Deck 14: Social Behaviour

Question 1

Research supports the notion that men prefer mates who are physically attractive, while women prefer mates who have which attributes?

A) resources and social status
B) generous and empathetic personalities
C) commitment and empathy
D) above-average intelligence

Answer 1

resources and social status

Question 2

What type of psychologist studies how our perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and reactions are influenced by other people?

A) a social psychologist
B) a biological psychologist
C) a quantitative psychologist
D) a developmental psychologist

Answer 2

a social psychologist

Question 3

Which area of psychology focuses on the influences other people have on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours?

A) personality psychology
B) social psychology
C) developmental psychology
D) clinical psychology

Answer 3

social psychology

Question 4

Which area of psychology focuses on how people are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others?

A) personality psychology
B) social psychology
C) behavioural psychology
D) humanistic psychology

Question 5

While participating in a research study, women expecting to be shocked were given the option of waiting by themselves or with other people. The women usually chose to wait with other women who were also waiting to be shocked. This occurrence is an example of which of the following?

A) social comparison
B) obedience
C) affiliation
D) the halo effect

Question 6

Which statement best describes the main findings of social comparison theory?

A) There are objective standards for comparing yourself to others.
B) People have little need to compare their achievements, actions, and views to those of others.
C) Group membership provides the primary means for comparing oneself to others.
D) Comparison to others does not occur on a regular basis.

Question 7

Mary feels that her volleyball coach is making practices more difficult than they need to be, and she calls a teammate to get her opinion. What is she engaging in?

A) social comparison
B) role exchange
C) overdisclosure
D) social networking

Question 8

Wondering if she's attractive and intelligent, Rochelle evaluates herself with her classmates and friends. Which process is Rochelle using?

A) social identity
B) social norms
C) reference group
D) social comparison

Question 9

According to social comparison theory, which people are we most likely to compare ourselves to?

A) those who have similar backgrounds, abilities, and circumstances
B) those who are slightly higher in status or abilities than ourselves
C) those who are lower in status or abilities than ourselves
D) those who are higher in status but lower in abilities than ourselves

Question 10

Which characteristic do most people regard as most important in the selection of a mate?

A) physical attractiveness
B) earning capacity
C) kindness and understanding
D) capacity for self-disclosure

Question 11

Physically attractive people tend to be rated more highly on other various traits. What concept does this tendency illustrate?

A) social magnetism
B) affiliation
C) social comparisons
D) the halo effect

Question 12

Generally, people are attracted to others who are which of the following?

A) opposite to them
B) physically and intellectually similar to them
C) intellectually similar to them
D) physically dissimilar to them

Question 13

Which of the following does self-disclosure involve?

A) revealing information about your world views to other people
B) revealing information about who you are to other people
C) asking people about their likes and dislikes
D) asking other people if they enjoy your company

Question 14

What does the pattern of homogamy explain?

A) Men and women tend to look for similar qualities in a mate.
B) Married couples tend to be highly similar in terms of many characteristics.
C) Men and women tend to look for different qualities in a mate.
D) Married couples tend to be similar with respect to some characteristics but very different with respect to other factors.

Question 15

What does moderate self-disclosure typically lead to?

A) increased attraction
B) affiliation
C) reciprocity
D) overdisclosure

Question 16

Which type of couples have the highest risk of divorce?

A) those who are very similar
B) those who are at a similar educational level
C) those who have a significant difference in age and/or education
D) those who are emotionally intimate with each other

Question 17

Which type of mate do women most often prefer?

A) one who will provide security
B) one who is healthy
C) one who is fertile
D) one who is good looking

Question 18

What kind of role is being the prime minister of Canada?

A) an ascribed role
B) an achieved role
C) a structural role
D) a cohesive role

Question 19

What do we call a set of rules describing how people in various social positions ought to behave?

A) a role
B) etiquette
C) a stereotype
D) a group

Question 20

Corbin is the oldest child, and the leader in his family. Which type of role does he have?

A) a defined role
B) an achieved role
C) an ascribed role
D) a specified role

Question 21

What do we call the roles that one attains voluntarily?

