Deck 4: Pride in Family and City: Rome From Its Origins Through the Republic, 753-44 Bce

Question 1

The city-state that ultimately gained control of the entire Mediterranean was

A) Rome
B) Athens
C) Carthage
D) Sparta

Answer 1

Rome

Question 2

The Roman historian Livy attributed the success of the Romans to

A) The great mineral wealth of Italy
B) The large physical size of the Roman people
C) Their upright character
D) The weakness of all the people they conquered

Answer 2

Their upright character

Question 3

Which was not an advantage of the site of Rome?

A) Being on a river with access to both sea and interior
B) Being protected by hills overlooking a fertile plain
C) Being high in the mountains protected from attack
D) Being midway along Italy's western plain fostering trade and commerce

Answer 3

Being high in the mountains protected from attack

Question 4

The neighboring people that most influenced Roman early development were the

A) Etruscans
B) Greeks
C) Gauls
D) Phoenicians

Question 5

The Etruscan monarchy that ruled Rome was overthrown in 509 B.C.E. By the

A) Roman aristocracy or patricians
B) Neighboring Greek states
C) Lower class or plebeians
D) Invasion of the Gauls

Question 6

The Roman Republic established in 509 B.C.E. Was

A) A fully democratic government
B) An oligarchy controlled by the rich patricians
C) A socialist regime with property having been equally distributed
D) Indirectly controlled by neighboring Etruscan kings

Question 7

In the Roman republic, laws were enacted not by the Senate, but by the

A) Tribal Assembly
B) Censors
C) Vestal Virgins
D) Dictator

Question 8

The "Struggle of the Orders" was between

A) Roman patricians and Etruscan patricians
B) Roman patricians and Roman plebeians
C) Merchants and farmers
D) Civilians and soldiers

Question 9

The "Struggle of Orders" between the patricians and the plebeians in ancient Rome resulted in

A) The establishment of a permanent dictatorship
B) Wealthy plebeians achieving virtual equality with the patricians
C) The sack of Rome by the Visigoths
D) The massacre of patricians by plebeians

Question 10

The system of patrons and clients in the Roman Republic shows that in practice, government depended heavily on

A) Detailed law codes
B) Informal relations among people
C) The will of the dictator
D) Mob rule

Question 11

According to Cicero, Romans compared to other peoples were superior because of their

A) Warlike tendencies
B) Reverence for the gods
C) Individualistic nature
D) Loyalty to their families

Question 12

Which of the following was not true about the city of Rome during the later republic?

A) The Forum was both the economic and the political center of the city
B) The Subura was the most notorious slum in the city
C) Rome became famous for its clean, efficient disposal of sewage
D) There were numerous public baths that catered separately to men and women

Question 13

The Romans created a united community during their conquest of Italy by

A) Granting full or partial citizenship to various Latin communities
B) Granting self-government to peoples as long as they supplied troops to Rome and followed Roman foreign policy
C) Placing strategic colonies of Roman citizens throughout the peninsula
D) All of these options are correct

Question 14

Roman religion was

A) Monotheistic
B) Polytheistic with gods and goddesses for practically everything
C) Restricted to the worship of only Jupiter and Juno
D) A mystery cult open only to those who had been initiated into the secret ritual

Question 15

In the Roman family

A) Fathers were the primary authority
B) Ancestors as well as household gods were worshipped
C) Women could wield some political influence through authority over their sons
D) All of these options are correct

Question 16

Roman children were

A) Highly valued regardless of sex or state of health
B) Given the right to express themselves freely as individuals
C) Carefully shaped and disciplined to be obedient and embody Roman values
D) Not valued since they interfered with pleasurable living

Question 17

Which activities would one likely find at the bath houses besides bathing?

A) Massage
B) Socializing
C) Exercising
D) All of these options are correct

Question 18

The traditional soldier in the Roman army was a

A) Mercenary fighting for hire
B) Tax-paying citizen of Rome
C) Native of one of the conquered Italian communities
D) Member of the poor, propertyless class of citizens

Question 19

Carthage was founded by the

A) Phoenicians
B) Greeks
C) Egyptians
D) Etruscans

Question 20

The city of Carthage

A) Began as a Greek colony
B) Had an extensive trading network in the Mediterranean and Africa
C) At the time of the Punic Wars was ruled by its great king, Gilgamesh
D) Won the Punic Wars

Question 21

The First Punic War began with a struggle over the city of Messana, in

A) Sicily
B) Spain
C) Northern Italy
D) Greece

Question 22

In order to fight a war with Carthage, the Romans

A) Added new legions with faster horses and more spears
B) Built a navy equipped with ships that enabled soldiers to board enemy ships
C) Allied themselves with the Macedonians
D) Hired Greek soldiers since they had more experience at sea

Question 23

At the end of the First Punic War, the Romans acquired

A) Spain
B) Greece
C) North Africa
D) Sicily

Question 24

In the Second Punic War, Hannibal's strategy was to

A) Blockade the Italian coast with the large Carthaginian fleet
B) Invade southern Italy with the aid of the Egyptian fleet
C) Swiftly cross the Alps into Italy and, by winning some big battles, persuade Rome's subject peoples to join his side
D) Entice the Romans to attack him in Spain and defeat them there with his carefully prepared defenses

