Deck 19: The New Industrial Order 1870-1900

Question 1

The chapter introduction tells the story of the journeys of Robert Ferguson and T. S. Hudson to make the point that

A) America underwent a transportation and industrial transformation between the 1860s and 1880s.
B) the railroad was America's first big business.
C) travel in the United States was difficult and crude by twentieth-century standards, but Americans loved to travel anyway.
D) few foreigners toured the United States before 1900.

Answer 1

America underwent a transportation and industrial transformation between the 1860s and 1880s.

Question 2

The text stresses that the late-1800s phase of industrialization brought about not only corporations of great size but also

A) new political reforms to break the power of those corporations.
B) powerful, all-inclusive labor unions.
C) the realization of the American dream of "rags to riches" for many industrial workers.
D) a national network of complex systems of industry, invention, and information.

Answer 2

a national network of complex systems of industry, invention, and information.

Question 3

For the first three-quarters of the nineteenth century, investment capital came mostly from

A) investment banks.
B) private investors.
C) the savings of the firms.
D) wealthy industrialists.

Answer 3

the savings of the firms.

Question 4

The late 1800s was a time of explosive growth, invention, and innovation. What the innovations of the era had in common was that they

A) all, in one way or another, tapped the power of electricity.
B) were made into systematic businesses.
C) demonstrated America's historic leadership in basic research.
D) transformed industry, while having little effect on daily life.

Question 5

What company did J. Pierpont Morgan create when he merged nine competing steel manufacturers into one?

A) United States Steel Corporation
B) Morgan Heavy Industries
C) Carnegie Steel Company
D) British Steel

Question 6

To pay for building the myriad industrial systems and facilities needed to industrialize America, all of the following developments occurred EXCEPT

A) foreign governments investing heavily in U.S. industry for both political and economic reasons.
B) ordinary Americans having more and more surplus wealth to save and invest.
C) a rapid increase in the use of the form of business organization known as the corporation, which issued certificates of stock.
D) savings banks and stock exchanges channeling investment funds into the purchase of corporate stock.

Question 7

In which of the following do stockholders surrender their shares to a central board of directors with the power to control all property?

A) corporation
B) vertical combination
C) trust
D) sole proprietorship

Question 8

From where did the bulk of the manpower come, to work in the many new factories?

A) from Latin America
B) from Asia
C) from both the rural areas of America and Europe
D) from both the African American and Mexican communities

Question 9

Railroads pursued all sorts of techniques to overcome the competitive jungle, including all of the following EXCEPT

A) creating regional federations to pool traffic.
B) reducing scheduled train service to force prices up.
C) fixing prices through rebates or preferential rates.
D) consolidating competing lines either formally or informally.

Question 10

Who preached a "gospel of wealth"?

A) Herbert Spencer
B) Andrew Carnegie
C) Samuel Gompers
D) Terence Powderly

Question 11

A company with a vision of vertical growth would attempt to

A) engage workers by negotiating with the union.
B) form a trust.
C) combine more than one firm involved in the same level of production.
D) gain control of two or more stages of a business.

Question 12

The wave of corporate mergers after 1893 resulted in

A) small-scale industrialization both increasing prices and raising profits.
B) Americans coming to resent the corruption of police agencies.
C) Americans enjoying less extreme cycles of boom and bust with the stability that came through the rise of big business.
D) the country's first billion-dollar corporation.

Question 13

Who among the following advocated what was referred to as "social Darwinism"?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Herbert Spencer
C) Henry George
D) Edward Bellamy

Question 14

What statement about the workers' world of the 1880s and 1890s is true?

A) Farm workers still outnumbered industrial workers.
B) The industrial workplace increasingly called for skilled craftsmanship.
C) Each year, industrial mishaps injured over 500,000 workers.
D) On balance, the workers' lot entailed stagnant wages, rising prices, and longer working hours.

Question 15

What does the text mean by asserting that certain jobs were "feminized"?

A) Lower-paying jobs tended to be held by more females than males.
B) Males tended to no longer pursue certain professional occupations once women entered them in significant numbers.
C) Enlightened managers in certain industries raised wages in response to women's protests.
D) Certain dangerous factories adopted new safety measures in response to protests by the wives of their male workers.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about American workers is NOT true?

A) Although the Carnegie "rags to riches" experience hardly matched the experience of most workers, opportunity to rise economically-with higher wages and fewer hours-was enjoyed most by white males.
B) Samuel Gompers of the AFL succeeded as a union leader because he advocated radical changes in the structure of American capitalism, rather than merely seeking better wages and working conditions.
C) During the later nineteenth century, labor unions provoked alarm among social and political leaders because of a wave of strikes.
D) To achieve high productivity, managers tended to treat workers as impersonal cogs in the industrial machinery.

Question 17

For ordinary workers to affect the industrial order, they had to develop their own kind of integrated system. Workers' systematic approach to industrialization was

A) socialism.
B) fraternal cooperation.
C) unionization.
D) individual stock ownership.

Question 18

In the late 1800s, strikes and boycotts

A) won the sympathies of average Americans for the workers' cause.
B) challenged the authority of employers and evidenced working-class discontent.
C) occurred in the dangerous mining and timber industries, but not in more specialized activities like railroads or steel.
D) were usually planned and directed by labor union leaders.

Question 19

In the late nineteenth century, employers always had the advantage over workers in labor disputes. Which of the following was a tactic (or tactics) used by employers that gave them this advantage?

A) the ability to hire and fire workers at will, and the use of "yellow dog" contracts
B) the willingness of governmental authorities to send troops to break strikes
C) the use of court injunctions against strikers
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 20

A(n) ________ is a legal document, issued by the government, giving the holder exclusive rights to use, make, and sell a process, product, or device for a specified period of time.

Question 21

A(n) _______ combination is a strategy of business growth in which a company attempts to stifle competition by combining more than one firm involved in the same level of production, transportation, or distribution.

Question 22

What were the components of the new industrial order, and how were they brought together in the construction of the Eads bridge?

Question 23

What contributions did Thomas Alva Edison, George Eastman, and Alexander Graham Bell make to business and industry? How did their contributions promote the rise of industrial systems?

Question 24

Why were railroads "America's first big business"? How did they help to foster a "managerial revolution"?

Question 25

Describe the growth of big business, making sure to distinguish among combination, consolidation, vertical growth, and horizontal growth.

Question 26

What was a trust? A holding company? What were their advantages over older forms of business enterprise?

Question 27

Describe the new pattern of industrial work, and explain how it affected workers.

Question 28

Compare and contrast the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

Question 29

What was the "single tax"?

Question 30

Discuss the ways in which the development of the railroads stimulated the economy of late-nineteenth-century America.

Question 31

How successful were business people in overcoming the problems that confronted them in the last third of the nineteenth century?

Question 32

How valid were criticisms raised by corporate critics?

Question 33

Explain why there were so many strikes between 1875 and 1900 if the real wages of workers were rising.

Question 34

Discuss the work of Fredrick W. Taylor, and explain why "Taylorism"was or was not the management fix-all of productivity.