Deck 22: Descending Into the Twentieth Century: World War and Revolution, 1914-1920

Question 1

World War I

A) Led to troops from several continents fighting in Europe
B) Led to trench warfare and very high casualties
C) Was a factor in causing the Russian Revolution
D) All of these options are correct

Answer 1

All of these options are correct

Question 2

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the immediate trigger of World War I, took place in

A) Sarajevo
B) Vienna
C) Istanbul
D) Berlin

Answer 2

Sarajevo

Question 3

Of all the "isms" of the nineteenth Century, the one most directly involved in the onset of World War I was

A) Liberalism
B) Socialism
C) Conservatism
D) Nationalism

Answer 3

Nationalism

Question 4

The era preceding the outbreak of World War I

A) Saw a decline of nationalist sentiment
B) Saw the formation of an alliance system that pitted Germany, Austria and Italy against Great Britain, France and Russia
C) Saw Scandinavia become a dangerous flash point for unrestricted nationalism
D) Saw a strong tendency towards international disarmament

Question 5

After the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand,

A) Germany gave Austria-Hungary an unconditional offer of support, the "blank check."
B) Russia immediately declared war on France
C) The United States entered the war on the side of Germany
D) An international congress was held in Vienna to resolve the tensions

Question 6

At the beginning of World War I,

A) Socialists who had always declared their opposition to any war strongly supported established governments and even canceled strikes
B) Young men went enthusiastically to war, expecting the thrill of a lifetime and a return home by Christmas
C) Feminists suspended their political demands and supported the all-male governments
D) All of these options are correct

Question 7

The Schlieffen Plan

A) Was a last minute effort to avoid war in 1914
B) Led to the German capture of Paris in 1914
C) Was the plot to assassinate the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 8

The western front during World War I

A) Saw a quick German victory over the outnumbered British
B) Saw trench warfare and high casualties
C) Was not decisive; Russian victories in the east ended the war
D) Saw the French defeat Austria

Question 9

In 1916, Germans tried to "bleed to death" French manpower through a massive assault on

A) Verdun
B) Tannenberg
C) The Marne
D) Paris

Question 10

Russia, in World War I,

A) Switched sides, joining Austrian and Germany
B) Suffered a series of defeats by Germany and ultimately collapsed
C) Rescued Serbia from Austrian domination
D) Conquered the Ottoman Empire

Question 11

World War I is often considered a total war because

A) Every nation in the world was involved
B) Because of the great variety of weapons used
C) The war had major effects on the home front as well as on the battlefield
D) Because all European countries became totalitarian dictatorships, anticipating Hitler and Stalin

Question 12

The home front during World War I

A) Was irrelevant to the battlefield
B) Saw governments end economic regulation in order to stimulate wartime production
C) Saw governments undertake major regulations of production, consumption, wages and prices
D) Saw women confined to their homes, ostensibly in order to protect them from the war

Question 13

World War I affected women by

A) Giving them jobs previously reserved for men
B) Causing many women to feel torn between the demands of service to the country and to the family
C) Making the idea of female suffrage more palatable to men
D) All of these options are correct

Question 14

Germany ultimately lost World War I because

A)The United States' entry into the war gave the British-French alliance enough manpower and materiel to halt the final German offensive and stage a winning counterattack
B) The British succeeded through the convoy system in frustrating German U-boat attacks in the Atlantic
C) The collapse of the Austrian and Ottoman empires in October and November of 1918 left Germany dangerously isolated
D) All of these options are correct

Question 15

Käthe Kollwitz was

A) An important German female musician of the early twentieth century
B) An important German artist, doing propaganda work for the German government during World War I
C) A German artist who erected memorials to the fallen of World War I
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 16

World War I was ended by the

A) Peace of Westphalia
B) Treaty of Versailles
C) The Congress of Vienna
D) The Council of Trent

Question 17

The American president who participated at the peace conference of Versailles was

A) Abraham Lincoln
B) Dwight D. Eisenhower
C) Woodrow Wilson
D) John F. Kennedy

Question 18

Woodrow Wilson advocated all of the following at the Versailles conference except