A) defined roles
B) ascribed roles
C) achieved roles
D) specified roles

Question 22

Katrina, a criminal judge, was caught shoplifting. Among other things, what is she likely experiencing?

A) role diffusion
B) role conflict
C) attribution failure
D) frustration

Question 23

What do we call the "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behaviour in a particular social situation?

A) self-serving standards
B) prejudicial thinking
C) social categorization
D) norms

Question 24

What do we call the explanations given for someone's behaviour or beliefs?

A) attributions
B) schemas
C) stereotypes
D) norms

Question 25

Ginny sees a beautiful young woman on the arm of the local billionaire who is several years this woman's senior. Ginny believes the woman is associated with the billionaire only for his money. What does Ginny's explanation illustrate?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) making an attribution
D) a person schema

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

A) Johnny thinking that his classmate failed the exam because he has been seriously distracted by the loss of a family member.
B) Johnny thinking that his classmate failed the exam because he is unmotivated, and not considering that he was distracted by the loss of a family member.
C) Rebecca thinking that her mother is naturally a kind, caring person.
D) Rebecca thinking that she did not get the job because the interviewer was simply in a bad mood on the day of the interview.

Question 27

A friend is walking toward you but doesn't acknowledge your presence. You are thinking she is very rude. What have you attributed her behaviour to?

A) an internal cause
B) a primary cause
C) an external cause
D) a secondary cause

Question 28

Claude feels that he is the most qualified candidate for the job. When he fails to get the job, he states that the interviewer was biased and didn't ask the right questions. What is Claude's attribution based on?

A) external causes
B) central causes
C) secondary causes
D) peripheral causes

Question 29

What do we generally attribute others' behaviour to?

A) internal characteristics
B) primary characteristics
C) masculine schemas
D) the actor

Question 30

When judging the behaviour of others we often make the "fundamental attribution error." In doing so, which of the following do we overestimate?

A) the importance of internal causes
B) the importance of situational factors
C) the importance of external causes
D) the importance of motivation

Question 31

Terrance believes that Britta, who is overweight, is unconcerned about her health and fitness. However, he fails to take into account that Britta has serious thyroid problems and recently gained 25 kilograms. What is Terrance exhibiting?

A) a self-serving bias
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) an observer bias
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 32

People often affect each other's behaviour when they interact. What is this basic fact called?

A) social influence
B) conformity
C) reciprocity
D) social interaction

Question 33

In Asch's experiment, what percentage of subjects yielded to group judgment at least once?

A) 50 percent
B) 75 percent
C) 85 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 34

In Solomon Asch's experiment, subjects judged a "standard line" and a "comparison line." Which social dynamic was this experiment intended to test?

A) social contract
B) standardization
C) coercive power
D) conformity

Question 35

Andy is at a party when someone makes a racist joke and everyone laughs. Even though Andy thought it wasn't funny, he laughed because he didn't want to stand out. Which of the following does Andy's behaviour illustrate?

A) obedience
B) compliance
C) conformity
D) groupthink

Question 36

When Solomon Asch asked research participants to make judgments about the lengths of lines, which social dynamic was he studying?

A) obedience
B) conformity
C) compliance
D) social contract

Question 37

What percentage of the subjects in the Solomon Asch study conformed to the majority's unanimous, incorrect responses?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 35 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 38

A group of Ray's friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, "He never remembers anything." Another says, "He's probably caught in rush hour traffic." What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist?

A) They are making attributions.
B) They are reducing dissonance levels.
C) They are conforming to the group's norms.
D) They are forming initial impressions of Ray.

Question 39

What would explain someone receiving threats of ridicule, ostracism, and social disapproval due to their nonconformity?

A) indoctrination
B) a group authority
C) aggression
D) a group sanction

Question 40

When harmony among members becomes more important to the group than the pursuit of wise decision making, what is the group experiencing?

A) obedience
B) groupthink
C) conformity
D) polarization

Question 41

According to the textbook, which of the following statements applies to groupthink?

