Deck 21: Modern Life and the Culture of Progress: Western Society, 1850-1914

Question 1

Between 1870 and 1914 European life and work was drastically changed by all of the following except

A) Coal that replaced oil as the primary fuel for industry
B) Large-scale factories that replaced earlier textile mills
C) Steel that replaced iron for construction, rails and ships
D) Department stores that displayed large amounts of goods opening in cities such as Paris and Milan

Answer 1

Coal that replaced oil as the primary fuel for industry

Question 2

The "Second Industrial Revolution" was characterized by

A) The mass production of steel, replacing iron
B) The development of a chemical industry
C) The appearance of very large, massive factories
D) All of these are correct

Answer 2

All of these are correct

Question 3

The "Second Industrial Revolution" occurred primarily in

A) Southern and eastern Europe
B) India and Vietnam
C) Britain, Germany, France and the United States
D) Africa

Answer 3

Britain, Germany, France and the United States

Question 4

Transportation and communications were improved during the late nineteenth century by

A) The opening of the Suez and Panama canals
B) A major growth of railroads around the world
C) Undersea telegraph cables
D) All of these are correct

Question 5

Which of the following was not true of the "Second Industrial Revolution"?

A) The iron industry replaced the steel industry
B) Wages in Britain doubled, although the very poor benefited only marginally
C) Very large businesses, including monopolies, developed in Germany and in the Untied States
D) The modern department store developed in Paris, much to the delight of shoppers

Question 6

The major cities of Europe in the late nineteenth century

A) Were neglected by the governments, so that the poor living conditions and overcrowding of the early nineteenth century became worse
B) Underwent major transformations, with new boulevards, parks, subways and government buildings
C) Were mostly destroyed in the major nineteenth century wars and had to be rebuilt
D) None of these are correct

Question 7

Inhabitants of late nineteenth century cities

A) Tended to be almost entirely factory workers
B) Were sharply divided between the aristocratic elite and the unemployed poor, with few people in between
C) Had a full range of social classes-urban elite, upper and lower middle classes and factory workers
D) None of these are correct

Question 8

In late nineteenth century European cities, working women tended to be part of

A) The aristocratic elite only
B) The upper middle and lower middle classes
C) Lower middle class and factory working class
D) Factory working class only

Question 9

European middle classes

A) Were shrinking as the working class grew, demonstrating the accuracy of Marx's prediction
B) Acted as a solid class, with no distinction between an upper and a lower middle class
C) Became an increasingly larger share of the urban population
D) Merged with the working class to create a situation of revolutionary violence

Question 10

The late nineteenth century urban working class

A) Found that for some persons, there was still a demand for the skilled worker
B) Were sometimes criticized by middle and upper classes for having bad habits that brought on their own poverty
C) Often lived at the edges of cities where rents and land were cheaper
D) All of these are correct

Question 11

Family life in the late nineteenth century

A) Tended to be lived more in public than in the eighteenth century
B) Tended to prefer the austere life-few material goods in the home and few, if any, servants
C) Generally required that women lead independent lives
D) None of these are correct

Question 12

Late nineteenth century women

A) Generally were confined to the home
B) Generally had to join the working class
C) Generally were permitted to undertake charitable work
D) Found their situation dictated by their class, on whether they worked or participated in other public activities

Question 13

Working class families in late nineteenth century Europe

A) Paid strong attention to their children
B) Never had the mother work outside the home
C) Were often forced by economic necessity to adopt patterns of behavior that often deviated from the family ideals of the time
D) None of these are correct

Question 14

Victorian sexual morality

A) Assumed that sexual problems should not arise, although doctors were willing to dispense moral advice if problems did
B) Thought that sex with prostitutes was unhygienic
C) Assumed that homosexuality was a serious psychological disorder
D) All of these are correct

Question 15

The general mood of the late nineteenth century can be described as optimistic because