A) Open (diplomatic) covenants openly arrived at
B) A permanent American presence in Europe
C) A general association (league) of nations to insure the maintenance of peace
D) A just, non-vindictive peace with Germany

Question 19

At the peace settlement of Versailles after World War I

A) The French desired a harsh peace to keep Germany harmless
B) Wilson wished to divide Germany into several smaller republics
C) Austria emerged with the greatest territorial gains
D) Germany was declared not guilty of starting World War I

Question 20

The League of Nations after World War I

A) Failed to include Germany and the Soviet Union as initial members
B) Was warmly supported by the United States
C) Had a small but well-trained peace-keeping force
D) All of these options are correct

Question 21

Which of the following best connects the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917?

A) Lenin and the Bolsheviks carefully planned both; 1905 was really a dress rehearsal for 1917
B) Nicholas II basically reneged on his liberal promises of 1905 and did nothing to change Russia's basic . social and economic problems
C) Both revolutions started with military coups by disaffected generals
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 22

During the First World War

A) Nicholas II took command of the Russian armies, but only made the desperate military situation worse
B) Lenin ordered the Bolsheviks to support the war and the Russian government
C) Nicholas II liberalized the Duma in order to obtain support for the government
D) Russian troops defeated the Germans, permitting Russian generals to stage a coup against Nicholas II

Question 23

The Russian revolution of March, 1917, began

A) In part because of Russian government failures during World War I
B) With riots in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) because of food shortages
C) In March, 1917; the Bolshevik seizure of power, making Russia Communist, occurred later, in November
D) All of these options are correct

Question 24

The Bolsheviks

A) Were a faction of the Russian Social Democratic party
B) Were only a minor party in Russia until the revolution of March, 1917
C) Were led by Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, who used the revolutionary name of Lenin
D) All of these options are correct

Question 25

The Provisional Government in Russia in 1917 failed because

A) Nicholas II staged a successful countercoup, restoring autocratic rule
B) The Austrian army captured Petrograd (St. Petersburg), dispersing the revolutionary government
C) It could neither get out of an unpopular war nor satisfy the demands of the peasants for land
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 26

The Bolsheviks in 1917

A) Replaced the Provisional Government by winning democratic elections
B) Seized power from the weak Provisional Government by a coup organized by Trotsky
C) Rejected Lenin as their leader and turned to Stalin instead
D) Joined with the German army in an effort to defeat the Triple Entente

Question 27

The Communist primarily responsible for the Bolshevik military victory in the civil war that followed the Russian revolution was

A) Trotsky
B) Lenin
C) Stalin
D) Kerensky

Question 28

The Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia in November, 1917, was followed by

A) A civil war won by the Bolsheviks who consolidated their victory
B) An alliance between Russia and Germany, dividing Eastern Europe between them
C) The total collapse of the Communist regime
D) The establishment of democracy in Russia

Question 29

The military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the early twentieth century is called the Triple Alliance.

Question 30

Nationalism in the Balkans was complicated by the rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary for control of the area.

Question 31

Most socialists, consistent with their Marxism and internationalism, opposed their country's involvement in World War I.

Question 32

One reason for the enormous number of casualties in World War I was that the generals ignored the defensive advantage of trenches.

Question 33

Demands for military equipment during World War I led governments to ration raw materials, fix prices and lengthen the hours of work by factory workers.

Question 34

In World War I, men welcomed women into the work force, even into occupations traditionally held by men.

Question 35

The entry of the United States into World War I compelled German generals to gamble that they could defeat Britain and France before American manpower and materiel arrived in significant quantity.

Question 36

Marshal Foch of France easily repulsed the German offensive of the spring and summer of 1918.

Question 37

Käthe Kolwitz was a German propagandist who wrote several pamphlets glorifying war.

Question 38

At Versailles, Clemenceau-the French Prime Minister-wanted a "hard peace" that would render Germany harmless.

Question 39

The League of Nations was provided with a small but well-trained peace-keeping force.

