Deck 18: Coping With Change: Ideology, Politics, and Revolution, 1815-1850

Question 1

Early nineteenth century Europe

A) Saw no revolutions whatsoever
B) Saw all states except Britain and Russia become republics
C) Saw the rule of conservative governments, but also two waves of revolution
D) Saw the triumph of socialism

Answer 1

Saw the rule of conservative governments, but also two waves of revolution

Question 2

The Congress of Vienna

A) Enacted legislation for all of Europe
B) Attempted to restore a monarchical, stable, conservative Europe after the defeat of Napoleon
C) Was a gathering of liberals opposed to the policies of Metternich
D) Was a special session of the United States Congress held in Europe

Answer 2

Attempted to restore a monarchical, stable, conservative Europe after the defeat of Napoleon

Question 3

The concert of Europe, with its Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance, tried to secure the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna by

A) Supporting liberal movements in Europe
B) Repressing revolutionary movements in Europe
C) Promoting industrial development
D) Promoting the secular principles of the Enlightenment

Answer 3

Repressing revolutionary movements in Europe

Question 4

The idea that the social and political order was based on a hierarchy of institutions whose legitimacy was based on God and tradition was the nineteenth century ideology of

A) Liberalism
B) Socialism
C) Protestantism
D) Conservatism

Question 5

The idea that government should be limited by constitutions, that voting rights should be extended and individual freedoms promoted, were parts of the early nineteenth century ideology called

A) Socialism
B) Catholicism
C) Liberalism
D) Conservatism

Question 6

The "economic liberals" of the early nineteenth century

A) Argued that governments should leave the economy alone, permitting the free market to work and to not restrict individual enterprise
B) Paradoxically supported the repressive policies of Metternich
C) Argued that government economic policies should be determined by a vote of the people
D) Believed that a rise in wages was inevitable

Question 7

John Stuart Mill

A) Rejected the utilitarianism of Bentham as rigidly inhuman
B) Became a prominent British Conservative politician
C) Along with Harriet Taylor, argued that the subjection of women to men was fundamentally wrong
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 8

Early nineteenth century nationalism

A) Rejected the French Revolution
B) Adopted the revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty
C) Claimed that all of Europe was a single cultural and national unit
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 9

All of the following were part of nineteenth century nationalism except

A) The maintenance of a uniform and unchanging devotion to political liberalism
B) The study of folk cultures and languages as the basis of national identity
C) The development of powerful new symbols, such as flags, to stand for national unity
D) Nationalist scholars and politicians often declaring that their nation had a special historical mission of leadership

Question 10

Nineteenth century romanticism

A) Rejected the emotional ideas of the German "Sturm und Drang" school of literature
B) Preferred the history and culture of Classic Greece to that of the Middle Ages
C) Strongly upheld Enlightenment ideas of reason and order
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 11

The Enlightenment writer who is considered a founder of the Romantic movements is

A) Rousseau
B) Voltaire
C) Locke
D) Montesquieu

Question 12

Which of the following music composers was not part of the Romantic movement?

A) Beethoven
B) Mozart
C) Chopin
D) Wagner

Question 13

Nineteenth century Romanticism stressed

A) A strong appreciation for nature
B) A strong appreciation of the art and culture of the Middle Ages
C) An emotional approach to Christianity
D) All of these options are correct

Question 14

A major principle of early nineteenth century Utopian Socialists was

A) Violent revolution
B) Voluntary cooperation and an end to competitive individualism
C) A strictly regimented society led by the socialist leaders
D) All of these options are correct

Question 15

Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon and Robert Owen were part of a nineteenth century movement called

A) Romanticism
B) Anarchism
C) Conservatism
D) Utopian socialism

Question 16

The publications of Karl Marx include

A) The Principles of Political Economy
B) The Iron Law of Wages
C) The Wealth of Nations
D) The Communist Manifesto

Question 17

For Karl Marx, human behavior was shaped especially by

A) Cultural forces such as the romantic movement
B) Political forces such as absolutism and constitutionalism
C) Economic forces, such as the prevailing means of production during a given era in history and the class struggle
D) Military forces, such as the conquests of Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 18

According to Karl Marx

A) Industrial capitalist society would give way to a rural, agricultural socialist society
B) Capitalists would engage in a self-destructive competition that would lead to a worker revolt and a socialist, industrial society
C) Capitalists and workers would come to a peaceful agreement to establish a socialist society
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 19

Between 1815 and 1848, the governments of continental Europe were usually dominated by the principle of

