Deck 5: Mind, Consciousness, and Alternate States

Question 1

The book suggests that, to say the least, the term consciousness is

A) cogent.
B) precise.
C) ambiguous.
D) tangible.

Answer 1

ambiguous.

Question 2

Although you were not thinking about what you had for dinner the night before, when your friend asked you about that meal, it sparked the recollection of your visit to a local restaurant and a very tasty spaghetti dish. Your recollection of the dinner is an example of

A) nonconscious processes.
B) preconscious memories.
C) unattended information.
D) the unconscious.

Answer 2

preconscious memories.

Question 3

Sigmund Freud believed that certain experiences are so painful and threatening that they are barred from consciousness. These speculations were part of his development of a theory of

A) nonconscious processes.
B) preconscious memories.
C) unattended information.
D) the unconscious.

Answer 3

the unconscious.

Question 4

Your analyst tells you that the reason you cannot remember your early childhood is because you have repressed it. According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious, repressed experiences

A) have never really existed.
B) can easily be brought into conscious awareness.
C) are no longer threatening.
D) can still influence your behavior.

Question 5

The fact that people automatically use context to help decide between different meanings of ambiguous words in sentences supports the idea that

A) Freud's concept of repression is valid.
B) language processes are not capable of being consciously influenced.
C) processes that operate below the level of consciousness can affect behavior.
D) rational beings have access to all of the activities of their own minds.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of comparisons that researchers found often occupy people's thoughts when their immediate conscious experiences were assessed?

A) social
B) counterfactual
C) temporal-past
D) temporal-present

Question 7

The restrictive function of consciousness is most responsible for your ability to

A) hide feelings of fear or anger.
B) decide whether you can lift a heavy object without hurting yourself.
C) tell the difference between the odors of fish and coffee.
D) carry on a conversation at a noisy party.

Question 8

Your best friend's birthday is coming up and you ought to buy her a present. Your ability to consider what things she has, how she might react to what you get her, and how you are going to pay for her present, are all made possible by the ________ function of consciousness.

A) selective storage
B) preconscious
C) planning
D) restrictive

Question 9

You come across a friend who is reading a request for volunteers to participate in a study of circadian rhythms. Your friend seems puzzled and asks you what the study might involve. You should tell your friend that circadian rhythms are

A) bodily cycles that affect such things as arousal levels and metabolism.
B) patterns of rhyme and meter used in studies of language behavior.
C) birth control techniques.
D) likely to be found on tests of musical intelligence.

Question 10

Suppose you are taking part in a study of circadian rhythms. You have been asked to live in a special room in which there are no windows, clocks, or watches, and no access to time cues of any sort. How will these conditions affect your biological clock?

A) Your biological clock will be totally disrupted, showing little consistency from day to day.
B) Your biological clock will be completely unaffected and you will establish a precise 24-hour cycle.
C) It is likely that your biological clock will be just a few minutes longer than 24 hours.
D) Females will show little change in their biological clocks, whereas males will show about a 23-hour rhythm.

Question 11

The small adjustment that is necessary to help people synchronize the human internal "pacemaker" with a 24-hour cycle is brought about by

A) the rods and cones of the eye.
B) exposure to sunlight.
C) the consumption of food.
D) the changes in temperature that are associated with night and day.

Question 12

An executive's company requires her to engage in a lot of long-distance travel. At first, after a long trip she would experience fatigue, uncontrollable sleepiness, and a disruption of her sleep-wake schedule that would continue for days. She probably was experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) jet lag.
C) insomnia.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 13

A pilot flies regularly between Japan and California. He also flies the San Francisco to Los Angeles route in California. The pilot will experience the greatest symptoms of jet lag after flying

A) either portion of the Japan-California route.
B) northbound from Los Angeles to San Francisco.
C) eastward from Japan to California.
D) westward from California to Japan.

Question 14

Your job is to monitor the EEG recordings of a patient in a sleep laboratory. You observe that the patient's brain waves change from about 14 cycles per second (cps) to 8-12 cps and then to 3-7 cps. What changes, if any, have likely occurred in the patient?