Question 40

John Maynard Keynes, a critic of the Versailles settlement, argued that the peacemakers had made no provision for the economic rebuilding of Europe.

Question 41

The Russian loss of the 1904-05 war with Japan was one of the triggering events of the 1905 revolution.

Question 42

A major mistake by Nicholas II in World War I was his refusal to direct military affairs.

Question 43

The inability of the Russian government during World War I to assure an adequate food supply for the major cities was an important immediate cause of the revolution of March, 1917.

Question 44

The Russian government that followed the end of the monarchy undertook an immediate socialist program.

Question 45

Even before the November 1917 revolution that placed the Bolsheviks in power, there had been major popular demonstrations against the Provisional Government and its socialist leader, Kerensky.

Question 46

The constituent assembly in Russia, dominated by the Bolsheviks, produced a constitution that was a thinly disguised Communist dictatorship.

Question 47

In the Russian civil war the "Reds" defeated the "Whites" because of the brilliant efforts of Trotsky.

Question 48

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the immediate trigger of World War I, took place at________.

Question 49

The pre-World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy is called the ________.

Question 50

The area in Europe of the greatest political and national instability was the ________.

Question 51

German war plans in 1914 assumed a two-front war against both France and ________.

Question 52

The ________ parties of Europe in 1914, although dedicated to the support of internationalism and opposition to war, supported their various governments.

Question 53

The German military plan to defeat France in 1914 was called the ________ Plan.

Question 54

One reason for the high number of casualties in World War I was the advantage to the military defensive because of ________.

Question 55

In 1916, Germany launched a nine-month campaign against the French fortress of ________.

Question 56

The only major surface naval battle of World War I was at ________.

Question 57

Generals ________ and Hindenburg emerged as the most important German generals during World War I.

Question 58

A German artist who constructed monuments to those killed in World War I was Käthe ________.

Question 59

Leading the British delegation to Versailles was its Prime Minister, David ________.

Question 60

Leading the American delegation to Versailles was ________.

Question 61

A major problem for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations was that the ________ refused to ratify the treaty.

Question 62

A major critic of the Treaty of Versailles, because of its lack of proper economic provisions, was________.

Question 63

The shooting of people in St. Petersburg in 1905 is known as ________.

Question 64

The Russian tsar at the time of the Russian revolution was ________.

Question 65

The regime inaugurated in Russia in March 1917, after the abdication of the tsar, is called the________.

Question 66

By May, 1917, the Provisional Government in Russia was headed by a socialist, Alexander________.

Question 67

The Marxist faction in Russia headed by Lenin was called the ________.

Question 68

Assisting Lenin not only in the actual Bolshevik revolution but also in the civil war that followed was________.

Question 69

Both unwilling and unable to continue World War I, Lenin signed the Treaty of ________ with Germany.

Question 70

Why should the unstable political and national situation in the Balkans have been a major factor in triggering World War I?

Question 71

How and why did the alliance system in Europe develop prior to World War I and how did it contribute to the crisis that developed after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?

Question 72

Analyze the role of the home fronts in World War I. How did problems of the home fronts relate to the battle fronts?

Question 73

Analyze the military problems of both the Central Powers and the Triple Entente during World War I. Why was neither group able to achieve a quick, decisive victory?

Question 74

It is perhaps easier to understand why there was a revolution in Russia toppling the tsar than why the Bolsheviks came to power several months later in a second revolution. Why did the latter happen?

Question 75

What were the major accomplishments of the peacemakers at Versailles and what were their major failures?

Question 76

Discuss the role of nationalism in Europe, 1800-1914. How did this affect the internal stability of states, the political boundaries of Europe and the origins of World War I?

Question 77

Analyzing Russian history between 1825 and 1914, show why a presumably strong monarchy developed major weaknesses, why and how the revolution overthrowing it took place and why the first revolutionaries were quickly swept aside by later revolutionaries.

Question 78

How did World War I transform Europe? Consider the military events, life behind the front lines, territorial changes and changes in governments