Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

What is the process of transforming information into a form that can be entered and saved by the memory system?

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) mnemonics

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

Which of the following is a set of mental processes enabling us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information?

A) metamemory
B) repression
C) deciphering
D) memory

Answer 2

memory

Question 3

Which of the following is a memory process?

A) encoding
B) feedback
C) sensory memory
D) maintenance

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

By which process do we retain information in our memory by placing it in a relatively permanent"depository" for future use?

A) feedback
B) encoding
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 5

In which process is information initially placed into our memory in the form of mental representations?

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) recording

Question 6

"I've studied for my biology test, but I just can't seem to remember the information." This statement is describing a problem with which of the following areas?

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) feedback

Question 7

Our sensory memory holds a half second mental representation of visual stimuli. What do we call this mental representation?

A) an echo
B) a sensory image
C) an icon
D) an episodic memory

Question 8

What do we call the initial form of memory that picks up information from our environment and holds it in a "raw" form for a few seconds?

A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) semantic memory
D) pictorial memory

Question 9

Our sensory memory briefly holds auditory stimuli as which of the following?

A) acoustic sound
B) auditory imprints
C) echoes
D) memory traces

Question 10

What do we call things that are heard and held for a brief moment in sensory memory?

A) echoes
B) icons
C) images
D) engrams

Question 11

Which of the following best describes auditory sensory memory?

A) it can last up to 20-30 seconds
B) it lasts longer than visual sensory memory
C) it is the same as iconic memory
D) it processes episodic information

Question 12

What do we call an image that lasts for about one-half of a second after being seen?

A) a sensation
B) an echo
C) an icon
D) an illusion

Question 13

Which active system receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information?

A) retrieval
B) consolidation
C) memory
D) recall

Question 14

What do we call the processing of information into a usable form that can be stored in memory?

A) recoding
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) selection

Question 15

Which of the following determines whether information will move from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A) consolidation
B) an engram
C) working memory
D) selective attention

Question 16

Steve is at a party, and the only conversation he attends to is the one he's having. What does this ability to ignore the other conversations illustrate?

A) retroactive interference
B) repression
C) selective attention
D) passive filtration

Question 17

What will happen if you attend to the information in your sensory memory?

A) it will be transferred to your short-term memory
B) it will stay in sensory memory
C) it will gradually disappear
D) it will be displaced by another piece of information

Question 18

If information in our sensory memory is attended to, where it is then transferred and processed?

A) long-term memory
B) iconic memory
C) echoic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 19

If a person were to lose his or her short-term memory, which of the following would that person still be able to do?

A) remember only fleeting sensory impressions
B) develop eidetic imagery to replace short-term memory
C) remember recent events, but not those from the past
D) remember events from the past, but not recent information

Question 20

As you take your math test, you are consciously processing the formulas needed to answer the questions. Unless you are a mathematician, where is the information about the formulas most likely contained?

A) within sensory memory
B) within short-term memory
C) within long-term memory
D) within episodic memory

Question 21

Which of the following statements applies to short-term memory (STM)?

A) Most of what enters our sensory memory then enters our short-term memory.
B) More short-term memories are stored visually (as images) than phonologically.
C) Entering information into short-term memory is effortless.
D) Short-term memory can be enhanced by recoding and rehearsal.

Question 22

Which of the following is considered to be a cause of forgetting?

A) lack of proactive maintenance
B) lack of selective attention
C) lack of working memory
D) lack of anterograde maintenance

Question 23

How are short-term memories most often encoded?

A) as icons
B) as echoes
C) as traces
D) as sounds

Question 24

Long-term memory (LTM) is best described by which of the following statements?

A) LTM has a limited capacity.
B) LTM depends on the maturity of the frontal lobe.
C) LTM decays after several days.
D) LTM is relatively permanent.

Question 25

Why is our short-term memory (STM) also referred to as working memory?

A) because it has an unlimited capacity and short duration
B) because it never stops
C) because it stores and retrieves information
D) because it is the largest memory system

Question 26

When short-term memory (STM) has reached its capacity, what can happen to the existing STM information when new information is presented?

A) decay
B) proactive displacement
C) interruption and interference
D) repression

Question 27

Earlier in the day, you ate breakfast at The Pine Tree Café. You are trying to tell a friend about this restaurant, but you can't quite recall the name. Because we store short-term memories phonologically, what might you call the restaurant?

A) The Oak Grove Café
B) The Lime Tree Café
C) The Fair Tree Café
D) The Forest Tree Café

Question 28

If the letters VCRCBCNHLCFL are instead ordered as VCR-CBC-NHL-CFL, they become much easier to store and remember. What is this rearranging process called?

A) rehearsal
B) chunking
C) method of loci
D) pegword system

Question 29

Which of the following is a technique used to increase the amount of information that can be processed in short-term memory?

A) iconic memory
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) chunking
D) decoding

Question 30

Lori administered a memory span test to her students to assess short-term memory (STM) capacity. In reviewing her data, what would she likely find?