A) Conservatism
B) Liberalism
C) Socialism
D) Utopianism

Question 20

The Bourbon kings of France, restored after the defeat of Napoleon,

A) Followed Metternich's advice and refused to call a legislature
B) Ruled moderately under Louis XVIII, permitting a legislature elected by a wealthy elite
C) Adopted a fully liberal political and social program
D) Were overthrown in a revolution led by Karl Marx

Question 21

The Austrian Chancellor Metternich

A) Pursued a liberal political policy
B) Favored a program of national self-determination to strengthen the Austrian Empire
C) Organized repression of liberal movements through such means as the Carlsbad Decrees
D) All of these options are incorrect

Question 22

Early nineteenth century Russia

A) Tried to restore Napoleon as emperor of the French
B) Remained a champion of autocracy and conservatism in the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I
C) Saw the Tsars overthrown by the Decembrist revolt
D) Developed a popularly elected legislature

Question 23

The Revolution of 1830 in France

A) Was in part caused by the acts of Charles X, who reversed the moderate policies of Louis XVIII and committed himself to the ultraroyalist faction
B) Led to a new king, Louis-Philippe and more liberal policies, but not to a republic
C) Was called the July Revolution because it took place in that month
D) All of these options are correct

Question 24

Which of the following revolutions of 1830 is correctly described?

A) Belgium-successful because Belgium succeeded in winning independence from the Netherlands
B) France-unsuccessful because Charles X managed to remain on the throne and reinstitute his reactionary policies
C) Italy-successful because the Austrian army sent in by Metternich was defeated by Italian partisans
D) Poland-successful because a nationalist revolution established independence and the boundaries of 1772

Question 25

The major effect of the Reform Bill of 1832 in Great Britain was

A) To end the exploitation of the British working class
B) To extend voting rights in Britain and end the domination of politics by a conservative landed aristocracy
C) To abolish the House of Lords
D) To consolidate the English revolution of 1830 that had changed the ruling dynasty

Question 26

In the aftermath of the Reform Bill of 1832, the reformed Parliament enacted several important measures. Pick out the measure not enacted.

A) Abolition of slavery in the British colonies
B) Prohibition of mining work by women and children
C) Repeal of the Corn Laws, which had led to high food prices because of restrictions on imported grain
D) Ending the Irish potato famine

Question 27

The era of the Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain

A) Saw the triumph of the Chartist movement
B) Saw the middle class become far more interested in reform than in revolution
C) Saw the major problems of the working class resolved
D) All of these options are correct

Question 28

The Revolutions of 1848

A) Occurred in a period of economic crisis
B) Overthrew the monarchy in France
C) Spread from France to Austria and Prussia
D) All of these options are correct

Question 29

The 1848 revolution in France

A) Took place without violence
B) Solved the unemployment problem in Paris
C) Created a republic
D) Led to the triumph of a socialist policy

Question 30

The revolution in the Austrian Empire in 1848 resulted in

A) The demand by Hungarians for autonomy from Austria
B) The declaration by several Italian provinces of their independence from Austria
C) The call by Czech nationalists for a pan-Slavic congress to be held at Prague
D) All of these options are correct

Question 31

At their ephemeral peak, the 1848 revolutions in central Europe seemed wildly successful because of all of the following things happened except

A) Pius IX reversed strongly conservative papal tradition and supported revolutionary and republican movements
B) Frederick William IV of Prussia was compelled by riots in Berlin to promote liberal reforms and German unity
C) The Frankfurt Assembly met and debated a plan for German unification
D) The ultraconservative Metternich was forced to flee Austria

Question 32

An important consequence of the June Days of 1848 in France was

A) The creation of a workers' republic
B) The rejection of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's bid for the French presidency
C) A major cleavage between radical urban Paris and conservative rural France that would long complicate French politics
D) All of these options are correct

Question 33

For all their promising beginnings, the revolutions of 1848 ultimately ended with the restoration of the presumably overthrown regimes for all of the following reasons except

A) That the alliance between liberals, radicals and socialists was one of convenience and broke down when these groups gained power
B) That nationalists consistently allied with conservative forces to crush revolutionary movements
C) That the strength of conservatism was underestimated; the working class of central Europe was weak, ultimately weaker than conservative forces
D) That forces of order never lost control of their armies, which they used to crush revolutionary forces

Question 34

The most influential figure at the Congress of Vienna was Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

Question 35

One of the greatest benefits of the Congress of Vienna was that its settlement contributed strongly to the absence of a general European war for almost a century.