A) There was general scientific progress, both in making fundamental discoveries and producing useful inventions
B) Of healthier sexual attitudes caused by Victorian morality
C) Of the decline in alcoholism toward the end of the nineteenth century
D) All of these are correct

Question 16

Charles Darwin

A) Invented the idea of evolution
B) Claimed that humans were exempt from the evolutionary process
C) Argued that evolution proceeds by means of natural selection
D) All of these are correct

Question 17

The ideas of Herbert Spencer and others to apply Darwin's thesis to human behavior is known as

A) Positivism
B) Social Darwinism
C) Evolutionary Christianity
D) The theory of relativity

Question 18

The late nineteenth century scientist who developed the Periodic Table of chemical elements was

A) Mendeleev
B) Ranke
C) Huxley
D) Holmes

Question 19

A new intellectual discipline, founded by Auguste Comte in the nineteenth century, was

A) Geography
B) Sociology
C) History
D) Philosophy

Question 20

Numerous advances in medicine occurred during the nineteenth century. The basic discovery that permitted those advances was

A) Pasteur's discovery of bacteria
B) Einstein's discovery of relativity
C) Darwin's demonstration of evolution
D) Crick and Watson's demonstration of the structure of DNA

Question 21

Pasteur's discovery of bacteria led to

A) Safer foods
B) Remedies for diseases
C) Safer surgical procedures
D) All of these are correct

Question 22

The word that is most often used to describe late nineteenth century European literature is

A) Realism
B) Classicism
C) Renaissance
D) Postmodernism

Question 23

The word that describes much of the important art of the late nineteenth century is

A) Scientism
B) Impressionism
C) Postmodernism
D) Classicism

Question 24

Claude Monet

A) Was an impressionist painter whose works remained virtually unsold during his life
B) Was the foremost sculptor of the late nineteenth century
C) Was an impressionist painter whose paintings were purchased by the bourgeoisie
D) Was an important late nineteenth century scientist

Question 25

The discoverer of relativity was

A) Newton
B) Einstein
C) Planck
D) Galileo

Question 26

The father of psychoanalysis was

A) Planck
B) Freud
C) Einstein
D) Darwin

Question 27

Sigmund Freud argued that

A) Human behavior is totally rational
B) Much of human behavior was irrational, unconscious and instinctual
C) Children did not develop sexual conflicts
D) None of these are correct

Question 28

The popularity of such late nineteenth and early twentieth century thinkers such as Nietzsche and Bergson indicated

A) That scientific modes of thinking had triumphed in Europe
B) That there was growing disenchantment with the optimistic bourgeois society of the time
C) That male society was beginning to accept feminist ideas
D) None of these are correct

Question 29

A nineteenth century thinker who demonstrated great disenchantment with the optimism of the bourgeoisie of his time was

A) Nietzsche
B) Einstein
C) Darwin
D) Monet

Question 30

The late nineteenth to early twentieth century artistic movement that led to subjective and abstract art is called

A) Classicism
B) Neo-classicism
C) Romanticism
D) Expressionism

Question 31

The technological changes in Europe between 1870 and 1914 are can be considered the "Second Industrial Revolution."

Question 32

A major problem of the late nineteenth century was a rise in food prices, causing real wages for workers to fall.

Question 33

Of the major late nineteenth century European cities, only Paris underwent a major rebuilding program.

Question 34

Some of the most important developments in the late nineteenth century cities took place underground.

Question 35

By shrewd investments and strategic marriages with wealthy bourgeoisie, many of the traditional aristocracy maintained their social and economic position among the late nineteenth century elite.

Question 36

Middle class men permitted women to practice professions, but objected to their participation in philanthropic work.

Question 37

The ability of persons in the lower middle class to rise socially and economically tended to decrease after 1850.

Question 38

Although urban workers between 1870 and 1914 tended to be better off than they were in 1850, they were still often threatened by the possibility of falling into poverty.

Question 39

The families of late nineteenth century Europe tended to live much more of their life in public, avoiding the home.

Question 40

The ideal late nineteenth century middle class household was managed by the woman, not by the man.