A) It is hard to detect in real-life settings.
B) Members benefit from group cohesion by making decisions that are the best for everyone.
C) Lacking leadership makes a group fall prey to groupthink.
D) A group is at risk when members are encouraged through misguided loyalty to keep harmony.

Question 42

Which of the following is a groupthink contributor?

A) an illusion of unanimity
B) vulnerability
C) poor self-esteem among group members
D) a fear of authority figures

Question 43

In Asch's conformity experiment, the size of the majority who agreed with each other was an important variable. What was an even more important variable?

A) age
B) gender
C) unanimity
D) education

Question 44

A person makes a direct request to another person, who then gives in to this form of social pressure. What is the person who follows the request demonstrating?

A) compliance
B) obedience
C) conformity
D) consistency

Question 45

Which strategy involves trying to gain compliance of another person by making a major request that you know is likely to be refused, and then countering with a more reasonable request?

A) the obedience technique
B) the foot-in-the-door technique
C) the door-in-the-face technique
D) the low-ball technique

Question 46

A spa is offering a promotion of a one-month membership for free, after which they hope you will buy
A one-year membership. What is this technique called?

A) the cognitive dissonance method
B) the social comparison method
C) the foot-in-the-door method
D) the low-ball method

Question 47

Sarah thought she was getting a great deal while buying a house, though she later learned that the real estate agent did not convey to her certain additional expenses. Sarah felt compelled to close the deal, even though she would be paying too much in the deal. Which technique did the real estate agent use to take advantage of Sarah?

A) the door-in-the-face technique
B) the low-ball technique
C) the foot-in-the-door technique
D) the planting-the-seed technique

Question 48

In Stanley Milgram's experiment, a "teacher" gave varying degrees of shocks to a "learner." What was this experiment designed to test?

A) the limits of power
B) the limits of coercive exchange
C) the limits of obedience
D) the limits of external elements

Question 49

What do we call performing an action simply because an authority figure has given an order?

A) compliance
B) conformity
C) obedience
D) observation

Question 50

Who conducted the most famous study of obedience?

A) Solomon Asch
B) Stanley Milgram
C) Robert Zajonc
D) Alice Eagly

Question 51

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates obedience?

A) Gina stole because her friends were stealing.
B) Clarence laughed when Rita slipped.
C) Deirdre made obscene phone calls because Julie told her to.
D) Doug took drugs because everyone else was doing so.

Question 52

In Milgram's study of obedience, what percentage of "teachers" administered the maximum shock of 450 volts?

A) 35 percent
B) 45 percent
C) 55 percent
D) 65 percent

Question 53

What can be inferred from Milgram's studies on obedience?

A) Most people will disobey commands made by authority figures.
B) The tendency to obey the command of authority figures is high.
C) Women were more prone to obey than men.
D) Men were less likely to obey due to socialization.

Question 54

Knowing that you have the right to refuse certain orders, and are aware of the difference between right and wrong, are basic principles of which of the following?

A) conformity
B) groupthink
C) assertiveness training
D) proxemics

Question 55

What do we call the various learned dispositions to respond to people, objects, or institutions in either positive or negative ways?

A) cognitive dissonance
B) socialization
C) attitudes
D) stereotypes

Question 56

What are the three components of an attitude?

A) positive, negative, and neutral effects
B) source, message, and emotion
C) opinion, belief, and knowledge
D) belief, emotion, and action

Question 57

The statement "I think that cloning is morally wrong" is made by someone against stem cell research.Which attitude component does the statement represent?

A) action
B) belief
C) valence
D) emotion

Question 58

The jurors found Haley to be very attractive and could not convict her for her hit-and-run accident, as she did not fit their image of a "criminal." The juror's views best represent which component of an attitude?

A) belief
B) status
C) emotion
D) action

Question 59

Basing attitudes on one or two good or bad experiences with a person, place, or thing is characteristic of which of the following?

A) stereotyping
B) media conditioning
C) chance conditioning
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 60

You believe that the current legal blood alcohol level while driving needs to be lowered, are an active supporter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), and fight for stricter laws for offenders. Which attitude component are you using?

