Deck 8: Intelligence, Cognition, Language, and Creativity

Question 1

What do we call the process of thinking, or mentally processing images, concepts, words, rules, and symbols?

A) perception
B) memory
C) sensation
D) cognition

Answer 1

cognition

Question 2

According to cognitive psychology, thinking often involves the manipulation of three forms of mental representation. What are these three forms?

A) language, memory, and vestibular sensations
B) images, concepts, and language
C) scripts, schemes, and synesthesia
D) pictures, sounds, and illusions

Answer 2

images, concepts, and language

Question 3

Dr. Hart's research interests include the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. Which type of psychologist is he?

A) a developmental psychologist
B) a cognitive psychologist
C) a behavioural psychologist
D) a biological psychologist

Answer 3

a cognitive psychologist

Question 4

When you picture yourself driving a car, what is the picture you form in your mind called?

A) a mental hallucination
B) a mental memory
C) a mental image
D) a concept memory

Question 5

Which psychological process involves imagery, decision making, problem solving, and language?

A) cognition
B) perception
C) memory
D) sensation

Question 6

What is the active mental process that involves manipulating mental representations of information to achieve some goal, purpose, or conclusion?

A) perception
B) thinking
C) sensation
D) learning

Question 7

What is the name for the representation in our mind of objects or events that are not physically present?

A) concepts
B) phototypes
C) prototypes
D) mental images

Question 8

What do we call the mental frameworks used for categorizing objects, events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics?

A) syllogisms
B) mental images
C) concepts
D) heuristics

Question 9

What is altering the position and orientation of an image in our minds an example of?

A) mental concept
B) mental rotation
C) disjunctive concept
D) random mental search

Question 10

Ashley has trouble recognizing that frogs can be a food because frogs do not fit which of the following?

A) her heuristic of things that are edible
B) her concept of things that are edible
C) her algorithm of things that are edible
D) her analogy of things that are edible

Question 11

When we form a concept by learning the rules or features that define a particular concept, which rule are we employing?

A) a conceptual rule
B) an algorithm
C) a perceptual rule
D) a sensational rule

Question 12

What is the best way to learn of various concepts?

A) learning rules
B) reinforcement
C) positive and negative instances
D) phonetic similarity

Question 13

What is concept formation?

A) the use of syllogisms to link objects
B) tactile imagery used to acquire knowledge
C) the application of transformational rules to acquire knowledge
D) organizing experiences into meaningful categories

Question 14

How would a mountain bike be classified?

A) as a prototype
B) as a conjunctive concept
C) as a disjunctive concept
D) as a relational concept

Question 15

What kind of concepts are "either-or" concepts?

A) conjunctive concepts
B) disjunctive concepts
C) relational concepts
D) prototypical concepts

Question 16

In baseball, how would a "strike" be classified?

A) as a conjunctive concept
B) as a relational concept
C) as a disjunctive concept
D) as a negative instance

Question 17

When people classify an object with at least one of a number of features as belonging together, which type of concept are they using?

A) a relational concept
B) a conjunctive concept
C) a disjunctive concept
D) a categorical concept

Question 18

When we classify certain vehicles as sport utility vehicles (SUVs), we categorize them using two or more features they have in common. This categorization is what type of concept?

A) a relational concept
B) a conjunctive concept
C) a disjunctive concept
D) a categorical concept

Question 19

What type of concept is an object if it is classified based on its relationship to something else?

A) a disjunctive concept
B) a conjunctive concept
C) a relational concept
D) an abstract concept

Question 20

Most of us tend to think of the best and most ideal model of a concept as which of the following?

A) an algorithm
B) a prototype
C) a conjunction
D) a heuristic

Question 21

As a prototype of a bird, which of the following is the least useful?

A) a cardinal
B) a bluebird
C) a penguin
D) an eagle

Question 22

Which of the following would most likely serve as a prototype of a vehicle?

A) a moped
B) a unicycle
C) a truck
D) a tractor

Question 23

Which of the following is based on both the dictionary definition and the most typical features of a concept?

A) relational meaning
B) categorical meaning
C) connotative meaning
D) denotative meaning

Question 24

Which kind of concept tends to be the most fuzzy and least definite?

A) conjunctive concept
B) denotative concept
C) definitional concept
D) connotative concept

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the subjective or personal meaning of a word or concept?

A) denotative meaning
B) connotative meaning
C) relational meaning
D) categorical meaning

Question 26

What do we call a concept that is learned as a result of personal or everyday experience rather than by learning strict rules or definitions?

A) connotative meaning
B) denotative meaning
C) relational concepts
D) syntactical concepts

Question 27

Macy learned the rules and features that classify chemical compounds in her chemistry class. Which of the following has Macy used to learn this information?

A) a connotative meaning
B) a denotative meaning
C) a relational meaning
D) a categorical meaning

Question 28

Which of the following specifies the meaning of words, sentences, or other units of language in various contexts?

A) morphology
B) phonology
C) syntax
D) semantics

Question 29

"The clouds cried as the trees rifled" does not make sense. Which type of rule has it violated?

A) syntax
B) semantics
C) phonemes
D) morphemes

Question 30

What is the smallest unit of speech sounds that has meaning?

