60

Which of the following could influence genetic expression which, in turn, can affect people's behavior?

A) foods you eat
B) medications your mothers took while pregnant with you
C) an aversive experience you had with the opposite sex
D) all of these

Question 61

The point of view that human behavior is solely the result of ______________ appears to be a Western-culture idea.

A) genetics
B) nature
C) nurture
D) none of these

Question 62

A little boy is running around a grocery store, screaming, yelling, and throwing cans of soup. His parents cannot control him. A strict nurture-only theorist might say,

A) "It's his parents' fault!"
B) "He can't help that he was born wild!"
C) "Even if he was born with a wild temperament, his parents surely can do something to control him!"
D) "Boys evolved to act like this when they are young!"

Question 63

In terms of the nature-nurture debate, psychologists' contemporary view is that human behavior is __________.

A) mostly a product of biology
B) mostly a product of environmental experience
C) a product of the interdependence between biology and experience
D) solely a product of ancestral influences

Question 64

As compared to babies of uninfected mothers, babies whose mothers fought off infectious diseases when they were pregnant were __________.

A) more likely to develop advanced language skills
B) more likely to develop schizophrenia
C) less likely to develop major a depressive disorder
D) less likely to engage in peer conflicts as children

Question 65

Kandel (2006) has shown which of the following with respect to certain genes in the human brain?

A) They cannot facilitate new connections between neurons in an adult brain.
B) They are all present and functional at birth.
C) They do not differ between organisms despite variations in experience.
D) They can be turned on or off by our experiences.

Question 66

In the 1600s, ______________ proposed a theory that the mind was separate from the body.

A) John Locke
B) Aristotle
C) René Descartes
D) Max Wertheimer

Question 67

Contemporary psychologists agree that what we call the mind results from the functioning of our brain, and since the brain is part of our body, ___________ cannot be true.

A) mind-body dualism
B) the tabula rasa concept
C) Gestalt psychology
D) positive psychology

Question 68

Which of the following individuals is known for his theory of natural selection?

A) Edward Titchener
B) Charles Darwin
C) Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi
D) Martin Seligman

Question 69

Evolution, in sum, is based on __________.

A) an individual's physical strength
B) changes in the earth's environment
C) proper parenting skills
D) gene frequency

Question 70

Natural selection is a process whereby __________.

A) neuronal connections that are no longer used by the brain are eliminated to facilitate faster information processing in the brain
B) people who possess given physical traits will likely choose others who possess the same traits to be their reproductive partners
C) certain traits offer a reproductive advantage over others and will therefore be more dominant in subsequent generations
D) children will select other children of the same age, socioeconomic status, and educational level to be their playmates

Question 71

Without chance mutations, which of the following would occur?

A) A species would achieve an optimal level of existence.
B) Species would not reproduce.
C) There would be no evolution.
D) Traits that allow survival would not persist.

Question 72

Problems our distant ancestors faced and solved have given rise to behaviors that persist today, behaviors known as __________.

A) selections
B) variations
C) mutations
D) adaptations

Question 73

Morgan is a psychologist who scientifically studies the adaptive significance of human sadness and grief. Of what psychology subdiscipline is he most likely a proponent?

A) health
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 74

Which of the following psychologists would examine how instant messaging (IM) has changed the way same-sex peers relate to each other while in school?

A) evolutionary
B) developmental
C) positive
D) humanistic

Question 75

A social psychologist would most likely address which of the following research questions?

A) How frequently do dating relationships that began online lead to marriage?
B) Are words read in an instant message processed in the same part of the brain as are words heard in a spoken conversation?
C) Will proficiency on the Internet eventually become an adaptation?
D) How are the Web sites most frequently visited by five-year-olds different than those visited by eight-year-olds?

Question 76

Pak spends 16 to 18 hours per day on gambling Web sites and reports that he "cannot stop," despite being tens of thousands of dollars in debt from this habit. Which of the following psychologists would diagnose and treat his online gambling addiction?

A) clinical
B) health
C) forensic
D) industrial-organizational