Question 41

Birth control was seldom practiced in the nineteenth century.

Question 42

Even at the end of the nineteenth century, there was little public discussion of sexual problems and almost no books on the subject.

Question 43

Herbert Spencer attacked Darwin's idea of evolution.

Question 44

The basic originality of Darwin's idea lay not in evolution itself, but in the mechanism of "natural selection" to explain it.

Question 45

The Periodic Table of elements was developed by James Clerk Maxwell.

Question 46

Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur disagreed about the bacterial causes of disease.

Question 47

By applying the discoveries of Pasteur to surgery, Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of infection after operations.

Question 48

Literary realists of the late nineteenth century included Gustave Flaubert, Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy.

Question 49

Gustave Courbet, a French painter, was one of the founders of the impressionist movement.

Question 50

Einstein's idea of relativity radically rearranged scientific concepts of space, time and motion.

Question 51

Sigmund Freud rejected the idea that much of human behavior was irrational, unconscious and instinctive.

Question 52

Nietzsche denounced not only democracy and liberalism, but also Christianity for permitting the weak and the mediocre to triumph over the strong and the creative.

Question 53

The major technological changes of the late nineteenth century have been called the ________.

Question 54

Sea transportation was greatly facilitated by the construction of canals in ________ and Panama.

Question 55

Nineteenth Century Paris underwent major reconstruction by Baron Haussmann under the direction of________.

Question 56

In the late nineteenth century schoolteachers, postal workers and clerks were generally grouped in the ________ class.

Question 57

The emphasis in the late nineteenth century on family life meant that the ________ often became the true center of life.

Question 58

The sexual attitudes of many persons in the nineteenth century are often summed up in the phrase________.

Question 59

The British scientist whose work showed how the process of evolution could take place was________.

Question 60

Persons such as Herbert Spencer who argued that evolution justified a very harshly competitive human society were called "________."

Question 61

The Periodic Table of elements was developed by the Russian physicist Dmitri ________.

Question 62

The Russian scientist Ivan ________ is known for his psychological experiments with dogs.

Question 63

The discovery that bacteria could cause disease was made by ________.

Question 64

Joseph _________ greatly improved the safety of surgical procedures late in the nineteenth century.

Question 65

In the late nineteenth century the prevailing tendency in literature went from romanticism to________.

Question 66

_________ was a playwright who wrote about how bourgeois society restricted women.

Question 67

The nineteenth century artistic movement typified by Claude Monet was called ________.

Question 68

__________ demonstrated that space, time and motion were all relative was.

Question 69

Psychoanalysis was developed by ________.

Question 70

Freud believed that much of human behavior was rooted in the ________.

Question 71

German philosopher ___________ rejected democracy and Christianity as a refuge for the weak and mediocre.

Question 72

The artistic movement of the late nineteenth century that emphasized subjective, often abstract paintings was ________.

Question 73

What were the major technological changes during the "Second Industrial Revolution" in the late nineteenth century and how did they change society and patterns of living?

Question 74

Describe the major class divisions in later nineteenth century European cities and the behavior of each of these divisions, including the role of women in each group.

Question 75

Describe the major scientific discoveries of the nineteenth century and show how these affected both the daily lives and the mentality of Europeans.

Question 76

Describe family life in the late nineteenth century, including the roles of fathers and mothers, as well as the sexual problems that arose both within and without family life.

Question 77

How did people adjust to the opportunities and the pressures of life in the European cities of the late nineteenth century?

Question 78

Are the ideas of Freud and Nietzsche, coupled with artistic expressionism, compatible with the phrase "the Culture of Progress" which the text identifies as an important theme of the late nineteenth century?

Question 79

Which has had the greater effect on the life of Europeans, the revolutions of 1849-1848 or the "First" and "Second" Industrial Revolutions?

Question 80

Can the era 1870-1914 be called an era of progress? Discuss factors in Chapter 21 that would argue positively and factors that could argue negatively.