A) a phoneme
B) a morpheme
C) a syllable
D) a syntax

Question 31

Which of the following words consists of two morphemes?

A) untouchable
B) computer
C) books
D) uncomfortable

Question 32

Language allows events to be encoded into which of the following?

A) concepts
B) codes
C) lexigrams
D) symbols

Question 33

Young Dacia still slurs some of his word sounds. He mispronounces the "th" in "three" in such a way that sounds as if he's saying "free." Which of the following does this example illustrate?

A) incorrect syntax use
B) incorrect semantics use
C) incorrect phoneme use
D) incorrect morpheme use

Question 34

"The caterpillars fuzzy are" does not make sense. Which type of rule has it violated?

A) syntax
B) semantics
C) phonemes
D) morphemes

Question 35

Which rules of grammar specify the order in which words can be combined to convey meaning?

A) morphology
B) syntax
C) phonology
D) semantics

Question 36

In the English language an adjective will normally precede a noun, but in Spanish the opposite is true. This is because the two languages have different rules regarding which of the following?

A) syntax
B) phonology
C) semantics
D) morphology

Question 37

The sentence "Samantha kissed Trevor" has a very different meaning from "Trevor kissed Samantha."This fact demonstrates the importance of which of the following?

A) semantics
B) linguistic determinants
C) syntax
D) function

Question 38

Which of the following is a requirement of language?

A) It must have symbols.
B) It must be spoken clearly.
C) It must convey a message.
D) It must be spoken.

Question 39

According to Noam Chomsky, what type of rules allow us to express ideas in a variety of ways?

A) functional rules
B) linguistic relativity rules
C) generative rules
D) transformation rules

Question 40

Which of the following must a true language possess?

A) messages
B) transformation rules
C) clarity
D) grammar

Question 41

How was Washoe the chimpanzee able to communicate phrases such as "give me" and "you me go out please"?

A) using linguistics
B) writing the words
C) using sign language
D) using building blocks for language

Question 42

According to the textbook, what has the effort to teach language to apes shown?

A) Apes cannot use sentences involving operant conditioning.
B) The information gathered is also useful in teaching language to aphasic children.
C) Apes can learn to express themselves with signs and symbols.
D) It is impossible to teach language to apes.

Question 43

Which of the following is a critique of animal language studies?

A) The chimps had neither humour nor emotions.
B) Many of the animals' sentences were learned responses to get food or attention.
C) Animals lacked the ability to use symbols to represent words.
D) Animals lacked creative combinations.

Question 44

How was the chimp Kanzi taught to communicate?

A) by spoken English
B) by lexigrams
C) by American Sign Language
D) by a computer keyboard

Question 45

Which of the following is referred to as a mechanical solution to a problem?

A) understanding
B) random learning
C) trial and error
D) escalation of commitment

Question 46

What do we call approaching a problem by using a learned set of rules or formulas?

A) a mechanical solution
B) a functional solution
C) a random search strategy
D) an insight solution

Question 47

What are heuristics?

A) Heuristics are rules of thumb that help simplify and solve problems by limiting the number of possible solutions.
B) Heuristics are mathematical formulas that help limit the number of possible solutions.
C) Heuristics are a random search strategy.
D) Heuristics are the same as rote learning.

Question 48

Which of the following do experts base their skills on?

A) the escalation of commitment
B) trial and error
C) the ability to recognize patterns
D) the ability to assess the smallest detail

Question 49

"Try working backward from the desired goal to the starting point or current state" describes advice that is consistent with which of the following?

A) syllogisms
B) heuristics
C) prototypes
D) semantic differentials

Question 50

After dwelling on how to stop the faucet from leaking without calling a plumber, Jonah decided to use an old inner tube from a bicycle as a temporary washer until he could get an actual washer. Which of the following is illustrated by Jonah's sudden realization of the answer to his problem?

A) trial and error
B) heuristics
C) metacognition
D) insight

Question 51

What are the three abilities involved in insight?

A) selective attention, convergent thinking, and divergent thinking
B) cognitive assimilation, selective attention, and selective encoding
C) selective attention, selective comparison, and divergent thinking
D) selective encoding, selective combination, and selective comparison

Question 52

Consider this problem: "Given that you are a bus driver, you begin the day with an empty bus. At your first stop, you let on 10 passengers. At your second stop, 4 people get off the bus, and 12 people get on. At the third stop, 8 people get off the bus, and 2 people get on. At your fourth stop, nobody gets off the bus, and 1 person gets on. How old is the bus driver?" Which of the following might prevent a person from solving this problem?

A) selective attention
B) selective encoding
C) selective comparison
D) selective combination

Question 53

Once we've solved a problem a particular way, we tend to stick to the same strategy even when more efficient approaches exist. What is this phenomenon called?

A) functional fixedness
B) fixation
C) metacognition
D) means-end analysis

Question 54

Claudia failed to see that a trash bag would make an excellent makeshift raincoat. Which of the following does this example illustrate?

A) mental block
B) functional fixedness
C) means-ends analysis
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 55

What is the word used to describe the perceptual set that causes people to become hung up on wrong solutions or become blind to alternatives?