A) STM seems to be limitless.
B) STM varies depending upon the type of information being stored.
C) STM averages seven bits of information.
D) STM depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed.

Question 31

What is the average number of bits of information that short-term memory can usually hold?

A) 4
B) 7
C) 12
D) 13

Question 32

Cheryl meets her fiancé's family and wants to remember their names. To do this, she repeats their names over and over again in her mind. What is this process called?

A) categorizing
B) indexing
C) elaborative encoding
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 33

Recoding, chunking, and rehearsal are especially important for the improvement of which of the following?

A) short-term memory efficiency
B) eidetic imagery
C) sensory memory
D) long-term memory

Question 34

If you do not have an opportunity to rehearse a piece of information before it enters your short-term memory (STM), approximately how many seconds will it take to disappear?

A) 5 seconds
B) 10 seconds
C) 18 seconds
D) 30 seconds

Question 35

Which method is useful for increasing retention of new information by relating it to known information and personally relevant experiences?

A) elaborative encoding
B) episodic memory
C) flashbulb memory
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 36

If you have ever used "Roy G. Biv" to help you remember the colour spectrum, which type of rehearsal are you are using?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) chunking
C) elaborative encoding
D) episodic memory

Question 37

If you have ever studied music, you are familiar with the saying "every good boy does fine" as a reference to the notes of the musical staff. Which memory strategy does this example illustrate?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) working memory
C) elaborative encoding
D) chunking

Question 38

Which of the following describes the notion of having perfect, permanent, eternal memories?

A) such memories are hidden deep in our brain
B) such memories are a myth
C) such memories are possible only for personally important events
D) such memories are lost through elaborative forgetting

Question 39

What did the automobile accident study conducted by Loftus and Palmer (1974) illustrate?

A) New information can be integrated into memory and transform those memories.
B) Memory traces are accurate and permanent.
C) Logical interference and information processing combine to encode visually detailed memories.
D) Memory works in the same way as a tape recorder.

Question 40

What are false memories?

A) memories that have absolutely no basis in reality
B) memories that a person creates to give the illusion of having a perfect memory
C) memories that refer to inaccurate flashbulb memories that are filled with details of other memories
D) memories that are distorted or inaccurate but feel completely real

Question 41

During a therapy session an adult develops a fantasy about being abused as a child, viewing this as a true memory. Which type of memory does this person's belief best illustrate?

A) explicit memory
B) retrograde memory
C) implicit memory
D) false memory

Question 42

As you encounter new concepts in your studies, what is the best way to ensure their effective transfer to long-term memory?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) elaborative maintenance
C) relating the ideas to your own experience
D) massed practice

Question 43

What is the major problem with using hypnosis in police work?

A) it may result in vicarious inhibition
B) little evidence exists that information gathered by hypnosis has ever helped solve a police case
C) it may lead to the generation of false memories within the accused or within a witness
D) the witness's ability to be hypnotized is greatly reduced in law enforcement contexts.

Question 44

Which of the following is the term "memory structure" associated with?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) amnesia

Question 45

Philip had not ridden a bike in many years. But when his young daughter asked him to bike with her, he was able to do so without any problem. Which type of memory is responsible for Philip's ability to ride a bicycle?

A) semantic memory
B) episodic memory
C) elaborative memory
D) procedural memory

Question 46

Which theory suggests that units of information in long-term memory are organized through a complex system of associations between related, but different, nodes?

A) the modular retrieval model
B) the serial position model
C) the congruence model
D) the network model

Question 47

Although Beatrice has not made buckwheat pancakes in years, she doesn't need to refer to her recipe when she makes them for her son. Which memory system is this cooking information stored in?

A) procedural memory
B) episodic memory
C) sensory memory
D) contextual memory

Question 48

Which of the following is considered a part of long-term memory?

A) echoic memory
B) semantic memory
C) sensory memory
D) iconic memory

Question 49

You are taking a math exam and actively searching through the information stored in your memory to come up with the formulas to answer the questions. Which type of memory are you using?

A) declarative memory
B) implicit memory
C) episodic memory
D) contextual memory

Question 50

Which of the following is a type of long-term memory?

A) elaborative memory
B) sensory memory
C) echoic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 51

In which of your memory systems are the names of the 10 provinces of Canada and their order from west to east most likely stored?

A) episodic memory
B) procedural memory
C) semantic memory
D) working memory

Question 52

Which type of memory is involved in remembering your first kiss or date?

A) episodic memory
B) semantic memory
C) procedural memory
D) implicit memory

Question 53

Although Tim was certain that he knew the name of the religious group that committed mass suicide, he was temporarily stuck while trying to remember it. Why could he not recall the name?

A) because of retroactive interference
B) because of anterograde amnesia
C) because of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
D) because of source confusion

Question 54

What causes the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A) the serial position effect
B) proactive interference
C) inadequate retrieval cues
D) repression

Question 55

What method of retrieval are you using when answering certain types of multiple-choice questions?