Question 36

Nineteenth century conservatives rejected the principles of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

Question 37

Conservatives such as de Maistre and de Bonald held that although human beings were more good than wicked, they had been corrupted by Enlightenment principles, making authoritarian government necessary.

Question 38

Early nineteenth century liberals demanded representative institutions and extended voting rights, but stopped short of universal male suffrage.

Question 39

Liberal economists such as Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo argued that population growth would lead to even greater economic prosperity.

Question 40

John Stuart Mill was a strong nineteenth century advocate for equal rights for women.

Question 41

At various times nationalists allied with liberals, then with conservatives.

Question 42

The origins of romanticism can be traced back to Voltaire.

Question 43

Many romantic authors became fascinated with the Middle Ages.

Question 44

Victor Hugo and Sir Walter Scott are good examples of conservative and liberal romanticism respectively.

Question 45

A major characteristic of "utopian socialists" was their rejection of the idea of competition and their preference for self-sufficient communities away from the great cities.

Question 46

Marx believed that the history of society was a history of class conflict.

Question 47

Marx's socialism had little appeal for intellectuals.

Question 48

Under the restored Bourbon monarchy in France after 1815, the country had no legislature because the kings tried to restore every aspect of the old regime.

Question 49

The Carlsbad Decrees brought freedom of the press to Central Europe.

Question 50

In spite of the anti-nationalistic policies of Prussia after 1815, the customs union or Zollverein, helped pave the way for German national unification.

Question 51

Nicholas I of Russia continued the reform ideas of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.

Question 52

The Reform Bill of 1832 brought about universal male suffrage in Britain.

Question 53

The Reform Bill of 1832 created a more representative Parliament that abolished slavery and reduced the exploitation of men and women in factories.

Question 54

Worker dissatisfaction in Britain led to the successful Chartist movement and the establishment of universal male suffrage in 1848.

Question 55

Refusal by Louis-Philippe to extend suffrage was an important cause of the French revolution of 1848.

Question 56

The Frankfurt Assembly tried to unify Germany by offering the crown of a united Germany to Austria.

Question 57

Although elected by universal male suffrage, the French Constitutional Assembly of 1848 was hostile to the radicalism of Parisian workers.

Question 58

Hungarians secured autonomy within the Austrian empire by defeating the Russian forces sent to crush them.

Question 59

Splits between liberals and radicals and between liberals and nationalists were important reasons for the failure of the 1848 revolutions.

Question 60

The meeting of European statesmen that rearranged the boundaries of Europe after the Napoleonic wars is called the ________.

Question 61

The most influential figure at the Congress of Vienna was ________.

Question 62

The nineteenth century political ideology that stood for order, hierarchy and rule by an elite was called________.

Question 63

The political ideology that drew on the premises of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution was________.

Question 64

The liberal economic writer who argued that population would increase faster than food supplies, leading to poverty and starvation was ________.

Question 65

A nineteenth century British liberal who, along with Harriet Taylor, argued strongly for the equality of women was ________.

Question 66

Promising to liberate subject peoples from foreign domination was the nineteenth century movement called ________.

Question 67

The major early nineteenth century cultural movement that affected literature, art and music, is called________.

Question 68

A politically conservative romantic writer who glorified his native Scotland was ________.

Question 69

Early socialists such as Saint-Simon, Fourier and Robert Owen, are often termed "________."

Question 70

The author of the Communist Manifesto was ________.

Question 71

Marx believed that there were stages or epochs, in history, each having its own dominant characteristic: the means of ________.

Question 72

The Bourbon monarch of 1824-1830 who favored the old aristocracy and the Catholic Church was________.

Question 73

The ________, enacted at the insistence of Metternich, were an attempt by conservative governments to repress liberal views in the German states.

Question 74

Although the early nineteenth century Prussian government was antinational as well as anti-liberal, the customs union or ________ that it promoted proved to be a starting step towards German unification.

Question 75

The Russian Tsar who seemed alternately to be open to liberal reforms and constitutionalism and then to reactionary mysticism was ________.

Question 76

________ became king of France as the result of the 1830 revolution.

Question 77

A Western European country that successfully gained national independence as a result of an 1830 revolution was ________.

Question 78

The major changes in the methods of electing the British Parliament and in the distribution of Parliamentary seats were made by the ________ of 1832.

Question 79

As part of the legislation that followed the Reform Bill of 1832, Parliament repealed the ________, reflecting the economy's shift from agriculture to industry.

Question 80

Believing that the Reform Bill of 1832 did not go far enough was an English radical group called the_______.