A) First the patient was deeply asleep, then lightly asleep, then awake.
B) The patient moved progressively from stage 1 to stage 3 sleep.
C) First the patient was awake, then relaxed, then in stage 1 sleep.
D) The patient was awake through all the changes in brain wave patterns.

Question 15

The sleep spindles that occur during sleep are minute bursts of electrical activity of ________ cycles per second.

A) 1 to 2
B) 3 to 7
C) 8 to 12
D) 12 to 16

Question 16

The melodic tones of your teacher's voice have put you to sleep. Though the other students in the class can't see them, sleep spindles have begun to appear in your brain waves. You are likely in stage

A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
D) 4.

Question 17

The EEG tracing of the patient in the sleep laboratory shows that brain waves have slowed to about 1 to 2 cycles per second. In addition, breathing and heart rate have decreased. It is most likely that the patient is

A) in stage 1 non-REM sleep.
B) experiencing feelings of anxiety.
C) in stages 3 and 4 of sleep.
D) in paradoxical sleep.

Question 18

Paradoxical sleep was so called because

A) this type of sleep is a mystery to scientists.
B) the EEG tracings during paradoxical sleep vary wildly from person to person.
C) the EEG tracings during paradoxical sleep can only be interpreted by the sleeper.
D) the EEG tracings during this type of sleep resemble those of a person who is awake.

Question 19

People have about ________ periods of REM sleep each night, and these periods ________ in length with each sleep cycle.

A) four to six; decrease
B) four to six; increase
C) ten; decrease
D) ten; increase

Question 20

Researchers who have looked at changes with age in total amounts of daily REM sleep and NREM sleep have found that

A) the amount of REM sleep increases considerably over the years.
B) NREM diminishes more sharply than REM sleep over the years.
C) the amount of REM sleep decreases considerably over the years.
D) REM sleep remains fairly constant over the years, but NREM increases slightly.

Question 21

When researchers studying healthy older adults looked to see whether there was a relationship between sleep efficiency and longevity, they found that

A) there was no relationship between sleep efficiency and longevity.
B) the most important factor was the time at which people went to bed, not sleep efficiency.
C) people who spent the highest percentage of bedtime asleep lived the longest.
D) those individuals who spent the highest percentage of bedtime asleep died at the earliest ages.

Question 22

In research described by your authors, participants were asked to complete a specific task. In some cases, they were told that they would complete this task again after some sleep. In other cases they were not told, but allowed to sleep. In still a third group, they were not warned about taking the test again and were not given a chance to sleep. What was the task that these research participants completed?

A) the Stroop color test
B) learning word pairs
C) remembering lists of numbers
D) identifying pictures of movie stars and other famous persons

Question 23

All of following are symptoms of insomnia EXCEPT

A) delayed onset of sleep.
B) sleep during the daytime.
C) frequent arousals during sleep.
D) early morning awakening.

Question 24

A student claims that he has severe insomnia and hardly sleeps at all. The fact that his roommate says that he appears to sleep deeply and is not even bothered by dorm noises when he is asleep suggests that the student's condition is most probably

A) non-REM sleep.
B) paradoxical insomnia.
C) narcolepsy.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 25

Characterized by periodic sleep during the daytime, ________ is a sleep disorder that is quite often combined with ________, a complete loss of muscle control that causes sufferers to fall down suddenly.

A) insomnia; sleep apnea
B) sleep apnea; narcolepsy
C) cataplexy; narcolepsy
D) narcolepsy; cataplexy

Question 26

You would probably be most concerned if you were being driven somewhere by a person who has the sleep disorder called

A) insomnia.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep apnea.
D) subjective insomnia.

Question 27

Scientists believe that narcolepsy

A) is related to multiple personality disorder.
B) is caused by oxygen deprivation.
C) has a genetic basis.
D) is caused by cataplexy.