A) inhibition
B) fixation
C) interference
D) incubation

Question 56

When responding to a new problem, what do we call the tendency to use an approach that was successful with similar problems in the past?

A) heuristics
B) fixation
C) incubation
D) functional fixedness

Question 57

Which of the following causes the tendency to think of a hammer as only a tool instead of also as a paperweight or weapon?

A) means-end analysis
B) incubation
C) fixation
D) functional fixedness

Question 58

Which of the following causes the tendency to think of a butter knife as only an eating utensil instead of also as an ice pick, paperweight, or scraper?

A) fixation
B) means-end analysis
C) functional fixedness
D) creativity

Question 59

Which common barrier to problem solving is functional fixedness an example of?

A) an emotional barrier
B) a cultural barrier
C) a learned barrier
D) a perceptual barrier

Question 60

Scientists in the area of artificial intelligence study the performance of which of the following?

A) trained mammals
B) cloned mammals
C) animals that have learned to communicate with humans
D) computer programs

Question 61

What do we call computer programs that respond the same way as a human who is highly experienced within a specific area?

A) lexigrams
B) expert systems
C) representative heuristics
D) cerbronics

Question 62

What is the current view of most cognitive scientists on the future of artificial intelligence?

A) It will never be successful at recognizing voices.
B) It will never speak and act intelligent.
C) It will always be "blind" outside its underlying set of rules.
D) It will never become rule-based and literal in its function.

Question 63

Which of the following is one of the bases in making common intuitive errors?

A) the representativeness heuristic
B) functional fixedness
C) considering the base rate or underlying probability
D) framing problems too broadly

Question 64

If a person who is concerned about his health continues to have unprotected sex with strangers, what do we call the error in judgment he is making?

A) functional fixedness
B) ignoring the base rate
C) representativeness
D) framing

Question 65

Who was responsible for the development and design of the first individual test of intelligence?

A) Louis Thurstone
B) Howard Gardner
C) Alfred Binet
D) Charles Spearman

Question 66

According to Howard Gardner, how many different kinds of intelligence are there?

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 67

Which of the following applies to Howard Gardner's well-known theory of multiple intelligences?

A) It postulates six major types including bodily-kinesthetic, musical, and interpersonal.
B) It has not been backed up by useable tests so therefore is not verifiable.
C) It suggests that we possess multiple, interrelated intelligence abilities.
D) It is a group of interpersonal qualities that are not important in everyday life.

Question 68

Which test assumes that intellectual ability in childhood improves with increasing age?

A) Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
B) Terman Children's test
C) Alpha Achievement test
D) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Question 69

What formula is used to calculate intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A) CA-MA×100=IQ
B) CA/MA × 100 = IQ
C) MA/100 × CA = IQ
D) MA/CA × 100 = IQ

Question 70

If Geoffrey's intelligence quotient is 100, what do we therefore know about his intelligence quotient(IQ)?

A) It is below the average of same-age children who also took the test.
B) He received a perfect score on all questions asked.
C) It is superior to 90 percent of the other children who took the test.
D) It is typical of children who are the same age.

Question 71

Five-year-old George is able to answer questions that the average six-year-old can answer. What is George's intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A) 95
B) 100
C) 120
D) 125

Question 72

What is the range of the majority of our intelligence quotients (IQs)?

A) below 70
B) 80-89
C) 90-109
D) 110-119

Question 73

What does a deviation intelligence quotient (IQ) represent?

A) a person's number of correct responses on a mental test
B) a person's percentage of correct responses on a mental test
C) a person's relative standing in a group based on mental test performance
D) a person's ratio of mental age to chronological age

Question 74

What is one of the ways the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale is more useful in assessing intelligence than the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A) The Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale provides subtest scores on different abilities rather than a single universal intelligence quotient (IQ) score.
B) The Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a single intelligence quotient (IQ) score.
C) The Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale measures multiple intelligences such as music and linguistics.
D) The Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale measures contextual and componential intelligence.

Question 75

Which of the following is true regarding both the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) and the Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)?

A) they were both designed by Alfred Binet
B) they were the first "adult" intelligence quotient (IQ) tests
C) they gave separate scores for performance and verbal intelligence
D) neither test gave a single, universal intelligence quotient (IQ) score

Question 76

Dr. Ahmed wishes to assess child's verbal intelligence and performance (non-verbal) intelligence. Which test should he use?

A) the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) test
B) the Stanford-Binet test
C) the Alpha-Beta test
D) the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) test

Question 77

What are intelligence quotient (IQ) scores most successful at predicting?

A) attitude
B) genetic makeup
C) innate abilities
D) success in school

Question 78

What kind of intelligence test is administered to several people at the same time?

A) a social intelligence test
B) an individual intelligence test
C) a performance intelligence test
D) a group intelligence test

Question 79

In which range do the largest percentage of people taking an intelligence quotient (IQ) test score?

A) 0-89
B) 90-109
C) 110-119
D) 120-129

Question 80

Othelia has a mild intellectual disability. Which of the following intelligence quotients (IQs) does she have?

A) 27
B) 35
C) 65
D) 87