Question 25

Although Hannibal won some major battles against the Romans

A) A plague wiped out his army and he surrendered to Rome
B) He was finally surrounded by a large Roman army and defeated at the walls of Rome
C) His army deserted him when there was a political crisis back in Carthage
D) Most of Rome's allies stayed loyal to Rome and the Roman delaying tactics eroded his forces

Question 26

Hannibal was finally defeated in North Africa near Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.E. By

A) Scipio Africanus
B) Julius Caesar
C) Cato the Elder
D) Hasdrubal

Question 27

After the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War, Rome fought several wars in the eastern Mediterranean with what unexpected consequence?

A) Greek support of Carthage in the Third Punic War
B) Roman neglect of its northern frontier, permitting barbarians to invade Italy
C) The beginning of the partial cultural Hellenization of the Roman upper classes
D) The development of a strong Jewish influence in Roman affairs

Question 28

The Roman senator who provoked the third and last Punic War by constantly repeating that "Carthage must be destroyed" was

A) Scipio Africanus
B) Fabius Maximus
C) Cato the Elder
D) Terentius Afer

Question 29

One abusive practice of Roman rule over foreign provinces was

A) Roman insistence that all foreigners worship Roman gods
B) To allow tax contractors to extract more taxes than had been assessed
C) Forcing provincials to exchange their laws and customs for those of Rome
D) Giving to all foreigners the status of slaves

Question 30

As a result of the Roman conquest of the Mediterranean, slavery

A) Decreased due to the increasing wealth of the Romans who could hire free workers
B) Declined under the influence of the Hellenistic monarchies who prohibited slavery
C) Increased as large numbers of prisoners of war were sold as slaves
D) Stayed the same since Italy didn't need any larger work force

Question 31

Which of the following was not true of slavery in ancient Rome?

A) Slaves were overwhelmingly non-white
B) Slaves included persons used as teachers and physicians
C) There were major slave uprisings
D) Roman wars brought in so many slaves that the structure of Roman society changed

Question 32

The most serious slave revolt in Roman history took place in 73 B.C.E. When 70,000 slaves revolted under the leadership of

A) Brutus
B) Cassius
C) Publius
D) Spartacus

Question 33

Which of the following was not a factor in the growing disparity between the rich and poor during the second century B.C.E.?

A) Small Roman farmers grew rich from the booty that flowed into Italy
B) Newly conquered provinces provided opportunities for the ruling class to make new fortunes from . governing, tax contracts, slave trading, etc
C) Many common soldiers on long-term campaigns lost their farms to large landholders
D) Slave labor replaced free labor, reducing to poverty many citizens

Question 34

The growing disparity between rich and poor in Rome led to

A) A major outward migration from Italy
B) The development of a potentially revolutionary mob in Rome
C) The enslavement of Roman farmers
D) The rejection of Greek culture

Question 35

The Romans had many architectural and engineering accomplishments. Which of these was not one of them?

A) Use of concrete
B) Building aqueducts
C) Building bridges
D) Post and lintel construction

Question 36

The outstanding example of Roman religious architecture, still in use today, is the

A) Acropolis
B) Ziggurat
C) Forum
D) Pantheon

Question 37

The career of Publius Terentius Afer demonstrated

A) The integrity of the Roman Senate
B) The rapaciousness of Roman provincial governors
C) The dangers of dictatorship
D) That it was possible for a North African slave to become a Roman playwright, noted for the brilliance of his Latin writing

Question 38

The great Latin orator, statesman and master of prose was

A) Romulus
B) Tiberius Gracchus
C) Cicero
D) Hannibal

Question 39

The Gracchi brothers attempted to redistribute land and make jobs for the poor because

A) They wanted to destroy the rich senatorial class
B) They were from the plebeian class themselves
C) The Roman army needed small citizen farmers and taxpayers to fill its ranks
D) The Hellenistic ideal state called for equality of wealth

Question 40

The career of the Gracchi brothers began the decline of the republic because

A) The brothers used political murder to subdue their enemies
B) Their reforms gave more power to the soldier-farmer elite than other segments of the society
C) Supporters of senatorial rule (optimates) became confrontational with supporters of popular rule (populares)
D) All of these options are correct

Question 41

Gaius Marius established the Roman army as a professional, long-service corps with loyalty to the generals rather than the state by

A) Recruiting landless men who would owe their livelihood to their general
B) Placing soldiers on a payroll, making official the client-patron relationship between soldier and commander
C) Promising land to the soldiers after their term of service
D) All of these options are correct

Question 42

Sulla violated the traditional constitution of Rome by

A) Making his term as dictator unlimited
B) Murdering his political opponents without trial
C) Passing laws to guarantee Senatorial power
D) All of these options are correct

Question 43

The First Triumvirate

A) Was formed to fight Hannibal
B) Was a political alliance of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus to bypass most of the formal Roman political structure
C) Established a dictatorship that lasted twenty years
D) Became a permanent constitutional feature of the Roman republic

Question 44

Caesar associated himself politically with the

A) Optimates
B) Slaves
C) Populares
D) Senate

Question 45

Julius Caesar achieved supreme power in Rome

A) By defeating Pompey and his senatorial allies
B) By agreeing to the Egyptian ambitions of Cleopatra VII
C) By a secret alliance with the Senate and the Optimates
D) By calling for elections

Question 46

Which of the following reforms did Caesar not carry out when he took power?