Question 28

You see a story on television about a woman who stops breathing hundreds of times during the course of the night. Without being told, you realize that this woman suffers from a condition that is technically known as

A) oxygen deprivation disorder.
B) cataplexy.
C) narcolepsy.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 29

At a sleep disorder clinic, a man learns that he has sleep apnea. When he asks for more information, he is likely to be told all of the following EXCEPT that

A) most individuals have a few such apnea episodes a night.
B) it is almost unheard of in infants.
C) when apnea occurs, the body secretes emergency hormones that cause the individual to awaken and resume breathing.
D) it affects roughly 2 percent of women and 4 percent of men.

Question 30

A new roommate confides that she suffers from somnambulism. You should expect that she is likely to

A) talk in her sleep.
B) walk in her sleep.
C) have nightmares.
D) stop breathing in her sleep.

Question 31

Sigmund Freud described dreams in all of the following ways EXCEPT as

A) "transient psychoses."
B) "everynight madness."
C) "the royal road to the unconscious."
D) "uncensored visions."

Question 32

One difference between the Freudian approach to dream interpretation and the interpretation made by non-Western groups such as the people of the Ingessana Hills, along the border of Ethiopia and the Sudan, and the Kalapalo Indians of central Brazil, is that the latter groups

A) view dreams as a vision of the future.
B) focus more on childhood experiences and repressed wishes.
C) do not rely on symbolism in their interpretations.
D) encourage religious leaders to keep the content of their dreams secret.

Question 33

Studies of dream content confirm the fact that content of dreams shows a good deal of

A) continuity with the dreamer's fantasies.
B) discontinuity with the dreamer's waking concerns.
C) continuity with dreamer's waking concerns.
D) discontinuity with the dreamer's desires.

Question 34

Suppose you wanted to take control of your dreams and direct them in a way that would satisfy your own needs. According to some dream researchers, you should

A) drink warm milk before going to sleep.
B) sleep with eye shades to keep out light and movement.
C) learn techniques for lucid dreaming.
D) learn how to prevent your eyes from moving during dream states.

Question 35

Researchers have suggested that people can be divided into chronotypes. A chronotype identifies an individual as a(n)

A) light sleeper or a deep sleeper.
B) morning type or an evening type.
C) thin body type or a heavy body type.
D) extraverted person or an introverted person.

Question 36

There has been ample evidence gathered through research that circadian rhythms affect peak performance. Given this impact, individuals with different chronotypes will most often peak at different times of day. This rule applies to

A) physical and cognitive tasks.
B) physical tasks only.
C) tasks that require complex reasoning.
D) cognitive tasks only.

Question 37

Hypnosis begins with a hypnotic induction. In part, this process

A) encourages participants to fall asleep.
B) involves the use of anesthesia.
C) distracts participants so they do not realize that they are being hypnotized.
D) minimizes external distractions and encourages concentration.

Question 38

Research on hypnosis has generally supported the conclusion that

A) being hypnotized involves turning personal control over to another.
B) all individuals are equally hypnotizable by a skilled hypnotist.
C) hypnosis is not just a kind of "placebo response."
D) hypnosis is generally ineffective in the control of pain.

Question 39

Recent studies have reported that variations in ________ are related to individual differences in hypnotizability.

A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) COMT

Question 40

The primary goal of meditation is to

A) focus consciousness on immediate worldly concerns.
B) achieve a state of heightened bodily arousal but lowered awareness.
C) help individuals feel physically relaxed and provide a time-out from tension.
D) change consciousness to enhance self-knowledge and well-being.

Question 41

In contrast to concentrative meditation, a person who practices mindfulness meditation learns to

A) focus on and regulate his or her breathing.
B) minimize external stimulation.
C) generate specific mental images.
D) let thoughts and memories pass freely through the mind.

Question 42

When she first started taking drugs, a person suffering from an addiction found that they markedly affected her perceptions. Now, however, she finds that greater dosages are required to achieve the same effects. The addict is experiencing

A) withdrawal symptoms.
B) psychological dependence.
C) tolerance.
D) intolerance.