A) relearning
B) rehearsal
C) recognition
D) goal-directed retrieval

Question 56

Whenever you must study or learn something in a certain order, which effect should you be aware of?

A) the serial position effect
B) the consolidation effect
C) the eidetic effect
D) the procedural effect

Question 57

Elaine does well on multiple-choice exams but has a hard time with essay questions. What type of remembering ability does Elaine find difficult?

A) retrieval
B) recognition
C) directed search
D) recall

Question 58

Most students perform better on tests using recognition compared to tests using which of the following?

A) schemes
B) recall
C) encoding
D) scripts

Question 59

Which type of retrieval involves deciding whether a stimulus matches what you have in memory?

A) recall
B) echoic retrieval
C) recognition
D) iconic retrieval

Question 60

What does explicit memory refer to?

A) information that can be consciously recollected
B) memory that is easily retrieved
C) memory without awareness
D) semantic networks

Question 61

What is implicit memory?

A) information that can be consciously recollected
B) memory that is limited to 7 + 2 bits of information
C) the same thing as procedural memory
D) memory that cannot be consciously recollected

Question 62

What is priming most often used to reveal?

A) semantic memories
B) episodic memories
C) implicit memories
D) eidetic memories

Question 63

How does someone with eidetic memory remember things so well?

A) by the skillful use of mnemonic devices
B) by the skillful use of visual images
C) by memory structures relying on meaning
D) by having above-average intelligence

Question 64

Which psychologist pioneered the scientific study of forgetting?

A) Elizabeth Loftus
B) Herman Ebbinghaus
C) George Sperling
D) Karl Lashley

Question 65

Who stated that the most rapid forgetting of new material occurs relatively soon after the material is originally learned?

A) Karl Lashley
B) Herman Ebbinghaus
C) Elizabeth Loftus
D) George Sperling

Question 66

Which of the following is a graphic representation of Ebbinghaus's research results?

A) the memory curve
B) the retroactive interference effect
C) the misinformation effect
D) the curve of forgetting

Question 67

What is one of the first ways in which forgetting may occur?

A) engram decay
B) disuse
C) cue-dependent forgetting
D) encoding failure

Question 68

According to the Ebbinghaus curve of forgetting, when is forgetting most rapid?

A) one week after learning
B) immediately after learning
C) a few months after learning
D) four hours after learning

Question 69

Which type of information is forgotten due to "encoding failure"?

A) information that has been replaced or interfered with by previous memory
B) information that has been destroyed through the misinformation effect
C) information that cannot be retrieved because it has decayed
D) information that cannot be retrieved because it was not put into long-term memory

Question 70

If you cannot remember whose picture is on a five-dollar bill, what is the most likely reason?

A) interference
B) encoding failure
C) decay
D) suppression

Question 71

What do we call the brain changes associated with the formation of long-term memories?

A) clustering
B) the memory trace
C) a schema
D) the memory episode or trigram

Question 72

What do we call the fading of memory traces from short-term memory?

A) eidetic imagery
B) reintegration
C) encoding failure
D) decay

Question 73

Which of the following is contradicted by the fact that the right retrieval cue can sometimes trigger the recall of information or events experienced long ago?

A) decay and disuse
B) neural circuit theory
C) psychoanalysis
D) encoding theory

Question 74

According to cue-dependent theories of memory, in which of the following situations would you do best on your chemistry test?

A) writing the test in the room where you studied for the test
B) writing the test in a chemistry laboratory
C) writing the test with a large group of chemistry majors
D) writing the test with students who share your interests

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT likely to cause cue-dependent forgetting?

A) memory trace decay
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C) short-term memory problems
D) sensory memory

Question 76

Which statement describes state-dependent learning?

A) State-dependent learning means that physical conditions can be a strong cue for subsequent memory retrieval.
B) State-dependent learning refers to how memory can be increased with the use of drugs.
C) State-dependent learning refers to the fact that happy people have better memories.
D) State-dependent learning means that adults lose eidetic memory as they grow older.

Question 77

Jason was intoxicated when he studied for his biology test. According to which theory of memory, then, would it be best if he also were intoxicated when he took the test?

A) cue-dependent learning
B) decay theory
C) memory trace theory
D) state-dependent learning

Question 78

Which of the following best explains the fact that couples who argue often end up remembering and rehashing previous arguments?

A) memory tracers
B) proactive interference
C) the serial position effect
D) emotional cues of state-dependent learning

Question 79

When old information interferes with the acquisition of new information, what is occurring?

A) selective attention
B) proactive interference
C) repression
D) retroactive interference

Question 80

Kasey is having trouble learning French because she finds that having learned Spanish earlier interferes with the language currently being learned. What memory problem is she experiencing?

A) selective attention
B) proactive interference
C) repression
D) retroactive interference