A) belief
B) status
C) emotion
D) action

Question 61

The textbook suggests that steady viewing of TV violence may lead some people to develop which of the following?

A) a just-world view
B) a mean worldview
C) an ethnocentric worldview
D) group prejudice

Question 62

What do we call the deliberate attempt to change someone's attitude or behaviour?

A) persuasion
B) conformity
C) group polarization
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 63

The communicator, audience, and message are the three elements of which of the following?

A) persuasion
B) conformity
C) polarization
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 64

When you have been persuaded by the status, expertise, and respect of the person doing the communicating, what have you been influenced by?

A) the message
B) the audience
C) the medium
D) the communicator

Question 65

If you are speaking to an audience who is well-informed about your specific subject, what is it important to do if you want to persuade them?

A) repeat your message
B) present both sides of the argument
C) be likable
D) appeal to their emotions

Question 66

After getting married, Arlisa become tolerant of her husband's love of country music. She was even amazed that some of the tunes were excellent. What can her husband be considered in this situation?

A) a reference group
B) a source of role conflict
C) a source of expertise
D) a source of coercion

Question 67

Which of the following fits the profile of persuasive communicators?

A) people with expertise
B) aggressive people
C) those who deliver one-sided messages
D) middle-aged males

Question 68

When both sides of an argument are presented to a well-informed audience, what is the likelihood of attitude changes happening?

A) Attitude change rarely occurs.
B) Attitude change is often likely.
C) Attitude change tends to be discouraged.
D) Attitude change cannot be predicted.

Question 69

When are we most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

A) when we cause an event to occur that we would rather had not occurred
B) when we have a lot of justification for our actions
C) when we receive new information that matches ideas we already have
D) when we hold attitudes about ourselves that are similar to our behaviour

Question 70

The severity of cognitive dissonance experienced is related to which of the following?

A) the amount of justification for acting contrary to one's belief
B) how realistically role playing is carried out
C) the presence or absence of scientific information
D) being exposed to information that contradicts existing ideas

Question 71

Students first lied in saying a boring task was interesting and enjoyable, but they later rated the task as pleasant. Why did their attitudes change?

A) They were paid $20 to lie.
B) They were paid $1 to lie.
C) They simply wanted to change their behaviour.
D) They tried to explain their opinion to other students.

Question 72

Though Celeste knew that a political candidate was dishonest and immoral, she worked on the candidate's campaign anyway. What might explain how Celeste was able to take on this job?

A) self-perception theory
B) polarization theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) disharmony theory

Question 73

If you do something contrary to your beliefs or attitudes, when will you experience the most cognitive dissonance?

A) when the amount of reward or justification for the action is low
B) when the amount of reward or justification for the action is at a medium level
C) when the amount of reward or justification for the action is high
D) when the amount of reward or justification for the action is unchanged

Question 74

While prejudice is an attitude, what is discrimination?

A) a behaviour
B) a norm
C) a social action
D) an opinion

Question 75

When Stan sees a cross-race couple he becomes infuriated. What does Stan's reaction reveal?

A) a judgment
B) discrimination
C) prejudice
D) an opinion

Question 76

Betty and John have worked in the same position of the same company for five years, though Betty's salary is $50 000 less than John's. What does this example illustrate?

A) a judgment
B) discrimination
C) prejudice
D) a stereotype

Question 77

What do we call negative views of a specific demographic that come from conforming to certain norms?

A) ethnocentrism
B) group prejudice
C) social stereotypes
D) superordinate prejudice

Question 78

When people are prejudiced, what do they also tend to be?

A) well educated
B) authoritarian
C) open minded toward other groups
D) of the belief that their ethnic or racial group is inferior to others

Question 79

What do we call the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to others?

A) group bias
B) altruism
C) ethnocentrism
D) communal bias

Question 80

What do we call the cluster of characteristics that are associated with members of a specific group, including qualities that may be unrelated to the elements that define the group?

A) social norms
B) discrimination
C) altruism
D) social stereotypes