Question 43

Someone who normally drinks a substantial amount of alcohol shows up at the local drug treatment center complaining of nausea, sweats, shakes, and other physical symptoms. He comments that he has not had a drink of alcohol for quite some time. From this description, it would appear that he

A) has developed tolerance for alcohol.
B) suffers from psychological dependence on alcohol.
C) has a craving for alcohol.
D) has become addicted to alcohol.

Question 44

Which type of drugs lead to the most dramatic changes in consciousness?

A) barbiturates
B) depressants
C) hallucinogens
D) opiates

Question 45

Which of the following drugs does NOT belong in the same group as the others?

A) LSD
B) cannabis
C) PCP
D) morphine

Question 46

Hallucinogenic drugs typically act in the brain by affecting the use of

A) cannabinoids.
B) THC.
C) the neurotransmitter serotonin.
D) the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Question 47

Imagine that you have received a book about plants for your birthday. As you thumb through it, you come across a plant that apparently produces euphoria, a sense of well-being, and depending on the context, fear, anxiety, and confusion. Its active ingredient is THC and it has psychoactive effects. Because of a course you took at school, you recognize this plant as

A) cannabis.
B) cocoa.
C) toadstools.
D) coffee.

Question 48

Researchers have determined that the active chemicals in marijuana, the cannabinoids, bind to specific receptors in the brain. Later research has shown that endogenous cannabinoids exist in the brain, and that they play an ongoing role in food consumption. Besides their role in regulating appetite, endocannabinoids also

A) play a role in reward systems in the brain.
B) cause cravings for sour tastes.
C) decrease pleasure when sweet foods are eaten.
D) play a role in inhibition of depressed mood.

Question 49

What does the research regarding "the munchies" demonstrate in addition to possible development of drugs that can assist in weight control?

A) Researchers should not depend on real-world observations.
B) Researchers can use the information they have now about endocannabinoids only for expanding research regarding weight control.
C) Research progresses from real-world observations to a productive research agenda.
D) Real-world observations always lead to hypotheses that cannot be tested.

Question 50

This drug, classified as an opiate, produces a rush of pleasure when injected and is likely to lead to serious addiction. What is it?

A) LSD
B) benzodiazepine
C) cocaine
D) heroin

Question 51

Drugs such as barbiturates and alcohol are classified as depressants because they

A) inhibit the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system.
B) lead to tolerance.
C) bring about depression when they are not being used.
D) are likely to cause a variety of mood disorders, especially depression.

Question 52

Depressants achieve their effects, in part, by facilitating neural communication at synapses that use the neurotransmitter

A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) GABA.

Question 53

An elementary school student is putting together facts for a brochure on alcohol use. The student should check his facts, however, because it is NOT true that

A) driving accidents occur six times more often to individuals with 0.10% alcohol in their bloodstream than to those with half that amount.
B) at blood concentration levels as low as 0.05%, perceptual, motor, and cognitive processes can already begin to deteriorate.
C) the body can break down alcohol at a very fast rate.
D) at small dosages alcohol can slightly improve an adult's speed of reaction.

Question 54

Along with other depressants, alcohol appears to affect ________ activity.

A) serotonin
B) endorphin
C) norepinephrine
D) GABA

Question 55

The serious addiction that often accompanies stimulant use

A) is a urban myth.
B) is time-limited and will fade on its own over a short period of time.
C) is not related to the actions of neurotransmitters in the brain.
D) may be related to long-term changes in the brain's neurotransmitter systems.

Question 56

In the brain, nicotine

A) affects regions which are also targeted by depressants.
B) does not seem to mimic the natural chemicals released by the brain.
C) stimulates receptors that make you feel good when you have achieved a rewarding goal.
D) fools receptor sites into responding as if it were bad for you to be smoking, although the smoker continues to smoke due to nicotine addiction.

Question 57

Chemicals in nicotine stimulate receptors that make you feel good whenever you have done something rewarding.

Question 58

Researchers have suggested that people can be sorted into __________ according to their preferred patterns of sleep and wakefulness.

Question 59

One night you dream that you are a world-famous sleep researcher. Discuss the kinds of things you have learned from your sleep research. Discuss circadian rhythms, the physiological changes that accompany sleep, and examples of the various sleep disorders.