A) Reestablishing the Senate and consuls as the chief Roman authorities
B) Introducing a new calendar of 365 days and a leap year every four years
C) Improving grain distribution to the people and public works for jobs
D) Establishing Roman colonies for poor, landless citizens

Question 47

Caesar strayed from traditional Roman custom and politics by

A) Accepting a dictatorship for life
B) Wearing royal regalia and establishing a priesthood to worship his genius
C) Having his image placed on coins
D) All of these options are correct

Question 48

Caesar was assassinated by

A) His mutinous troops
B) The tribunes of the plebeians
C) A group of senators
D) His chief officer, Mark Antony

Question 49

The story of Cincinnatus saving Rome as dictator and then going back to his plow and continuing his life as a farmer illustrates the early Roman values of patriotism, duty and simplicity.

Question 50

The location of Rome high in the mountains was a problem the Romans had to overcome in developing their trade and agriculture.

Question 51

Etruscan art reveals that Etruscan men and women shared more equality than their Greek and Roman neighbors.

Question 52

"Struggle of the Orders" refers to the campaign of the Roman plebeian class to win political and social rights from the patricians.

Question 53

The patron-client relationship in Roman society was widely regarded as unjust since the client was forced to serve his patron and got nothing in return.

Question 54

As the Romans conquered Italy, they succeeded not only in reconciling conquered people to their rule, but even incorporated many as Roman citizens.

Question 55

Religiously, the Romans believed their success hinged on observing the proper rituals and offering sacrifices to the gods.

Question 56

Roman husbands and wives exercised equal authority in the family.

Question 57

Unlike the Hellenistic cities, Rome never developed slums and a poverty-stricken underclass, but always maintained a clean and healthy urban environment.

Question 58

Compared to Rome, Carthage engaged in very little trade and commerce, had no navy and had to rely on an army made up of farmer citizen-soldiers.

Question 59

In the Second Punic War, Hannibal hoped that Rome's Italian allies would join his side, but most stayed loyal to Rome.

Question 60

The Roman governors of the provinces were successful in preventing private tax-collecting contractors from extracting excessive money from the provincials.

Question 61

The conquest of the empire led to a great increase in the number of slaves, leading to several slave revolts, of which that of Spartacus was the most famous.

Question 62

The Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world led to Roman customs and the Latin language replacing Greek from Asia Minor to Egypt.

Question 63

Roman engineering looks impressive only in terms of its scale, since it is based entirely on ideas and technology derived from the Greeks.

Question 64

Like most Roman reformers, the Gracchi brothers rose from the plebeian class by means of successful army service to challenge the rule of the aristocratic Senate.

Question 65

The struggle between Marius and Sulla unleashed civil violence in Rome, with Marius representing the populares of the assembly and Sulla the optimates of the Senate.

Question 66

Although Caesar refused the title of "king," he did allow himself to made dictator for life and wore the royal purple regalia of a king.

Question 67

According to legend, Rome was founded by __________, who killed his twin brother Remus after an argument.

Question 68

The __________ were a neighboring non-Indo-European people who greatly influenced the Romans and ruled over them for about a century.

Question 69

The Romans called their government a __________, which means the "public matter" or "realm."

Question 70

In Roman society, the upper class was known as the _________ and the lower class as the plebeians.

Question 71

The two chief executive officers of the Roman government, who led the armies and presided over the Senate, were known as the ___________.

Question 72

The center of Roman political and commercial life was an open space surrounded by temples and other public buildings called the __________.

Question 73

The __________ was made up of aristocratic ex-magistrates and controlled the treasury.

Question 74

The basic unit of the Roman army, consisting of about 4000 men, was the ______________.

Question 75

The powerful city across the sea in North Africa, with whom Rome fought three wars before finally destroying her, was __________.

Question 76

The Carthaginian general who invaded Italy in the Second Punic War was ________.

Question 77

The ill-treatment of large numbers of slaves in Italy induced the gladiator ___________ to lead a 70,000 man slave army in revolt between 73 and 71 B.C.E.

Question 78

__________ was a senator who resisted Greek influence on the Romans and promoted the destruction of Carthage.

Question 79

The Roman engineers invented __________, one of the most important materials in the history of architecture since it made possible large buildings in a variety of shapes.

Question 80

The ___________ was a temple dedicated to all the gods, with an interior that consisted of a circular hall roofed with a perfect concrete dome.